scholarly journals Relative bioavailability of guanidinoacetic acid delivered ruminally or abomasally to cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah F Speer ◽  
Kimberly A Pearl ◽  
Evan C Titgemeyer
Keyword(s):  
Latin Square ◽  
Relative Bioavailability ◽  
Primary Response ◽  
Treatment Sequence ◽  
Slope Ratio ◽  
Initial Body Weight ◽  
Water Infusion ◽  
Guanidinoacetic Acid ◽  
Abomasal Infusion ◽  
Blood And Urine Samples

Abstract This study assessed the relative bioavailability of guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) in cattle. Seven ruminally cannulated Holstein steers (initial body weight of 280 kg) were used in an experiment with a 5 × 5 Latin square design; the two additional steers received a treatment sequence identical to two steers in the Latin square. Treatments were: control (no GAA, water infusion), ruminal infusion of 10 or 20 g/d GAA, and abomasal infusion of 10 or 20 g/d GAA, with all infusions delivered continuously. Periods were 7 d in length, and on day 7, blood and urine samples were collected to determine the concentrations of GAA and its associated metabolites. Plasma creatine concentrations increased linearly (P < 0.01) with GAA infusion to the abomasum and tended to increase linearly (P = 0.06) when GAA was infused ruminally. Urinary creatine concentrations increased linearly with increasing amounts of GAA infused in the abomasum (P < 0.01) and the rumen (P < 0.05). There were no significant effects of GAA infusion to either the abomasum or rumen on plasma or urinary concentrations of GAA. Plasma creatinine concentrations were not affected by GAA infusion to the abomasum or rumen. Urinary creatinine concentrations decreased when GAA was infused abomasally (P < 0.05). Because plasma and urinary creatine concentrations yielded the statistically strongest linear responses, they were selected as the primary response criteria for quantifying ruminal escape of GAA. Calculated by slope-ratio methodology, estimates for the ruminal escape of GAA based on plasma creatine and urinary creatine concentrations were 47% and 49%, respectively. Ruminally infused GAA was about half as effective as abomasally infused GAA in elevating plasma and urinary concentrations of creatine.

Effects of feeding or abomasal infusion of canola oil in Holstein cows. 2. Gene expression and plasma concentrations of cholecystokinin and leptin

2004 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 288-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasanth K Chelikani ◽  
David R Glimm ◽  
Duane H Keisler ◽  
John J Kennelly
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Canola Oil ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Abomasal Infusion ◽  
Supplemental Fat

We determined the relative importance of cholecystokinin (CCK), leptin, and fatty acid concentrations in plasma in mediating the satiety effects of supplemental fat in lactating cows. Five ruminally and duodenally cannulated Holstein cows in late lactation were used in a 3×5 incomplete Latin square design with three treatments: 1) Control: basal diet (CON), 2) Control+supplementation of canola oil at 1 kg/d in the feed (FED) and 3) Control+abomasal infusion of canola oil at 1 kg/d (INF). Relative to CON, feed intake was reduced by INF but not by FED. We provide evidence that both FED and INF treatments stimulated CCK gene expression in the duodenum and elevated plasma CCK concentrations. However, our results did not support a role for CCK in mediating satiety through an endocrine mechanism of action. We speculate that CCK might be acting either through paracrine and/or neurocrine routes to influence feed intake in cattle. Both FED and INF had no effect on the mRNA abundance of leptin, lipoprotein lipase, or acetyl-CoA carboxylase in adipose tissue. Plasma concentrations of leptin, insulin and IGF-I were not altered by FED or INF, indicating that these signals may not be involved in mediating short-term hypophagic effects of dietary fat. Plasma concentrations of 18[ratio ]1n-9 and 18[ratio ]2n-6 were significantly greater for INF than for FED or CON. We conclude that the hypophagic effects of supplemental fat in cattle depend on the amount of unsaturated fatty acids reaching the intestine and that this satiety effect is mediated through CCK, oleic acid and (or) linoleic acid, but leptin is not involved.

Variability of apparent ileal amino acid digestibility in different pea samples for growing-finishing pigs

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Z. Fan ◽  
W. C. Sauer
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Corn Starch ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Trypsin Inhibitor Activity ◽  
Significant Finding ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Initial Body Weight ◽  
Ileal Digestibility

Six barrows, average initial body weight 32.5 kg, fitted with a simple T-can-nula at the distal ileum, were used to investigate factors responsible for the variability of apparent ileal amino acid (AA) digestibility values among six pea samples. The barrows were fed six corn-starch-based diets, formulated to contain 16.5% crude protein (CP) (as-fed) from six different pea samples, according to a 6 × 6 Latin square design. Chromic oxide (0.3%) was used as the digestibility marker. The pigs were fed twice daily, at 0800 and 2000 h. The dietary allowance was 1600 g−1. Each experimental period lasted 7 d. Ileal digesta were collected at 2-h intervals for a total of 24 h from 0800 h on day 6 to 0800 h on day 8. With the exception of arginine, cysteine, histidine, and methionine, there were differences (P < 0.05) in the apparent ileal digestibility values of the indispensable including semi-essential (+semi-) AA among the pea samples. Of the indispensable AA (+semi-) within each pea sample, the digestibility values of arginine and lysine were relatively high, ranging from 88.3 to 91.3% and from 78.7 to 85.2%, respectively, while the digestibility values of cysteine, methionine, and tryptophan were relatively low, ranging from 53.8 to 62.7%, from 69.4 to 75.4%, and from 53.1 to 70.4%, respectively. With the exception of arginine, cysteine, and tryptophan, the ileal digestibility values of the indispensable AA (+semi-) were negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with the neu-tral-detergent fiber content in the pea samples. Of all the AA, only the digestibility of tryptophan was negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with the trypsin inhibitor activity in the pea samples. The significant finding of this study was that with the exception of arginine, cysteine, and proline, differences in the digestibility values of all other AA in the pea samples were positively correlated (P < 0.05) with their respective dietary AA contents. This suggests that differences in AA levels in the assay diets were responsible for the variability of apparent ileal digestibility values of AA between pea samples. Therefore, to eliminate this methodological effect, true rather than apparent ileal AA digestibility values for peas should be determined. Key words: Amino acids, ileal digestibility, peas, pigs

scholarly journals Standardized ileal digestible amino acids and net energy contents in full fat and defatted black soldier fly larvae meals (Hermetia illucens) fed to growing pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelina Crosbie ◽  
Cuilan Zhu ◽  
Anna K Shoveller ◽  
Lee-Anne Huber
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Initial Body Weight ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Black Soldier Fly Larvae ◽  
Fly Larvae

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA; Exp. 1) and net energy (Exp. 2) in two black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) samples [full fat (FF; 42.5% crude protein (CP), as-fed) and defatted (DF; 40.8% CP; as-fed)] for growing pigs. Two cornstarch-based diets were formulated with FF and DF BSFLM as the sole sources of AA. A nitrogen-free diet was also used, and the corn starch:sucrose:oil ratio was kept constant among diets to calculate digestible energy (DE) by difference method. In each experiment, pigs were fed 2.8 × estimated maintenance energy requirement. In Exp. 1, eight ileal-cannulated barrows (25.1 ± 0.41 kg initial body weight) were used in a replicated 2 × 2 Latin square design (n = 8). In each period, pigs were adapted to diets for 5 d followed by 2 d of continuous ileal digesta collection for 8 h. The SID of AA were calculated using basal endogenous losses for pigs fed a nitrogen-free diet. In Exp. 2, eight barrows [23.4 ± 0.54 kg initial body weight (BW)] were used in a partially replicated Latin square design (n = 8). In each period, pigs were adapted to diets for 7 d, followed by 5 d of total urine collection and fecal grab sampling. The SID of CP (80.6 ± 1.1%) and Lys (88.0 ± 1.4%) were not different between FF and DF BSFLM. The SID of Arg, Val, Ala, and Pro tended to be less, and the SID of Met tended to be greater for the FF versus the DF BSFLM (P = 0.034, 0.090, 0.053, 0.065, 0.074, respectively). Digestible energy (4,927 vs. 3,941 ± 75 kcal/kg), metabolizable energy (4,569 vs. 3,396 ± 102 kcal/kg), and predicted net energy (3,477 vs. 2,640 ± 30 kcal/kg, using equations from Noblet; 3,479 vs. 2,287 ± 28 kcal/kg, using equations from Blok, respectively) were greater for the FF versus the DF BSFLM (P &lt; 0.05). The apparent total tract digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were greater for the FF versus the DF BSFLM (P ≤ 0.05). Both FF and DF BSFLM had high SID for most AA; however, FF BSFLM was a better source of net energy for growing pigs. Therefore, both FF and DF BSFLM could be used as protein alternatives in growing pig diets.

Effects of abomasal slaframine infusion on ruminal digesta passage and digestion in steers

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Froetschel ◽  
M. N. Streeter ◽  
H. E. Amos ◽  
W. J. Croom Jr. ◽  
W. M. Hagler Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Dilution Rate ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Abomasal Infusion ◽  
Muscarinic Cholinergic ◽  
Digesta Passage ◽  
Sorghum Silage ◽  
Ruminal Digestion

Slaframine was infused intra-abomasally once daily 3 h after feeding to four ruminally and abomasally cannulated Jersey steers (586 ± 88.6 kg) at 0 (saline control), 10, 20, or 30 μg kg−1 BW in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment. Periods were 14 d in length. On a DM basis, diets were a 38:62, sorghum silage: concentrate offered at 125% of the net energy required for maintenance. Ruminal, abomasal, and fecal samples were collected at 2-h intervals on days 10–12, and ruminal contents were completely evacuated and sampled at 3, 6, 12, and 24 h after feeding on days 13 and 14. Ruminal volume and pH increased (linear; P < 0.05) from 1.6 to 8.9% and from 0.10 to 0.22 units, respectively, with SF. Total ruminal VFA and ammonia concentrations decreased (linear; P < 0.05) with SF from 4.1 to 9.4% and from 5.3 to 10.2%, respectively. Apparent ruminal DM and starch digestion increased at the lowest dosage and decreased at higher dosages of SF (quadratic; P < 0.05). Ruminal NDF digestion decreased with SF (linear; P < 0.1). Totat tract DM digestion was not affected by SF. Fractional turnover rate of ruminal DM increased (linear; P < 0.05) from 1.6 to 11.3% with SF. During the first 8 h after SF administration, liquid dilution rate increased as much as 18.5% with the highest dosage of SF (linear; P < 0.05). During the 10– to 21-h period after SF administration, dilution rate decreased with the 10– to 20-μg kg−1 BW dosages of SF (quadratic, P < 0.05). Outflow of AA tended to decrease at 10 and 20 and increased at the 30 μg kg−1 BW dosages of SF (quadratic, P < 0.05). Abomasal infusion of SF alters digesta passage and the site of digestion of nutrients between the rumen and the lower digestive tract. The highest level shifted the site of digestion to the lower tract while lower dosages enhanced ruminal digestion. Key words: Rumen fermentation, digestion, passage, muscarinic, cholinergic

scholarly journals Bioavailability ofD-methionine relative toL-methionine for nursery pigs using the slope-ratio assay

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changsu Kong ◽  
Jong Young Ahn ◽  
Beob G. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Corn Starch ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Relative Bioavailability ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Slope Ratio ◽  
Balance Study ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Quadratic Response

This experiment was conducted to determine the bioavailability ofD-methionine (Met) relative toL-Met for nursery pigs using the slope-ratio assay. A total of 50 crossbred barrows with an initial BW of 13.5 kg (SD = 1.0) were used in an N balance study. A Met-deficient basal diet (BD) was formulated to contain an adequate amount of all amino acids (AA) for 10–20 kg pigs except for Met. The two reference diets were prepared by supplementing the BD with 0.4 or 0.8 gL-Met/kg at the expense of corn starch, and an equivalent concentration ofD-Met was added to the BD for the two test diets. The pigs were adapted to the experimental diets for 5 d and then total but separated collection of feces and urine was conducted for 4 d according to the marker-to-marker procedure. Nitrogen intakes were similar across the treatments. Fecal N output was not affected by Met supplementation regardless of source and consequently apparent N digestibility did not change. Conversely, there was a negative linear response (P< 0.01) to Met supplementation with both Met isomers in urinary N output, which resulted in increased retained N (g/4 d) and N retention (% of intake). No quadratic response was observed in any of the N balance criteria. The estimated bioavailability ofD-Met relative toL-Met from urinary N output (g/4 d) and N retention (% of intake) as dependent variables using supplemental Met intake (g/4 d) as an independent variable were 87.6% and 89.6%, respectively; however, approximately 95% of the fiducial limits for the relative bioavailability estimates included 100%. In conclusion, with an absence of statistical significance, the present study indicated that the mean relative bioequivalence ofD- toL-Met was 87.6% based on urinary N output or 89.6% based on N retention.

scholarly journals Digestibility of amino acids, energy, acid hydrolyzed ether extract, and neutral detergent fiber, and concentration of digestible and metabolizable energy in low-oil distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs1

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 662-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charmaine D Espinosa ◽  
Su A Lee ◽  
Hans H Stein
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Initial Body Weight ◽  
Distillers Dried Grains ◽  
Gross Energy

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that digestibility of amino acids (AA), gross energy (GE), acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and values for metabolizable energy (ME) in low-oil distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) vary among suppliers. In Exp. 1, the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of GE, AEE, and NDF, and concentration of ME were determined in eight sources of DDGS (sources A, B, C, D, E, G, H, and I). A corn-based basal diet and eight diets containing corn and each source of DDGS were fed to 72 barrows (initial body weight = 18.1 ± 1.3 kg) with eight pigs per diet. Feces and urine were collected for 5 d after 7 d of adaptation. The ME did not differ among the eight sources of DDGS with the exception that DDGS source E contained less (P &lt; 0.05) ME than DDGS source D. The ATTD of GE did also not differ among the eight sources of DDGS, but ME and ATTD of GE in corn were greater (P &lt; 0.05) than in the eight sources of DDGS. However, the ATTD of AEE in corn and the eight sources of DDGS was not different, but the ATTD of AEE in DDGS source E was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than in DDGS source A. The ATTD of NDF in DDGS source D was also greater (P &lt; 0.05) than in DDGS sources E, G, and H, but ATTD of NDF did not differ between corn and the eight sources of DDGS. In Exp. 2, standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA was determined in seven sources of DDGS (sources A, B, C, D, E, G, and H). Twenty-four barrows (initial body weight = 63.4 ± 3.4 kg) that had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum were allotted to a two-period incomplete Latin square design with eight diets. Seven diets were formulated to contain each of the seven sources of DDGS and an N-free diet was also used. Ileal digesta were collected for 2 d after 5 d of adaptation. There were no differences between pigs fed DDGS sources A and B in SID of AA, and the SID of Lys, Met, and Trp did not differ among DDGS sources A, B, and E. However, SID of most indispensable and dispensable AA except Gly were greater (P &lt; 0.05) in DDGS source B than in DDGS sources C, D, E, G, and H. In conclusion, variability in SID of AA, ATTD of NDF and AEE, and ME were observed among the sources of DDGS used in this experiment.

scholarly journals The nitrogen and energy metabolism of lactating cows given abomasal infusions of casein

1986 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 537-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. G. Whitelaw ◽  
J. S. Milne ◽  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
J. S. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Primary Response ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Fat Mobilization

1. Four cows in early lactation were given continuous infusion into the abomasum of 0, 200, 400 or 600 g lactic casein/d according to a Latin-square design. Each period was of 14 d and the Latin square was followed by 7 d in which an infusion of 800 g glucose/d was given. The basal diet was given at a level which provided sufficient nitrogen and energy for 10 kg milk yield/d.2. Infusion of casein resulted in significant increases in milk yield, milk N yield and milk energy yield; milk N increased progressively but milk energy reached a maximum at 400 g casein/d. Milk yields and composition when glucose was infused resembled those seen on the zero casein treatment.3. N-balance measurements indicated a severe deficit (–20 g/d) on the zero casein treatment and a progressive increase to +7 g/d as casein increased; N equilibrium was achieved at about 400 g casein/d. The regression of net productive N on N intake (P< 0.001) indicated that the efficiency of utilization of dietary N did not differ between treatments.4. Heat production increased with increase in casein infused (P< 0.05) but remained a constant proportion of the metabolizable energy (ME) intake. Energy balances were negative and did not differ significantly between treatments but calculation of the protein and fat components indicated a threefold increase in body fat mobilization in response to the first increment of casein. Milk yield adjusted to zero energy balance was significantly related to ME intake (P< 0.001) but the efficiency of encrgy utilization was not affected by the level of casein infusion.5. The concentrations of glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate and non-esterified fatty acids in plasma did not differ between treatments but the concentration of urea in plasma increased markedly (P< 0.05) at the highest level of casein addition. Insulin concentrations increased and growth hormone decreased (bothP< 0.05) with increase in casein infusion.6. The concentration of total amino acids (AA) in plasma increased up to 400 g casein/d and then declined. Changes in concentration and in the ratio of essential: total AA indicated a very high extraction rate of essential AA at the lower levels of casein infusion.7. The observed lactational responses are discussed in relation to the ratio of protein:energy in the absorbed nutrients. It is concluded that the primary response to casein was the correction of an AA deficit and that body fat mobilization was secondary and occurred in response to the high ratio of AA-N:energy in the infused casein.

scholarly journals The effect of intragastric infusion of glucose, lipids or acetate on fasting nitrogen excretion and blood metabolites in sheep

1985 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Asplund ◽  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
F. D. DEB. Hovell ◽  
N. A. Macleod
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Blood Metabolites ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Creatinine Excretion ◽  
Blood Indices ◽  
Water Infusion ◽  
Protein Energy

1. Two experiments are reported in which the effect of the intragastric infusion of non-protein energy on fasting nitrogen losses was studied. Expt 1 was a preliminary trial with two 35 kg lambs given 0, 144, 288 or 432 kJ/kg live weight (W)0.75per d as lipid or glucose infused into the abomasum for periods of 3 d. Expt 2 was of a 4 x 4 Latin square design with four sheep of about 30 kg live weight. The four treatments were control (fasted with water infusion), or the infusion of 144 W/kg W0.75per d as glucose or lipid into the abomasum or as acetic acid into the reticulo-rumen.2. Compared with the fasted control, glucose infusion reduced (P < 0.05) N excretion to about 0.6 of that of the control, increased (P < 0.05) plasma glucose, decreased (P < 0.05) plasma urea and β-hydroxybutyrate, and was without effect on plasma amino-N or creatinine excretion.3. Lipid and acetate infusions were without statistically significant effect on N or creatinine excretion or any of the blood indices measured, with the exception of plasma glucose which was reduced (P < 0.05) with acetate infusion.

scholarly journals Comparative Bioavailability of Four Marketed Sparfloxacin Formulations in Healthy Human Volunteers

2004 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Ravindra Rao ◽  
J. Vijaya Ratna ◽  
T. Manikya Rao
Keyword(s):  
Latin Square ◽  
Relative Bioavailability ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Data ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Human Volunteers ◽  
Comparative Bioavailability ◽  
Tablet Formulations

The objective of the study was to obtain the pharmacokinetic data of four marketed tablet formulations of sparfloxacin and compare the relative bioavailability of the formulations with standard formulation. A single dose 4×4 latin square design of the four marketed tablet formulations of sparfloxacin (200 mg) was carried out in four healthy male volunteers. Blood samples were collected at predetermined time intervals. The serum concentrations of the drug were determined by microbiological assay. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from the plasma concentration of sparfloxacinversustime data. The AUC0-αof the sparfloxacin from products A, B, C and D was 23.33±3.90 μg h/mL, 19.72±2.47 μg h/mL, 18.76±5.19 μg h/mL and 18.27±2.84 μg h/mL respectively. The Cmaxand t1/2of the sparfloxacin was 0.98±0.07 μg/mL, 14.91±1.30 h, 0.80±0.06 μg/mL, 15.75±2.37 h, 0.78±0.11 μg/mL, 16.01±1.98 and 0.81±0.04 μg/mL, 13.91±3.59 h respectively for the products A, B, C and D. The serum concentration of the sparfloxacin and other pharmacokinetic parameters obtained were statistically analyzed. The results of three-way analysis of variance of serum drug levels and pharmacokinetic parameters showed that there was no significant variation between the products, subjects and treatments at all the points of time with regard to the AUC0-α,Cmaxand t1/2. The results of the study indicated that the products A, B, C and D are bioequivalent.

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