scholarly journals Chronic prenatal heat stress alters growth, carcass composition, and physiological response of growing pigs subjected to postnatal heat stress

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aira Maye Serviento ◽  
Bénédicte Lebret ◽  
David Renaudeau
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Altered Thyroid ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Abstract Postnatal heat stress (HS) effects on pig physiology and performance are widely studied but prenatal HS studies, albeit increasing, are still limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate the chronic prenatal HS effects in growing pigs raised in postnatal thermoneutral (TN) or in HS environment. For prenatal environment (PE), mixed-parity pregnant sows were exposed to either TN (PTN; cyclic 18 to 24 °C; n = 12) or HS (PHS; cyclic 28 to 34 °C; n = 12) conditions from day 9 to 109 of gestation. Two female offspring per sow were selected at 10 wk of age and allotted to one of two postnatal growing environments (GE): GTN (cyclic 18 to 24 °C; n = 24) and GHS (cyclic 28 to 34 °C; n = 24). From 75 to 140 d of age, GTN pigs remained in GTN conditions, while GHS pigs were in GTN conditions from 75 to 81 d of age and in GHS conditions from 82 to 140 d of age. Regardless of PE, postnatal HS increased rectal and skin temperatures (+0.30 and +1.61 °C on average, respectively; P < 0.01) and decreased ADFI (−332 g/d; P < 0.01), resulting in lower ADG and final BW (−127 g/d and −7.9 kg, respectively; P < 0.01). The GHS pigs exhibited thicker backfat (P < 0.01), lower carcass loin percentage (P < 0.01), increased plasma creatinine levels (P < 0.01), and decreased plasma glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, T3, and T4 levels (P < 0.05). Prenatal HS increased feed intake in an age-dependent manner (+10 g·kg BW–0.60·d−1 for PHS pigs in the last 2 wk of the trial; P = 0.02) but did not influence BW gain (P > 0.10). Prenatal HS decreased the plasma levels of superoxide dismutase on day 3 of GHS (trend at P = 0.08) and of T4 on day 49 (P < 0.01) but did not affect T3 on day 3 nor 49 (P > 0.10). Prenatal HS increased rectal and skin temperatures and decreased temperature gradient between rectal and skin temperatures in GTN pigs (+0.10, +0.33 and −0.22 °C, respectively; P < 0.05) but not in GHS pigs (P > 0.10). There were also PE × GE interactions found with lower BW (P = 0.06) and higher backfat (P < 0.01) and perirenal adiposity (P < 0.05) for GHS–PHS pigs than the other groups. Overall, increased body temperature and altered thyroid functions and physiological stress responses suggest decreased heat tolerance and dissipation ability of pigs submitted to a whole-gestation chronic prenatal HS. Postnatal HS decreased growth performance, increased carcass adiposity, and affected metabolic traits and thyroid functions especially in pigs previously submitted to prenatal HS.

scholarly journals Arabidopsis Target of Rapamycin Coordinates With Transcriptional and Epigenetic Machinery to Regulate Thermotolerance

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohan Sharma ◽  
Muhammed Jamsheer K. ◽  
Brihaspati Narayan Shukla ◽  
Manvi Sharma ◽  
Prakhar Awasthi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Target Of Rapamycin ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Heat Shock Factors ◽  
Promoter Regions ◽  
Stress Protection ◽  
Epigenetic Machinery ◽  
Adaptation To Heat

Global warming exhibits profound effects on plant fitness and productivity. To withstand stress, plants sacrifice their growth and activate protective stress responses for ensuring survival. However, the switch between growth and stress is largely elusive. In the past decade, the role of the target of rapamycin (TOR) linking energy and stress signalling is emerging. Here, we have identified an important role of Glucose (Glc)-TOR signalling in plant adaptation to heat stress (HS). Glc via TOR governs the transcriptome reprogramming of a large number of genes involved in heat stress protection. Downstream to Glc-TOR, the E2Fa signalling module regulates the transcription of heat shock factors through direct recruitment of E2Fa onto their promoter regions. Also, Glc epigenetically regulates the transcription of core HS signalling genes in a TOR-dependent manner. TOR acts in concert with p300/CREB HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE1 (HAC1) and dictates the epigenetic landscape of HS loci to regulate thermotolerance. Arabidopsis plants defective in TOR and HAC1 exhibited reduced thermotolerance with a decrease in the expression of core HS signalling genes. Together, our findings reveal a mechanistic framework in which Glc-TOR signalling through different modules integrates stress and energy signalling to regulate thermotolerance.

scholarly journals Impact of moderate heat stress on the biochemical and physiological responses of the invasive waterweed Elodea canadensis (Michx. 1803)

2018 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-557
Author(s):  
Marina Savicka ◽  
Aleksandrs Petjukevics ◽  
Anna Batjuka ◽  
Nataļja Skute
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Photosynthetic Pigments ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Catalase Activity ◽  
Electrolyte Leakage ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Elodea Canadensis ◽  
Gradual Change

Global warming can negatively affect freshwater macrophytes. However, the degree to which freshwater plants can survive after long-term or short-term warming and the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. The aim of our study was to analyze the responses of an invasive plant to moderate heat stress (HS). Biochemical and physiological stress responses to experimental warming (30?}1.0?C/25?}1.0?C, day/night) were assessed in the invasive waterweed Elodea canadensis. The effect of the moderate HS on the macrophyte was evaluated through changes in the total protein content, catalase activity, lipid peroxidation, cellular membrane permeability by electrolyte leakage and the concentrations of carotenoids and photosynthetic pigments. Catalase activity and carotenoid concentrations increased significantly (p<0.01) in comparison to the control. A significant increase (p<0.05) in malondialdehyde concentration was observed. However, at the same time there was a persistent low level of electrolyte leakage in heat-treated plants as compared to the control. The results demonstrated that moderate HS improved membrane stability and increased the concentration of photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant activity in E. canadensis shoots. Moderate alterations in temperature may favorably affect the physiology and growth of the invasive macrophyte E. canadensis. It is reasonable to expect that warming could lead to a gradual change in E. canadensis distribution and to changes in composition of freshwater ecosystems.

The effect of stocking density and social regrouping stressors on growth performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility and physiological stress responses in pigs

2004 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. G. Leek ◽  
B. T. Sweeney ◽  
P. Duffy ◽  
V. E. Beattie ◽  
J. V. O’Doherty
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio

AbstractA 2 ✕ 2 factorial arrangement of treatments used 280 growing pigs and 240 finishing pigs to examine the main effects and interactions between two levels of stocking density (0·75 m2 v. 0·45 m2 per growing pig and 0·88 m2 v. 0·53 m2 per finishing pig) and grouping (static groups v. regrouped) on pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility and measurements of physiological indicators of stress responses. Regrouping was achieved by moving four unfamiliar pigs between replicate groups every 14 days. Average daily gain (ADG) and average daily food intake (ADFI) were reduced by an additive interaction between high density and regrouping in growing pigs (P < 0·01). In finishing pigs, regrouping reduced ADG (P 0·05) and carcass weight (P 0·05). Regrouping reduced apparent dry matter and gross energy digestibility in finishing pigs (P 0·05). Rectal temperature increased 3 h after mixing finishing pigs (P 0·05), but not growing pigs. In growing pigs, the neutrophil: lymphocyte ratio tended to increase (P 0·1) after regrouping, although plasma cortisol concentration was unaffected. In finishing pigs, the response to a Newcastle disease virus antigen challenge tended to decrease at high stocking density (P 0·1), although total IgG concentration was unaffected. In conclusion, the growth performance of growing and finishing pigs was affected by social stressors. However, effects on the physiological measurements did not concur with effects on growth performance.

Emotions and health: The impact of emotions, emotions regulation, music, and acculturation on health

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 112-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Bongard ◽  
Volker Hodapp ◽  
Sonja Rohrmann
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Anger Expression ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Cardiovascular Stress ◽  
Expression Behavior ◽  
Cardio Vascular ◽  
And Coping ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Our unit investigates the relationship of emotional processes (experience, expression, and coping), their physiological correlates and possible health outcomes. We study domain specific anger expression behavior and associated cardio-vascular loads and found e.g. that particularly an open anger expression at work is associated with greater blood pressure. Furthermore, we demonstrated that women may be predisposed for the development of certain mental disorders because of their higher disgust sensitivity. We also pointed out that the suppression of negative emotions leads to increased physiological stress responses which results in a higher risk for cardiovascular diseases. We could show that relaxation as well as music activity like singing in a choir causes increases in the local immune parameter immunoglobuline A. Finally, we are investigating connections between migrants’ strategy of acculturation and health and found e.g. elevated cardiovascular stress responses in migrants when they where highly adapted to the German culture.

scholarly journals Arginine Decarboxylase Is Essential for Pneumococcal Stress Responses

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 286
Author(s):  
Mary Frances Nakamya ◽  
Moses B. Ayoola ◽  
Leslie A. Shack ◽  
Mirghani Mohamed ◽  
Edwin Swiatlo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Acid Stress ◽  
Arginine Decarboxylase ◽  
Arginine Deiminase ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Opportunistic Human Pathogen ◽  
Thiol Peroxidase ◽  
The Impact

Polyamines such as putrescine, cadaverine, and spermidine are small cationic molecules that play significant roles in cellular processes, including bacterial stress responses and host–pathogen interactions. Streptococcus pneumoniae is an opportunistic human pathogen, which causes several diseases that account for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. As it transits through different host niches, S. pneumoniae is exposed to and must adapt to different types of stress in the host microenvironment. We earlier reported that S. pneumoniae TIGR4, which harbors an isogenic deletion of an arginine decarboxylase (ΔspeA), an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of agmatine in the polyamine synthesis pathway, has a reduced capsule. Here, we report the impact of arginine decarboxylase deletion on pneumococcal stress responses. Our results show that ΔspeA is more susceptible to oxidative, nitrosative, and acid stress compared to the wild-type strain. Gene expression analysis by qRT-PCR indicates that thiol peroxidase, a scavenger of reactive oxygen species and aguA from the arginine deiminase system, could be important for peroxide stress responses in a polyamine-dependent manner. Our results also show that speA is essential for endogenous hydrogen peroxide and glutathione production in S. pneumoniae. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the critical role of arginine decarboxylase in pneumococcal stress responses that could impact adaptation and survival in the host.

Associations between multisystem stress reactivity and peer nominated aggression in early childhood vary by sex

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 1888-1898
Author(s):  
Melissa J. Hagan ◽  
Danielle S. Roubinov ◽  
W. Thomas Boyce ◽  
Nicole R. Bush
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Relational Aggression ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Physical Aggression ◽  
Stress Reactivity ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Kindergarten Children ◽  
Peer Ratings ◽  
Cortisol Reactivity ◽  
Physiological Stress Response

AbstractThere is emerging evidence that the development of problematic aggression in childhood may be associated with specific physiological stress response patterns, with both biological overactivation and underactivation implicated. This study tested associations between sex-specific patterns of stress responses across the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and peer nominations of aggression among 271 kindergarten children (Mean age = 5.32 years; 52% Female; 44% White). Upon entry to kindergarten, children participated in a multidomain standardized stress paradigm. Changes in pre-ejection period (PEP) and salivary cortisol were assessed. On a separate day, children provided peer ratings of physical and relational aggression in a standardized interview. As expected, there was a significant three-way interaction between PEP, cortisol reactivity, and sex, but only for physical aggression. Among boys, cortisol reactivity was positively associated with physical aggression only for those with higher SNS reactivity. Findings suggest that for boys, asymmetrical and symmetrical HPA/SNS reactivity may be associated with lower and higher risk for peer-directed physical aggression, respectively. Understanding the complex associations between multisystem physiology, child sex and peer-directed aggression in early childhood may offer insight into individual differences underlying the emergence of behavioral dysregulation in early peer contexts.

scholarly journals Heat Stress Reduces Metabolic Rate While Increasing Respiratory Exchange Ratio in Growing Pigs

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
Dane W. Fausnacht ◽  
Kellie A. Kroscher ◽  
Ryan P. McMillan ◽  
Luciane S. Martello ◽  
Lance H. Baumgard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolic Phenotype ◽  
Substrate Regulation ◽  
Enclosed Chamber ◽  
Muscle Biopsies

Heat stress (HS) diminishes animal production, reducing muscle growth and increasing adiposity, especially in swine. Excess heat creates a metabolic phenotype with limited lipid oxidation that relies on aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis as a predominant means of energy production, potentially reducing metabolic rate. To evaluate the effects of HS on substrate utilization and energy expenditure, crossbred barrows (15.2 ± 2.4 kg) were acclimatized for 5 days (22 °C), then treated with 5 days of TN (thermal neutral, 22 °C, n = 8) or HS (35 °C, n = 8). Pigs were fed ad libitum and monitored for respiratory rate (RR) and rectal temperature. Daily energy expenditure (DEE) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER, CO2:O2) were evaluated fasted in an enclosed chamber through indirect calorimetry. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the longissimus dorsi pre/post. HS increased temperature (39.2 ± 0.1 vs. 39.6 ± 0.1 °C, p < 0.01) and RER (0.91 ± 0.02 vs. 1.02 ± 0.02 VCO2:VO2, p < 0.01), but decreased DEE/BW (68.8 ± 1.7 vs. 49.7 ± 4.8 kcal/day/kg, p < 0.01) relative to TN. Weight gain (p = 0.80) and feed intake (p = 0.84) did not differ between HS and TN groups. HS decreased muscle metabolic flexibility (~33%, p = 0.01), but increased leucine oxidation (~35%, p = 0.02) compared to baseline values. These data demonstrate that HS disrupts substrate regulation and energy expenditure in growing pigs.

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