Effects of abomasal slaframine infusion on ruminal digesta passage and digestion in steers

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Froetschel ◽  
M. N. Streeter ◽  
H. E. Amos ◽  
W. J. Croom Jr. ◽  
W. M. Hagler Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Dilution Rate ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Abomasal Infusion ◽  
Muscarinic Cholinergic ◽  
Digesta Passage ◽  
Sorghum Silage ◽  
Ruminal Digestion

Slaframine was infused intra-abomasally once daily 3 h after feeding to four ruminally and abomasally cannulated Jersey steers (586 ± 88.6 kg) at 0 (saline control), 10, 20, or 30 μg kg−1 BW in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment. Periods were 14 d in length. On a DM basis, diets were a 38:62, sorghum silage: concentrate offered at 125% of the net energy required for maintenance. Ruminal, abomasal, and fecal samples were collected at 2-h intervals on days 10–12, and ruminal contents were completely evacuated and sampled at 3, 6, 12, and 24 h after feeding on days 13 and 14. Ruminal volume and pH increased (linear; P < 0.05) from 1.6 to 8.9% and from 0.10 to 0.22 units, respectively, with SF. Total ruminal VFA and ammonia concentrations decreased (linear; P < 0.05) with SF from 4.1 to 9.4% and from 5.3 to 10.2%, respectively. Apparent ruminal DM and starch digestion increased at the lowest dosage and decreased at higher dosages of SF (quadratic; P < 0.05). Ruminal NDF digestion decreased with SF (linear; P < 0.1). Totat tract DM digestion was not affected by SF. Fractional turnover rate of ruminal DM increased (linear; P < 0.05) from 1.6 to 11.3% with SF. During the first 8 h after SF administration, liquid dilution rate increased as much as 18.5% with the highest dosage of SF (linear; P < 0.05). During the 10– to 21-h period after SF administration, dilution rate decreased with the 10– to 20-μg kg−1 BW dosages of SF (quadratic, P < 0.05). Outflow of AA tended to decrease at 10 and 20 and increased at the 30 μg kg−1 BW dosages of SF (quadratic, P < 0.05). Abomasal infusion of SF alters digesta passage and the site of digestion of nutrients between the rumen and the lower digestive tract. The highest level shifted the site of digestion to the lower tract while lower dosages enhanced ruminal digestion. Key words: Rumen fermentation, digestion, passage, muscarinic, cholinergic

Effects of a parasympathomimetic agent, slaframine, on reticulo-omasal orifice function

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Kelly ◽  
B. W. McBride ◽  
M. A. Froetschel ◽  
W. J. Croom Jr. ◽  
W. M. Hagler Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Pressure Transducer ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Characteristic Change ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Contraction Frequency ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Digesta Passage ◽  
Orifice Opening

Three nonlactating, nonpregnant, ruminally cannulated Holstein cows (680–732 kg) fed chopped brome hay ad libitum once daily were used to study effects of slaframine (SF) on rumen function in a 3 × 3 Latin square design. Animals were injected intramuscularly with 0, 20 or 40 μg kg BW−1 SF, allowing for 1 d between trials. At 0, 40, 180 and 360 min postinjection rumen contents were partially evacuated. Reticular contraction frequency (RCF) was determined using a balloon placed in the reticulum connected to a pressure transducer and physiograph and reticulo-omasal orifice opening duration (ROOD) was measured using palpation and endoscopy. RCF as a percentage of predose was decreased linearly by SF treatment (P < 0.01). SF affected ROOD, which was higher (P < 0.05) for both SF treatments. This pattern was also linear (P < 0.01). A characteristic change in reticulum pressure was identified that correlated with SF mediated variation in ROOD (r = 0.67; P < 0.01). Previous research has indicated that SF administration increased salivation and shifted site of digestion. The results presented herein are consistent with these observations and indicate that duration of reticulo-omasal orifice opening may be more highly associated with the rate of digesta passage than reticular frequency. Key words: Slaframine, reticulo-omasal orifice, reticulum motility, cattle

scholarly journals What is the digestibility and caloric value of different botanical parts in corn residue to cattle?1

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (7) ◽  
pp. 3056-3070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily A Petzel ◽  
Evan C Titgemeyer ◽  
Alexander J Smart ◽  
Kristin E Hales ◽  
Andrew P Foote ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Corn Residue ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted to measure rates of ruminal disappearance, and energy and nutrient availability and N balance among cows fed corn husks, leaves, or stalks. Ruminal disappearance was estimated after incubation of polyester bags containing husks, leaves or stalks in 2 separate ruminally cannulated cows in a completely randomized design. Organic matter (OM) that initially disappeared was greatest for stalks and least for husks and leaves (P < 0.01), but amounts of NDF that initially disappeared was greatest for husks, intermediate for stalks, and least for leaves (P < 0.01). Amounts of DM and OM that slowly disappeared were greatest in husks, intermediate in leaves, and least in stalks (P < 0.01). However, amounts of NDF that slowly disappeared were greatest in leaves, intermediate in husks, and least in stalks (P < 0.01). Rate of DM and OM disappearance was greater for leaves, intermediate for husks and least for stalks, but rate of NDF disappearance was greatest for stalks, intermediate for leaves, and least for husks (P < 0.01). Energy and nutrient availability in husks, leaves, or stalks were measured by feeding ruminally cannulated cows husk-, leaf-, or stalk-based diets in a replicated Latin square. Digestible energy lost as methane was less (P = 0.02) when cows were fed leaves in comparison to husks or stalks, and metabolizable energy (Mcal/kg DM) was greater (P = 0.03) when cows were fed husks and leaves compared with stalks. Heat production (Mcal/d) was not different (P = 0.74) between husks, leaves, or stalks; however, amounts of heat produced as a proportion of digestible energy intake were less (P = 0.05) among cows fed leaves in comparison to stalks or husks. Subsequently, there was a tendency (P = 0.06) for net energy available for maintenance from leaves (1.42 Mcal/kg DM) to be greater than stalks (0.91 Mcal/kg DM), and husks (1.30 Mcal/kg DM) were intermediate. Nitrogen balance was greater when cows were fed leaves, intermediate for husks, and least for stalks (P = 0.01). Total tract digestion of NDF was greater (P < 0.01) for husks and leaves compared with stalks. Husks had greater (P = 0.04) OM digestibility in comparison to stalks, and leaves were intermediate. Apparently, greater production of methane from husks in comparison to leaves limited amounts of energy available for maintenance from husks even though total-tract nutrient digestion was greatest when cows were fed husks or leaves.

Effects of feeding or abomasal infusion of canola oil in Holstein cows. 2. Gene expression and plasma concentrations of cholecystokinin and leptin

2004 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 288-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasanth K Chelikani ◽  
David R Glimm ◽  
Duane H Keisler ◽  
John J Kennelly
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Canola Oil ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Abomasal Infusion ◽  
Supplemental Fat

We determined the relative importance of cholecystokinin (CCK), leptin, and fatty acid concentrations in plasma in mediating the satiety effects of supplemental fat in lactating cows. Five ruminally and duodenally cannulated Holstein cows in late lactation were used in a 3×5 incomplete Latin square design with three treatments: 1) Control: basal diet (CON), 2) Control+supplementation of canola oil at 1 kg/d in the feed (FED) and 3) Control+abomasal infusion of canola oil at 1 kg/d (INF). Relative to CON, feed intake was reduced by INF but not by FED. We provide evidence that both FED and INF treatments stimulated CCK gene expression in the duodenum and elevated plasma CCK concentrations. However, our results did not support a role for CCK in mediating satiety through an endocrine mechanism of action. We speculate that CCK might be acting either through paracrine and/or neurocrine routes to influence feed intake in cattle. Both FED and INF had no effect on the mRNA abundance of leptin, lipoprotein lipase, or acetyl-CoA carboxylase in adipose tissue. Plasma concentrations of leptin, insulin and IGF-I were not altered by FED or INF, indicating that these signals may not be involved in mediating short-term hypophagic effects of dietary fat. Plasma concentrations of 18[ratio ]1n-9 and 18[ratio ]2n-6 were significantly greater for INF than for FED or CON. We conclude that the hypophagic effects of supplemental fat in cattle depend on the amount of unsaturated fatty acids reaching the intestine and that this satiety effect is mediated through CCK, oleic acid and (or) linoleic acid, but leptin is not involved.

Physiochemical characterization and energy contents of novel corn ethanol co-product streams, with and without inclusion of a multi-carbohydrase enzyme blend, for growing pigs

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Melanie Boucher ◽  
Cuilan Zhu ◽  
Sheena Holt ◽  
Lee-Anne Huber
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Grab Sampling ◽  
Water Binding ◽  
Distillers Grains With Solubles ◽  
Distillers Grain

The physiochemical properties and digestible, metabolizable, and predicted net energy contents in high-protein dried distillers’ grain (HiPro) were determined to assess the nutritive value for growing pigs. Twelve Yorkshire × Landrace barrows (initial body weight 25 ± 0.5 kg) were used in a partially replicated Latin square design over three periods (n = 7 or 8) and assigned to one of five experimental diets. In each period, pigs were adapted to diets for 7 d, followed by 5 d of total urine collection and fecal grab sampling. The experimental diets included a corn- and soybean-meal-based diet (CON) or diets containing dried distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS) or HiPro to partially replace corn and soybean meal, without or with (i.e., DDGS+ and Hipro+) a multi-carbohydrase enzyme blend (0.05% inclusion). The HiPro ingredient contained half as much starch (2.6% vs. 5.2%; DM-basis), 20% more protein (32.5% vs. 27.1%), and had 14% greater water binding capacity versus DDGS. The digestible, metabolizable, and predicted net energy contents of the HiPro co-product were greater than DDGS for growing pigs (P < 0.05), but fibre-degrading enzymes were ineffective at improving energy values. The greater (available) energy and protein contents of HiPro make it a promising feed ingredient for inclusion in swine diets.

scholarly journals Standardized ileal digestible amino acids and net energy contents in full fat and defatted black soldier fly larvae meals (Hermetia illucens) fed to growing pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelina Crosbie ◽  
Cuilan Zhu ◽  
Anna K Shoveller ◽  
Lee-Anne Huber
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Initial Body Weight ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Black Soldier Fly Larvae ◽  
Fly Larvae

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA; Exp. 1) and net energy (Exp. 2) in two black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) samples [full fat (FF; 42.5% crude protein (CP), as-fed) and defatted (DF; 40.8% CP; as-fed)] for growing pigs. Two cornstarch-based diets were formulated with FF and DF BSFLM as the sole sources of AA. A nitrogen-free diet was also used, and the corn starch:sucrose:oil ratio was kept constant among diets to calculate digestible energy (DE) by difference method. In each experiment, pigs were fed 2.8 × estimated maintenance energy requirement. In Exp. 1, eight ileal-cannulated barrows (25.1 ± 0.41 kg initial body weight) were used in a replicated 2 × 2 Latin square design (n = 8). In each period, pigs were adapted to diets for 5 d followed by 2 d of continuous ileal digesta collection for 8 h. The SID of AA were calculated using basal endogenous losses for pigs fed a nitrogen-free diet. In Exp. 2, eight barrows [23.4 ± 0.54 kg initial body weight (BW)] were used in a partially replicated Latin square design (n = 8). In each period, pigs were adapted to diets for 7 d, followed by 5 d of total urine collection and fecal grab sampling. The SID of CP (80.6 ± 1.1%) and Lys (88.0 ± 1.4%) were not different between FF and DF BSFLM. The SID of Arg, Val, Ala, and Pro tended to be less, and the SID of Met tended to be greater for the FF versus the DF BSFLM (P = 0.034, 0.090, 0.053, 0.065, 0.074, respectively). Digestible energy (4,927 vs. 3,941 ± 75 kcal/kg), metabolizable energy (4,569 vs. 3,396 ± 102 kcal/kg), and predicted net energy (3,477 vs. 2,640 ± 30 kcal/kg, using equations from Noblet; 3,479 vs. 2,287 ± 28 kcal/kg, using equations from Blok, respectively) were greater for the FF versus the DF BSFLM (P &lt; 0.05). The apparent total tract digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were greater for the FF versus the DF BSFLM (P ≤ 0.05). Both FF and DF BSFLM had high SID for most AA; however, FF BSFLM was a better source of net energy for growing pigs. Therefore, both FF and DF BSFLM could be used as protein alternatives in growing pig diets.

In situ and in vitro techniques for estimating degradation parameters and digestibility of diets based on maize or sorghum

2020 ◽  
Vol 158 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 150-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. Silva ◽  
M. V. C. Pacheco ◽  
L. A. Godoi ◽  
F. A. S. Silva ◽  
D. Zanetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
In Vitro Techniques ◽  
Sorghum Grains ◽  
Sorghum Silage ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Grains

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to evaluate: (1) the effects of ensiling maize or sorghum grains after reconstitution on readily soluble fraction (a), potentially degradable fraction in the rumen (b) and rate constant for degradation of b (c) of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and starch (STA); and (2) an appropriate incubation time for in situ or in vitro procedures to estimate in vivo digestibility. Four rumen-cannulated Nellore bulls (body weight = 262 ± 19.6 kg) distributed in a 4 × 4 Latin square were used. Diets were based on dry ground maize (DGM); or dry ground sorghum (DGS); or reconstituted ground maize silage; or reconstituted ground sorghum silage. In vitro and in situ incubations of the individual grains and diets were simultaneously performed with in vivo digestibility. In general, reconstituted grains and diets based on reconstituted grains presented greater (P < 0.05) fraction a and lower (P < 0.05) fraction b of DM, OM and STA compared to dry grains and diets based on dry grain. However, the magnitude of response of the reconstitution and ensiling process on DM and OM degradability parameter was greater for maize than that for sorghum. Moreover, no differences (P > 0.05) were observed between DGM- and DGS-based diets for c estimates. The results suggest that the reconstitution process promotes grains protein matrix breakdown increasing STA availability. The incubation times required for in vivo digestibility estimations of DM, OM and STA are 24 h for in situ and 36 h for in vitro procedures.

scholarly journals PSIII-1 Nutritive value of expeller-pressed carinata cake for pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 171-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tofuko A Woyengo
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Livestock Feeding ◽  
Net Energy Value

Abstract Carinata (Brasicca carinata) is an oilseed crop of brassica family that is grown for production of oil for biofuel industry. Expeller-pressed carinata cake (EPCAR), a co-product from carinata seed oil extraction plants, is available for livestock feeding. However, nutritive value of EPCAR for pigs has not been reported. Objective of this study was to determine standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) and net energy value of EPCAR for growing pigs. Eight ileal-cannulated barrows (initial BW = 33 kg) were fed 3 diets in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 2 added columns to give 8 replicates/diet. The diets were cornstarch-based, containing expeller-pressed canola cake (EPCAN) or EPCAR as sole protein source, and N-free. The EPCAN was included in the study for comparison because it is derived from canola, which is the most widely used crop of Brassica family for oil production. Digestibility of AA in feedstuffs was determined by the direct method. Energy digestibility in EPCAN and EPCAR was determined by difference from the N-free diet. On DM basis, EPCAN and EPCAR contained 39.6 and 50.2% CP, 20.7 and 26.8% NDF, 16.0 and 0.88% ether extract, 2.32 and 1.82% lysine, 0.74 and 0.96% methionine, 1.63 and 1.89% threonine, and 0.50 and 0.64% tryptophan, respectively. The EPCAN compared with EPCAR, had greater (PPP = 0.078) in SID of threonine. The EPCAN had greater (P < 0.05) net energy value than EPCAN (2,082 vs. 1,576 kcal/kg DM). In conclusion, EPCAR lower energy value than EPCAN. However, EPCAR had greater SID of most AA than EPCAN; therefore, EPCAR can serve as alternative oilseed co-product feedstuff for pigs.

scholarly journals The effect of protein degradation products in grass silages on feed intake and intake behaviour in sheep

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Van Os ◽  
J.P. Dulphy ◽  
R. Baumont
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Chewing Efficiency ◽  
Amine Addition ◽  
Intake Regulation

The effects of NH3 and amines on grass-silage intake, intake behaviour and rumen characteristics were studied in sheep. From a single sward, two direct-cut grass silages were prepared, either untreated (WAS) or with 4·51 formic acid/tonne (FAS). Four experimental diets: WAS, FAS, FAS with addition of 2·9 g NH3/kg DM (FAS + N) and FAS with 2·8 g amines/kg DM (FAS + A), were offered ad lib. once daily to four rumen-cannulated wethers in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Daily DM intake (DMI) tended to be influenced by dietary treatment (P = 0·09). Compared with FAS, DMI was lower for WAS. Addition of NH3 did not alter DMI, whereas amine addition slightly lowered daily DMI. Reduced DMI resulted from lower intake rates during both the principal meal and the subsequent small meals. Lower initial intake rate during the principal meal suggested reduced palatability of WAS and FAS + A. Amines and NH3, however, did not influence chewing efficiency. No treatment effects were observed on total rumen pool size, DM and neutral-detergent fibre content. Furthermore, NH3, and amines did not alter rumen pH, NH3, and volatile fatty acid concentrations to the extent that they could act on chemostatic intake regulation. Amine addition, however, lowered osmolality of the rumen liquid. No treatment effects on rumen motility were observed. In conclusion, daily DMI was not reduced by the addition of NH3, suggesting that NH3per se is not the causal factor in the negative correlations between silage NH3 content and intake observed by other authors. Amines, however, tended to reduce DMI only by their effect at the oro-pharyngeal level of intake control.

An investigation into palatability as a factor responsible for reduced intake of silage by sheep

1990 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Buchanan-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Linear Response ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Quadratic Response ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
Linear Manner ◽  
Ingestive Behaviour

ABSTRACTTo separate ingestive factors involving palatability from post-ingestive factors responsible for forage intake being depressed by ensiling, silages were evaluated using sham-fed animals. Protocol for all experiments was to formulate low dry matter (DM) silages from a high DM lucerne silage reconstituted with either water, solutions containing constituents commonly found in silage, or extracts of low DM silage. Solutions of silage constituents were adjusted before reconstitution to a pH typical of silage. Tests were performed by offering silages one at a time once daily to oesophageal fistulated sheep, maintained on lucerne hay, but starved for 5 h prior to the test. Intake was measured over 30 min. Sheep were adapted to intermediate levels of each test ingredient(s) before experiments were done to evaluate effects of four to five levels of each ingredient using Latin-square designs. Animals were sham fed during both periods of adaptation and of testing ingredient levels. Mean of 30-min intakes for control silages was 573 g DM. Lactic and acetic acids added together, to levels of 53·2 and 35·4 g/kg, respectively, enhanced intake with a linear response due to level (P < 0·05). Acetic acid added by itself to 88·0 g/kg depressed intake with a linear response due to level (P < 0·05) in which 10 g/kg added acetic acid depressed 30-min intake by 13·5 g. Acetic and butyric acids added together to levels of 36·2 and 54·4 g/kg respectively, were without effect as was ammonia added to 3·8 g/kg as ammonia nitrogen (N). A mixture of free amino acids added to a level of 9·2 g amino-N per kg was without effect, but at a level of 13·8 g/kg, intake was depressed to proportionately 0·75 of the control. A mixture of two amines and gamma amino butyric acid added to a level of 4·6 g N per kg caused a quadratic response (P < 005) in which intermediate levels enhanced intake but the highest level was without effect. An extract from good-quality silage had no effect on intake and that from a poor-quality silage enhanced intake in a linear manner (P < 0·05). These data indicate that elevation of acetic acid in silage without increases in amounts of other constituents decreased intake of silage through an effect on palatability. This conclusion modifies interpretation on the significance of palatability, determined from studies of ingestive behaviour of ruminants, as a factor to explain reduced intake of sheep given silage.

scholarly journals Relative bioavailability of guanidinoacetic acid delivered ruminally or abomasally to cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah F Speer ◽  
Kimberly A Pearl ◽  
Evan C Titgemeyer
Keyword(s):  
Latin Square ◽  
Relative Bioavailability ◽  
Primary Response ◽  
Treatment Sequence ◽  
Slope Ratio ◽  
Initial Body Weight ◽  
Water Infusion ◽  
Guanidinoacetic Acid ◽  
Abomasal Infusion ◽  
Blood And Urine Samples

Abstract This study assessed the relative bioavailability of guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) in cattle. Seven ruminally cannulated Holstein steers (initial body weight of 280 kg) were used in an experiment with a 5 × 5 Latin square design; the two additional steers received a treatment sequence identical to two steers in the Latin square. Treatments were: control (no GAA, water infusion), ruminal infusion of 10 or 20 g/d GAA, and abomasal infusion of 10 or 20 g/d GAA, with all infusions delivered continuously. Periods were 7 d in length, and on day 7, blood and urine samples were collected to determine the concentrations of GAA and its associated metabolites. Plasma creatine concentrations increased linearly (P &lt; 0.01) with GAA infusion to the abomasum and tended to increase linearly (P = 0.06) when GAA was infused ruminally. Urinary creatine concentrations increased linearly with increasing amounts of GAA infused in the abomasum (P &lt; 0.01) and the rumen (P &lt; 0.05). There were no significant effects of GAA infusion to either the abomasum or rumen on plasma or urinary concentrations of GAA. Plasma creatinine concentrations were not affected by GAA infusion to the abomasum or rumen. Urinary creatinine concentrations decreased when GAA was infused abomasally (P &lt; 0.05). Because plasma and urinary creatine concentrations yielded the statistically strongest linear responses, they were selected as the primary response criteria for quantifying ruminal escape of GAA. Calculated by slope-ratio methodology, estimates for the ruminal escape of GAA based on plasma creatine and urinary creatine concentrations were 47% and 49%, respectively. Ruminally infused GAA was about half as effective as abomasally infused GAA in elevating plasma and urinary concentrations of creatine.

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