PSXVI-21 The effect of enhancing the thermal environment of piglets on physiology, behavior and productivity

Abstract To determine if increasing the heated area provided to piglets may improve their welfare; Sows (n = 27) were assigned to stalls using a traditional heat lamp (Control), or stalls using 2, 0.4 x 2.4 m heated mats (Heat). The mat temperature was maintained at approximately 39 °C until the 3rd d post-farrowing when they were replaced with a traditional heat lamp. At 1 d of age, piglets’ temperature was recorded, and blood samples were taken from 4 piglets per litter to measure cortisol, lactate, and glucose. Of these piglets, 2 were females and 2 males, 1 each weighing above average (thrifty) and 1 each below average (unthrifty). ADG of all piglets and mortality were recorded on d 3, when the heated mats were replaced with heat lamps, as well as at weaning. There were no treatment differences (P > 0.10) for cortisol (4.52 ± 0.22 ug/dL), glucose (102.84 ± 2.11 mg/dL), or lactate (2.42 ± 94.77 mmol/L). Unthrifty piglets had greater cortisol concentrations (5.45 ± 0.34 vs. 3.64 ± 0.24 ug/dL, P < 0.0001) and lower glucose (97.3 ± 3.06 vs. 108.37 ± 2.76 mg/dL; P < 0.0014) than thrifty. ADG was not different (P > 0.10) on d 3 (0.12 ± 0.01 kg) or at weaning (0.24 ± 0.003 kg). There was no difference in body temperature between treatments (39.23 ± 0.03 °F, P > 0.10). Day 3 mortality was lower in Heat crates than Control (0.04 ± 0.02 vs. 0.12 ± 0.03, P < 0.02); however, mortality at weaning did not differ (11 ± 0.02%, P > 0.10). In conclusion, increasing the warm area in farrowing crates with heated mats over the length of the piglet area may increase survivability while provided.

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Diurnal Body Temperature and Rate of Passage of Loggers in Lions

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10081388 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1388

Author(s):

Ted Friend ◽

Giulia Corsini ◽

Vincent Manero ◽

Raffaella Cocco

Keyword(s):

Body Temperature ◽

Time Frame ◽

Heat Lamp ◽

Future Studies ◽

Ambient Temperatures ◽

Diurnal Patterns ◽

Data Loggers ◽

The Mean ◽

African Lions ◽

Circadian Patterns

The documentation of diurnal patterns in body temperature in lions could be important because disruption of circadian patterns can be a useful measure of distress. This study quantified changes in body temperature of seven African lions (Panthera leo) at 5 min intervals during cold conditions from noon until the ingested body temperature loggers were expelled the next day. Thirteen loggers were fed to 11 lions during their daily noon feeding, while ambient temperatures were also recorded using six data loggers. The lions had continuous access to their dens and exercise pens during the day but were restricted to their heavily bedded dens that also contained a heat lamp from 23:00 until 08:00 the next day. Body temperatures averaged 37.95 ± 0.42 °C at 15:50, and 36.81 ± 0.17 °C at 06:50 the next day, 30 min before the first loggers passed from a lion, and were significantly different (t-test, t = 8.09, df = 6, p < 0.0003). The mean duration for the time of passage was 22 ± 2.69 (h ± SD), so future studies using the noninvasive feeding of temperature loggers need to consider that time frame.

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BODY TEMPERATURE AND SURVIVAL OF PREMATURE INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.34.2.171 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 171-181

Author(s):

Richard L. Day ◽

Lawrence Caliguiri ◽

Carolyn Kamenski ◽

Florence Ehrlich

Keyword(s):

Body Temperature ◽

Premature Infants ◽

Excess Mortality ◽

Radiant Heat ◽

The Other ◽

Control Group ◽

Heat Lamp ◽

Autopsy Data ◽

Males And Females ◽

High Risk Infants

One hundred and twenty-five premature infants were divided into two groups, one being treated in incubators at an air temperature of 31.8°C (89°F) and the other in the same style of incubator, but with more careful regulation of body temperature by a radiant heat device actuated by a thermistor taped to the abdomen and set for 36°C (97°F). There was a trend toward lower mortality among the heat lamp babies which was present in males and females, whites and Negroes, and which was not related to an accidental distribution of high risk infants to the control group. The advantage was most pronounced among babies vaginally born in the vertex position between birth weights of 800 and 1,599 gm inclusive. The cause of the excess mortality was not revealed by autopsy data. The results confirm those of Silverman, but extend them in that his "normothermic" babies were in conditions similar to our cold or control babies. The trends shown in this paper, taken in combination with those of the previous studies of Silverman, of Jolly et al., and of Buetow and Klein14 in this issue, point to the desirability of care in the control of the temperature of premature infants.

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Effects of maternal supplementation with an injectable trace mineral on subsequent calf performance and inflammatory response1

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz305 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (11) ◽

pp. 4475-4481 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rebecca S Stokes ◽

Mareah J Volk ◽

Frank Ireland ◽

Daniel W Shike

Keyword(s):

Body Temperature ◽

Feed Efficiency ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Serum Cortisol ◽

Trace Mineral ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Lps Challenge ◽

Calf Performance ◽

Maternal Supplementation

Abstract Newly weaned, commercial Angus steers [body weight (BW) = 204 ± 19 kg; n = 24; 12 steers from dams administered an injectable trace mineral (MM; Mulimin90) and 12 steers from control (CON) dams] were utilized to determine the effects of maternal supplementation with an injectable trace mineral on the inflammatory response of subsequent steers subjected to a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge at the initiation of a 42-d receiving period. On day −2 steers were weaned, and the following day, shipped 354 km to the Beef Cattle and Sheep Field Laboratory in Urbana, IL. On day 0, steers were administered an intravenous LPS challenge. Body temperature and blood samples were collected from steers prior to LPS administration (0 h) and again at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 h. Blood samples were analyzed for trace mineral and cortisol at 0 and 2 h and glucose, insulin, LPS-binding protein (LBP), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, and fibrinogen at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 h. Calf BW was collected at trial initiation and subsequently every 14 d. Dry matter intake was collected daily and average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency were assessed. Initial plasma Zn tended (P = 0.06) to be greater for MM steers. However, there was no difference (P ≥ 0.31) in trace mineral status or serum cortisol at any other time. Total area under the curve (TAUC) for body temperature was lesser (P > 0.01) for MM steers. Basal LBP concentrations and TAUC for LBP tended (P ≤ 0.10) to be greater for MM steers. Peak concentration of IL-6 tended (P = 0.09) to be reached earlier for CON steers. However, there was no difference (P ≥ 0.11) in glucose, insulin, IL-6, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, and fibrinogen concentrations between treatments. Calf performance and feed efficiency did not differ (P ≥ 0.17) between treatments except ADG from day 28 to 42, which was greater (P = 0.03) for CON steers. Maternal supplementation with an injectable trace mineral tended to improve steer plasma Zn status at 0 h and tended to increase basal concentrations of LBP and overall LBP production when steers were administered an LPS challenge. Additionally, MM steers exhibited a more favorable change in body temperature following LPS administration. However, injectable trace mineral supplementation of dams during gestation had minimal to no effect on cytokine and acute-phase protein concentrations, as well as overall calf performance and efficiency during a 42-d receiving period.

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Changes in plasma glucose, FFA, corticosterone, and thyroxine in He-O2-induced hypothermia

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1977.42.5.694 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 42 (5) ◽

pp. 694-698 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

L. C. Wang ◽

R. E. Peter

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Body Temperature ◽

Ambient Temperature ◽

Plasma Glucose ◽

Spontaneous Recovery ◽

Male Rats ◽

Regulatory Mechanisms ◽

Induced Hypothermia ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Metabolic Substrates

Unanesthetized, male rats were exposed to normal air (NA), or NA and a 4 h-exposure of He-O2 (79% helium, 21% oxygen) at ambient temperature (Ta) of 22 or - 10 degrees C. Blood samples from each individual were taken from a chronically implanted carotid cannula at 1) preexposure, 2) during exposure, 3) 2.5 h after exposure, and 4) 19–20 h after exposure. Exposure to He-O2 at 22 degrees C caused an increase in plasma free fatty acids (FFA) and corticosterone of 45% and 49%, respectively, with little change in plasma glucose and thyroxine. Exposure to He-O2 at 10 degrees C for 3 h invariably induced hypothermia with body temperature (Tb) decreased to 23.7 +- 0.5 degrees C (N = 10). During hypothermia, plasma glucose, FFA, and corticosterone were significantly higher (P LESS THAN 0.05) than those at preexposure and those after exposure to NA at -10 degrees C. During spontaneous recovery from hypothermia, at Ta = 19 degrees C and NA, glucose, corticosterone, and thyroxine returned to normal, but FFA remained significantly higher than at preexposure. The ability of animals to rewarm spontaneously from hypothermia and the quick return of metabolic substrates and hormones to normal after rewarming indicates the preservation of regulatory mechanisms for metabolism at depressed Tb when hypothermia is induced by He-O2 and cold.

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Thermal biology, activity, and population parameters of Cnemidophorus vacariensis (Squamata, Teiidae), a lizard endemic to southern Brazil

Iheringia Série Zoologia ◽

10.1590/s0073-47212011000300002 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 101 (4) ◽

pp. 283-295 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rodrigo Caruccio ◽

Renata Cardoso Vieira ◽

Laura Verrastro ◽

Denise Mello Machado

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Population Structure ◽

Body Temperature ◽

Thermal Environment ◽

Seasonal Activity ◽

Southern Brazil ◽

Body Temperatures ◽

Thermal Biology ◽

Environment Temperature ◽

Average Body

We investigated the following aspects of the biology of a population of Cnemidophorus vacariensis Feltrim & Lema, 2000 during the four seasons: thermal biology, relationship with the thermal environment, daily and seasonal activity, population structure and growth rate. Cnemidophorus vacariensis is restricted to rocky outcrops of the "campos de cima da serra" grasslands on the Araucaria Plateau, southern Brazil, and is currently listed as regionally and nationally threatened with extinction. Data were collected from October 2004 through September 2007 in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Sampling was conducted randomly from 08:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. The capture-mark-recapture method was employed. The lizards were captured by hand, and their cloacal temperature, sex, snout-ventral length (SVL), mass, and the temperature of their microhabitat (substrate temperature and air temperature) were recorded. Individuals were then marked by toe-clipping and released at the site of capture. Body temperatures were obtained for 175 individuals, activity data for 96 individuals, and data on population structure and growth for 59 individuals. All data were obtained monthly, at different times of the day. Cnemidophorus vacariensis average body temperature was 23.84ºC, ranging between 9.6 and 38.2ºC. Temperatures ranged between 21 and 29ºC. The correlation between external heat sources, substrate and air were positive and significant and there was a greater correlation between lizard's temperature and the temperature of the substrate (tigmothermic species). The relatively low body temperatures of individuals are associated with the climate of their environment (altitude up to 1,400 m), with large variations in temperature throughout the day and the year, and low temperatures in winter. The average body temperature observed for C. vacariensis was low when compared with that of phylogenetically related species, suggesting that the thermal biology of this species reflects adaptations to the temperate region where it lives. The monthly rates of activity of lizards were related to monthly variations in the ambient temperatures. Our data suggest that the daily and seasonal activity of C. vacariensis result from the interaction between two factors: changes in the environment temperature and the relationship between individuals and their thermal environment. The population structure of C. vacariensis varied throughout the study period, with maximum biomass in January and maximum density in February (recruitment period). The sex ratio diverged from the expected 1:1. The growth analysis showed a negative relationship between the growth rate of individuals and the SVL, revealing that young individuals grow faster than adults, a typical pattern for short-lived species. The population studied showed a seasonal and cyclical variation associated with the reproductive cycle. The life strategy of C. vacariensis seems to include adaptations to the seasonal variations in temperature, typical of its environment.

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Rapidly declining body temperature in a tropical human population

Science Advances ◽

10.1126/sciadv.abc6599 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (44) ◽

pp. eabc6599 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Michael Gurven ◽

Thomas S. Kraft ◽

Sarah Alami ◽

Juan Copajira Adrian ◽

Edhitt Cortez Linares ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Body Temperature ◽

Human Population ◽

Thermal Environment ◽

The United States ◽

Antibiotic Usage ◽

Early 21St Century ◽

The Past ◽

Human Body Temperature ◽

Normal Human

Normal human body temperature (BT) has long been considered to be 37.0°C. Yet, BTs have declined over the past two centuries in the United States, coinciding with reductions in infection and increasing life expectancy. The generality of and reasons behind this phenomenon have not yet been well studied. Here, we show that Bolivian forager-farmers (n = 17,958 observations of 5481 adults age 15+ years) inhabiting a pathogen-rich environment exhibited higher BT when first examined in the early 21st century (~37.0°C). BT subsequently declined by ~0.05°C/year over 16 years of socioeconomic and epidemiological change to ~36.5°C by 2018. As predicted, infections and other lifestyle factors explain variation in BT, but these factors do not account for the temporal declines. Changes in physical activity, body composition, antibiotic usage, and thermal environment are potential causes of the temporal decline.

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Physiological, health, lactation, and reproductive traits of cooled dairy cows classified as having high or low core body temperature during the dry period1

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz345 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (12) ◽

pp. 4792-4802

Author(s):

Alexandre L A Scanavez ◽

Benjamin E Voelz ◽

Joao G N Moraes ◽

Jonathan A Green ◽

Luis G D Mendonça

Keyword(s):

Energy Balance ◽

Body Temperature ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Core Body Temperature ◽

Reproductive Traits ◽

Gestation Length ◽

Dry Period ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Health Disorders ◽

Core Body

Abstract Primary objectives of this study were to compare concentrations of pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) before calving, prolactin (PRL) after calving, and energy balance indicators before and after calving in cooled cows classified as having high (HT) or low (LT) core body temperature (CBT) during the dry period. Secondary objectives were to investigate associations between dry-period CBT and likelihood of cows developing health disorders, and compare health, productive and reproductive traits of HT and LT cows. Dry Holstein cows (n = 260) with 250 to 260 d of gestation from three herds were enrolled in the study during summer. Cows were provided evaporative cooling during the dry and lactating period. The vaginal temperature was recorded in 5-min intervals during 7 consecutive days and cows were classified as HT or LT. Blood samples were collected weekly from enrollment until 14 ± 3 d in milk (DIM). Additional blood samples were collected within 12 h postpartum from a subgroup of cows (n = 25) to determine PRL concentration. Cows were monitored for health disorders, productive, and reproductive performance until 13 wk of the subsequent lactation. High temperature cows had shorter (P < 0.01) gestation length (273.9 ± 0.9 vs. 278.2 ± 0.9 d) and greater (P < 0.01) incidence of twinning (19.7 vs. 4.2%) than LT cows. Cows classified as HT had greater (P = 0.02) PAG concentration (134.1 ± 4.9 vs. 117.4 ± 4.9 ng/mL), but postpartum PRL concentration did not (P = 0.55) differ between HT and LT cows. Primiparous HT cows had greater (P = 0.05) prepartum nonesterified fatty acids concentration (135, 95% CI = 102 to 178 vs. 104, 95% CI = 75 to 144 mmol/dL) than primiparous LT cows, but no differences (P = 0.72) were observed between CBT group in multiparous cows. The concentration of β-hydroxybutyrate was greater (P = 0.04) for LT compared with HT cows at 7 ± 3 DIM. The quadratic effect of CBT tended (P = 0.09) to be associated with risk of health disorders within 60 DIM. Milk yield tended (P = 0.10) to be greater for LT compared with HT cows (49.3 ± 1.9 vs. 46.2 ± 1.6 kg). Pregnancy per AI at first service did not (P = 0.64) differ between HT and LT cows. In conclusion, HT cows have distinct concentrations of PAG in late gestation and energy balance indicators during the transition period. In addition, CBT assessment during the dry period may be a useful tool to identify cows expected to have impaired health and milk yield in the subsequent lactation.

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Effects of body temperature on initial bite force in three species of rock- and crevice-dwelling lizards from Mexico

Herpetozoa ◽

10.3897/herpetozoa.34.e64040 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 34 ◽

pp. 163-168

Author(s):

Guillermo A. Woolrich-Piña ◽

Geoffrey R. Smith ◽

Norberto Martínez-Méndez ◽

Julio A. Lemos-Espinal ◽

Héctor Gadsden-Esparza

Keyword(s):

Body Temperature ◽

Thermal Environment ◽

Bite Force ◽

Ambient Conditions ◽

Weak Tendency

Bite force can be an important aspect of a lizard’s organismal performance, and is likely to be subject to influence by ambient conditions including an individual’s thermal environment. We examined the effects of body temperature (Tb) on initial bite force of rock- and crevice-dwelling individuals of three species of lizards: Abronia graminea (Anguidae), Barisia imbricata (Anguidae), and Xenosaurus fractus (Xenosauridae) from Mexico. In B. imbricata and X. fractus from one site (Xochititan, Puebla) initial bite force was greatest at intermediate Tb. In contrast, X. fractus from a second site (Tlatlauquitepec, Puebla) showed a weak tendency for initial bite force to increase with Tb. Initial bite force in A. graminea was not affected by Tb. Taking our results together, we infer that initial bite force in rock- or crevice-dwelling lizards is often, but not always, related to Tb.

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Thermal biology of Amphisbaena munoai (Squamata: Amphisbaenidae)

Zoologia (Curitiba) ◽

10.3897/zoologia.35.e24574 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 35 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nathalia Rocha Matias ◽

Laura Verrastro

Keyword(s):

Body Temperature ◽

Ambient Temperature ◽

Thermal Environment ◽

Rio Grande ◽

The Body ◽

Rio Grande Do Sul ◽

Body Temperatures ◽

Physiological Mechanisms ◽

Thermal Biology ◽

The Relationship

Studies on the thermal biology of fossorial reptiles that examine the relationship between the body temperature and thermal environment are needed to determine the extent of their thermoregulation abilities. This study assessed the thermal biology of Amphisbaena munoai Klappenbach, 1969 in the rocky fields of the Rio Grande do Sul and in the laboratory. The body temperature of most individuals was between 24 and 30 °C, both in the field (n = 81) and laboratory (n = 19). More individuals were caught in winter (n = 55) and spring (n = 60) than in summer (n = 25) and fall (n = 45), and in spring, individuals showed similar nocturnal and diurnal activities. In the laboratory, we found individuals with body temperatures up to 5 °C higher than the ambient temperature (n = 4), suggesting that some physiological mechanisms participate in the thermoregulation of these animals. Amphisbaena munoai is a thigmothermic species that is capable of actively regulating its temperature by selecting microhabitats such that its various activities occur within an ideal temperature range. This study is the first to evaluate the effect of seasonality and diurnal and nocturnal variations on the thermoregulation of an amphisbaenid.

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