scholarly journals The study of infectious intestinal disease in England: what risk factors for presentation to general practice tell us about potential for selection bias in case-control studies of reported cases of diarrhoea

2003 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clarence C Tam ◽  
Laura C Rodrigues ◽  
Sarah J O’Brien
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
General Practice ◽  
Selection Bias ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Intestinal Disease ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Infectious Intestinal Disease

scholarly journals A pilot study of infectious intestinal disease in England

1995 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Roderick ◽  
J. Wheeler ◽  
J. Cowdex ◽  
P. Sockett ◽  
R. Skinner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
General Practice ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Intestinal Disease ◽  
National Study ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
Infectious Intestinal Disease

SummaryPilot studies to test methods to determine the incidence, agents, risk factors and socioeconomic costs of infectious intestinal disease (IID) in England were carried out as recommended by the Committee on the Microbiological Safety of Food (the Richmond Committee) by eight general practices. There were case control and enumeration studies of patients presenting to general practice with IID, a population-based prospective cohort study, and a survey of socioeconomic costs of cases of IID. Information on risk factors was obtained by questionnaire (self-administered compared with interview) and a stool sample was requested on all cases and controls. Response rates in the GP case control study were 75% for case questionnaires and 74% for stools; for controls the figures were 70% and 68% respectively. The acceptance rate into the cohort study was 49%; this was significantly higher where phone contact was made. The rate was similar if recruitment was by individual or household. Follow-up of the cohort by negative reporting was complete for up to 6 months. Direct postage by subject was required to obtain fresh stool specimens. Estimates were obtained of presentation rates of IID and the distribution of risk factors which were used to plan the main study. The pilot study demonstrated that it is possible to undertake a national study based in general practice to determine the incidence of IID in the population and presenting to GPs and its agents, risk factors and costs.

Ethnic differences in risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage

2007 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 522-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vibhor Krishna ◽  
Dong H. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Effect Estimate ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Current Smoking

Object Studies on risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) show heterogeneity. For example, hypertension has been found to be a significant risk factor in some studies but not in others. The authors hypothesized that differences in the ethnicity of the populations studied could account for these findings. Methods A metaanalysis was performed using 17 case-control and 10 cohort studies that met specified inclusion criteria. The authors used a random-effect model to calculate the pooled effect estimates for current smoking, hypertension, and alcohol consumption. A meta–regression analysis was performed using the ethnic composition of the study populations as a covariate. Studies were classified as multiethnic or monoethnic, and the pooled effect estimates were compared. Results Analysis of the cohort studies yielded a pooled effect estimate or risk ratio of 3.18 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.37–4.26) for current smoking, 3.05 (95% CI 2.09–4.44) for hypertension, and 2.46 (95% CI 1.42–4.24) for alcohol consumption at a rate of 150 g/week or more. The results were similar for the case-control studies. For current smoking, the ethnic composition of the study population was a statistically significant predictor of heterogeneity among case-control studies (p < 0.001, even after application of the Bonferroni correction). The risk for SAH among current smokers was higher in multiethnic populations (odds ratio 3.832) than in monoethnic populations (odds ratio 2.487). Conclusions The results of this metaanalysis suggest that differences in susceptibility to the harmful health effects of smoking may be one cause of the observed differences in SAH incidence for different ethnic groups. The role of ethnicity in risk factors for SAH should be considered in future studies.

scholarly journals Study of infectious intestinal disease in England: rates in the community, presenting to general practice, and reported to national surveillance

BMJ ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 318 (7190) ◽  
pp. 1046-1050 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G Wheeler ◽  
D. Sethi ◽  
J. M Cowden ◽  
P. G Wall ◽  
L. C Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Practice ◽  
Intestinal Disease ◽  
National Surveillance ◽  
Infectious Intestinal Disease

scholarly journals Characteristics and circumstances of falls leading to severe fractures in elderly people in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 455-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evandro Silva Freire Coutinho ◽  
Kátia Vergetti Bloch ◽  
Laura C. Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Gender And Age

The circumstances associated with falls among elderly people have been well described in some developed countries, but little is known about such accidents in middle-income countries. The aim of this paper is to report the circumstances and characteristics associated with falls leading to severe fractures among elderly people living in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Cases were obtained from two case-control studies on risk factors for severe fractures due to falls among individuals 60 years or older. Fallers were stratified according to clinical and socio-demographic variables and circumstances of the accident. Women comprised three-fourths of the sample. The femur was the most frequently fractured bone, more common among individuals over 70 years of age. Most falls occurred at home, between 6:00 AM and 6:00 PM, but the rooms where they occurred differed according to gender and age. Most individuals did not attribute their falls to tripping or slipping. This sample's data did not differ substantially from studies in developed countries.

scholarly journals Association between Risk Factors for Vascular Dementia and Adiponectin

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juhyun Song ◽  
Won Taek Lee ◽  
Kyung Ah Park ◽  
Jong Eun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Insulin Signal Transduction ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Brain

Vascular dementia is caused by various factors, including increased age, diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and stroke. Adiponectin is an adipokine secreted by adipose tissue. Adiponectin is widely known as a regulating factor related to cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Adiponectin plasma levels decrease with age. Decreased adiponectin increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Adiponectin improves hypertension and atherosclerosis by acting as a vasodilator and antiatherogenic factor. Moreover, adiponectin is involved in cognitive dysfunction via modulation of insulin signal transduction in the brain. Case-control studies demonstrate the association between low adiponectin and increased risk of stroke, hypertension, and diabetes. This review summarizes the recent findings on the association between risk factors for vascular dementia and adiponectin. To emphasize this relationship, we will discuss the importance of research regarding the role of adiponectin in vascular dementia.

scholarly journals Psychological Autopsy Studies of Suicide in South East Asia

2021 ◽  
pp. 025371762110336
Author(s):  
S.M. Yasir Arafat ◽  
Vikas Menon ◽  
Natarajan Varadharajan ◽  
Sujita Kumar Kar
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Stressful Life ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Psychological Autopsy ◽  
Case Control Studies

Background: Psychiatric disorders have been identified as an important risk factor for suicide. However, different psychological autopsy studies have revealed different prevalences at different times and places. Objective: We aimed to see the distribution of psychological autopsy studies and the prevalence of mental disorders among suicides and identify major risk factors in Southeast Asian countries. Method: We scrutinized psychological autopsy studies published in the World Health Organization (WHO) South-East Asia (SEA) region countries. We also searched the available bibliographies to identify the studies in the region so that all the possible articles could be included. Results: Out of the 11 countries, 14 psychological autopsy studies were identified in five SEA countries (Bangladesh [1], India [9], Indonesia [1], Nepal [1], and Sri Lanka [2]). Seven studies (50%) used a case-control study design, and eight (57.1%) were carried out in urban settings. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in case-control studies was from 37% to 88%. Stressful life event was identified as a major risk factor in all the case-control studies. Conclusion: Psychological autopsy studies have not been conducted in 6 out of 11 countries of the SEA region. The presence of pre-existing psychiatric morbidity and stressful life events were the two most common risk factors noted across settings, even though there is wide heterogeneity in samples, study design, instruments, and study settings.

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