PSIII-24 Poor gestational nutrition impacts sheep offspring growth but not feed efficiency

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 311-311
Author(s):  
Nicole M Tillquist ◽  
Amanda S Reiter ◽  
Mia Y Kawaida ◽  
Brandon I Smith ◽  
Sarah A Reed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Offspring Growth ◽  
Pelleted Feed ◽  
Rapid City

Abstract The objective was to determine the effects of poor maternal nutrition during gestation on growth and feed efficiency of offspring. We hypothesized that body weights (BW) would decrease and residual feed intake (RFI) would increase (reduced feed efficiency) in offspring of restricted- and over-fed ewes. Forty-six multiparous Dorset ewes pregnant with twins were fed 100%, 60% or 140% of NRC requirements from d 30 of gestation until parturition. Offspring are referred to as CON (n = 10 ewes; 12 rams), RES (n = 13 ewes; 21 rams), and OVER (n = 16 ewes; 13 rams), respectively. Lamb BW were measured weekly from birth to d 28 and biweekly until d 252 of age. Starting at d 167±13.6, daily intake of a complete pelleted feed was recorded using a Super SmartFeed (C-lock Inc., Rapid City, SD) over a 77 d- feeding period. Average BW were taken two days before, at mid-point, and two days after the feeding trial period and RFI was calculated for each animal. Rams were euthanized at d 284±12 and body morphometrics, loin eye area (LEA), back fat thickness, and organ weights were collected. From birth to d 252, ram lambs were 5.4 kg heavier (P < 0.001) than ewe lambs. Control ewe lambs were 4.3 kg heavier than RES and OVER (P < 0.05) from birth to 9 months and CON rams were 4.7 kg heavier (P < 0.01) than RES. Rams (-0.17) were more efficient than ewes (0.23; P < 0.01); however, no dietary treatment difference was observed (P ≥ 0.57). No differences in muscle mass, LEA, and adipose deposition were observed (P ≥ 0.41). These data indicate that poor maternal diet during gestation impacts offspring growth but not RFI. Further investigation is warranted to determine if differences in BW are a result of metabolic alterations impacted by poor maternal nutrition during gestation.

scholarly journals CELL BIOLOGY SYMPOSIUM: METABOLIC RESPONSES TO STRESS: FROM ANIMAL TO CELL: Poor maternal nutrition during gestation: effects on offspring whole-body and tissue-specific metabolism in livestock species1,2

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (7) ◽  
pp. 3142-3152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen E Govoni ◽  
Sarah A Reed ◽  
Steven A Zinn
Keyword(s):  
Cell Biology ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Offspring Growth ◽  
Multigenerational Effects

Abstract Poor maternal nutrition, both restricted-feeding and overfeeding, during gestation can negatively affect offspring growth, body composition, and metabolism. The effects are observed as early as the prenatal period and often persist through postnatal growth and adulthood. There is evidence of multigenerational effects demonstrating the long-term negative impacts on livestock production. We and others have demonstrated that poor maternal nutrition impairs muscle growth, increases adipose tissue, and negatively affects liver function. In addition to altered growth, changes in key metabolic factors, increased glucose concentrations, insulin insensitivity, and hyperleptinemia are observed during the postnatal period. Furthermore, there is recent evidence of altered metabolism in specific tissues (e.g., muscle, adipose, and liver) and stem cells. The systemic and local changes in metabolism demonstrate the importance of determining the mechanism(s) by which maternal diet programs offspring growth and metabolism in an effort to develop novel management practices to improve the efficiency of growth and health in these offspring.

scholarly journals PSIV-28 Program Chair Poster Pick: The Effects of Poor Maternal Nutrition During Gestation on Ewe and Offspring Plasma Concentrations of Leptin and Ghrelin

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 290-291
Author(s):  
Lauren M Soranno ◽  
Amanda Jones ◽  
Sambhu Pillai ◽  
Maria L Hoffman ◽  
Steven A Zinn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Appetite Control ◽  
Ghrelin Concentration ◽  
Metabolic Adaptations ◽  
Offspring Growth ◽  
D 20

Abstract Poor maternal nutrition (restricted- and over-feeding) during gestation may alter leptin and ghrelin, key hormones in energy homeostasis and appetite control. They may also have a regulatory role in maternal metabolic adaptations critical during gestation to ensure optimal offspring growth and development. We hypothesized that restricted- and over-feeding during gestation would alter plasma concentrations of leptin and ghrelin in ewes and their offspring. Pregnant Western White-faced ewes were individually fed 60% (RES; n = 13), 100% (CON; n = 11), or 140% (OVER; n = 13) of NRC requirements for TDN starting on d 30±0.02 of gestation. Blood samples were collected in the morning from fasted pregnant ewes weekly from d 20 of gestation until parturition and from offspring (n = 31) within 24 hours after birth. Leptin and ghrelin concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS with main effects of treatment, day of gestation and their interaction. Leptin (P < 0.002) and ghrelin (P < 0.015) concentrations were altered in pregnant ewes between treatments within a day of gestation. At d 100 (P = 0.008) and d 128 (P = 0.04), RES ewes (5.392.58 ng/mL; 6.392.50 ng/mL) had decreased leptin concentrations compared with OVER ewes (14.972.48 ng/mL; 13.612.47 ng/mL), with CON ewes intermediate. RES ewes (0.260.04 ng/mL) had increased ghrelin concentrations compared with CON ewes at d 142 (0.150.04 ng/mL; P = 0.042), with OVER ewes intermediate. Leptin (P < 0.002) and ghrelin (P < 0.015) concentrations were altered between days of gestation within a dietary treatment. Leptin concentration increased across gestation in OVER ewes. In RES ewes, leptin concentration decreased and ghrelin concentration increased over gestation. Leptin (P = 0.5) and ghrelin (P = 0.5) concentrations in lambs were not different at birth. Alterations in leptin and ghrelin in ewes during gestation may disrupt critical metabolic adaptations that may contribute to suboptimal offspring growth and development.

scholarly journals 1211 Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation to mouse dams in gestation does not affect birth weight variation or growth of offspring

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 110-110
Author(s):  
Anna S Clarke ◽  
Nathan Horn ◽  
Gerald C Shurson ◽  
Christopher D Faulk ◽  
Lee J Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Calcium Salt ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Lactation Performance ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Weight Variation ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Offspring Growth ◽  
High Level

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine if supplementing diets with β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) calcium salt for mouse dams throughout gestation would improve pup birth weight uniformity and growth performance of offspring. Dams were assigned to one of 4 treatments as follows: control (CON; n = 6), Low Level HMB (LL; 3.5 mg/g diet; n = 7), High Level HMB (HL; 35 mg/g diet; n = 8), and Low Level Pulse fed from gestational days 6 to 10 (PUL; 3.5 mg/g diet; n = 7). Supplementation began at mating and continued until birth. Dams gave birth and lactated for 28 days. Offspring were reared until 8 weeks of age. All mice had ad libitum access to a corn-soybean meal diet, with HMB supplementation provided only to dams during gestation. Supplementation of HMB had no effects on overall gestation and lactation performance of mouse dams. Dietary treatment during gestation did not affect total number of pups born per litter, birth weight of pups, or number weaned. Within litter variation, expressed as standard deviation and coefficient of variation, was not different among treatments for birth weight or weaning weight. Range of body weights within litter at birth, weaning, and 8 weeks of age were not affected by HMB supplementation. Overall, offspring growth performance was similar among treatments. However, body weight at 5 and 8 weeks of age was lower for offspring from the HL dams compared to offspring from LL dams (P < 0.05). Body composition of offspring at 5 and 8 weeks of age was similar regardless of HMB supplementation in dam diets during gestation. In conclusion, dietary HMB supplementation of mouse dams during gestation had no effect on birth weight of offspring, variation in birth weight, or growth performance of offspring.

Lifestyle, Maternal Nutrition and Healthy Pregnancy

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-140
Author(s):  
Alfonso Mate ◽  
Claudia Reyes-Goya ◽  
Álvaro Santana-Garrido ◽  
Carmen M. Vázquez
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Muscle Tone ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Perinatal Outcomes ◽  
Psychosocial Health ◽  
World Health ◽  
Large For Gestational Age ◽  
Moderate Physical Activity ◽  
Healthy Pregnancy

: Healthy lifestyle habits spanning from preconception to postpartum are considered as a major safeguard for achieving successful pregnancies and for the prevention of gestational diseases. Among preconception priorities established by the World Health Organization (WHO) are healthy diet and nutrition, weight management, physical activity, planned pregnancy and physical, mental and psychosocial health. Most studies covering the topic of healthy pregnancies focus on maternal diet because obesity increases the risks for adverse perinatal outcomes, including gestational diabetes mellitus, large for gestational age newborns, or preeclampsia. Thus, foods rich in vegetables, essential and polyunsaturated fats and fibre-rich carbohydrates should be promoted especially in overweight, obese or diabetic women. An adequate intake of micronutrients (e.g. iron, calcium, folate, vitamin D and carotenoids) is also crucial to support pregnancy and breastfeeding. Moderate physical activity throughout pregnancy improves muscle tone and function, besides decreasing the risk of preeclampsia, gestational diabesity (i.e. diabetes associated with obesity) and postpartum overweight. Intervention studies claim that an average of 30 min of exercise/day contributes to long-term benefits for maternal overall health and wellbeing. Other factors such as microbiome modulation, behavioural strategies (e.g. smoking cessation, anxiety/stress reduction and sleep quality), maternal genetics and age, social class and education might also influence the maternal quality of life. These factors contribute to ensure a healthy pregnancy, or at least to reduce the risk of adverse maternal and foetal outcomes during pregnancy and later in life.

Differential Effects of Maternal Diets on Birth Outcomes and Metabolic Parameters in Rats After Ethanol Consumption during Pregnancy

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Yidi Wang ◽  
Bradley A. Feltham ◽  
Michael N. A. Eskin ◽  
Miyoung Suh
Keyword(s):  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Birth Outcomes ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Nutrition Intervention ◽  
Metabolic Parameters ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Metabolic Outcomes

Abstract Maternal nutrition status plays an important role in the development of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), but its direct evidence is lacking. This study compared a standard chow with a semi-purified energy dense (E-dense) diet on birth and metabolic outcomes in rats after ethanol (EtOH) consumption during pregnancy. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into four groups: chow (n=6), chow+EtOH (20% v/v) (n=7), E-dense (n=6), and E-dense+EtOH (n=8). Birth outcomes including litter size, body and organ weights were collected. Metabolic parameters were measured in dams and pups at postnatal day (PD) 7. Maternal EtOH consumption decreased body weights (p <0.0001) and litter sizes (p <0.05) in chow-fed dams. At PD7, pups born to dams fed E-dense diet had higher body (p <0.002) and liver weights (p <0.0001). These pups also had higher plasma total cholesterol (p <0.0001), triacyclglycerol (p <0.003) and alanine aminotransferase (p <0.03) compared to those from chow-fed dams. Dams fed E-dense diet had higher plasma total- (p <0.0001) and HDL-cholesterol (p <0.0001) and lower glucose (p <0.0001). EtOH increased total cholesterol (p <0.03) and glucose (p <0.05) only in dams fed the E-dense diet. Maternal exposure to E-dense diet attenuated prenatal EtOH-induced weight loss and produced different metabolic outcomes in both dams and pups. While the long-lasting effects of these outcomes are unknown, this study highlights the importance of maternal diet quality for maternal health and infant growth, and suggests that maternal nutrition intervention may be a potential target for alleviating FASD.

PSVI-11 The Effects of Medium Chain Fatty Acid Supplementation on Sow and Piglet Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 203-204
Author(s):  
Analicia J Swanson ◽  
Jorge Y Perez-Palencia ◽  
Crystal L Levesque ◽  
Amanda Hesse
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Supplementation ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Feeding Program ◽  
Nursery Pig ◽  
Weaning Piglets

Abstract A total of 38 mixed parity sows were used from 28-d of gestation until weaning to determine the effects of medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) in sow and nursery pig diets on litter characteristics and growth performance. On 28-d of gestation, sows were blocked by parity and body weight (BW), and allotted to either a control diet (UNSUP) or a control diet plus 0.3% inclusion of DaaFit Plus (MCFA) fed during gestation and lactation. At weaning, piglets (n=432) were allocated in a 2x2 factorial based on maternal diet (UNSUP or MCFA) and post-weaning diet (UNSUPnurs or MCFAnurs) in a 3-phase nursery pig feeding program lasting 42 days. Individual piglets were weighed at birth, 7-d, at weaning and every 2 weeks post-weaning. A flu outbreak occurred during the latter part of gestation leading to high overall stillborn rate (11%). There was no impact of MCFA supplementation on sow performance (P&gt;0.14). During the suckling period, MCFA fed to sows had no impact on piglet weights or ADG (P&gt;0.82). In the nursey period, overall gain (0.112±0.02 kg) was low in the first two weeks possibly due to health challenges. Supplementation of MCFA to sows or nursery pigs had no impact on body weights during the nursery period (P&gt;0.32); however, absolute differences between groups increased with week [wean, 0.10kg; wk 2, 0.14kg; wk 4, 0.71kg; wk 6, 0.83kg) to the advantage of MCFA fed pigs. Pigs from MCFA fed sows had greater feed intake (P&lt; 0.02) from 14 to 28-d and decreased gain:feed (P &lt; 0.04) from 28 to 42-d compared to pigs from UNSUP sows. Overall, sow and nurser-y pigs fed MCFA had numerically greater 42-d BW, ADG, and ADFI. In conclusion, despite health challenges, supplementation with MCFA in gestation, lactation or in the nursery period improved piglet performance.

scholarly journals Maternal micronutrient consumption periconceptionally and during pregnancy: a prospective cohort study

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 294-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Livock ◽  
Peter J Anderson ◽  
Sharon Lewis ◽  
Stephen Bowden ◽  
Evelyne Muggli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Prospective Cohort Study ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Prospective Cohort ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Public Health Education ◽  
Singleton Pregnancy ◽  
Supplement Use

AbstractObjectiveTo examine overall micronutrient intake periconceptionally and throughout pregnancy in a population-based cohort of Australian women.DesignIn a prospective cohort study, micronutrient dosages were extracted from self-reported maternal supplement use, recorded pre-conception, and for each trimester of pregnancy. A food frequency scale (DQESv2) captured usual maternal diet for gestational weeks 14–26. The influence of sociodemographic and lifestyle factors associated with supplement use was examined using logistic regression, and changes in micronutrient intakes prior to and throughout pregnancy were assessed using repeated-measures ANOVA analyses.SettingMetropolitan hospital sites in Melbourne, Australia.SubjectsWomen with a viable singleton pregnancy were recruited at less than 19 weeks’ gestation (n2146).ResultsCompared with non-users, women using supplements during pregnancy were more likely to have planned their pregnancy, be >25 years old, primiparous, Caucasian, non-smokers, have a tertiary education and be consuming a folate-rich diet. Intakes of folate, Fe and Zn were significantly lower in the periconceptional period, compared with other periods (P<0·001). Intakes below Recommended Daily Intake levels were common both periconceptionally and throughout pregnancy, with 19–46 % of women not meeting the Recommended Daily Intake for folate, 68–82 % for Fe and 17–36 % for Zn. Conversely, 15–19 % of women consumed beyond the recommended Upper Limit for folate and 11–24 % for Fe.ConclusionsThe study highlights the need for improved public health education on nutritional needs during pregnancy, especially among women with lower educational achievements and income.

scholarly journals Composition of the human foetus

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharad V. Apte ◽  
Leela Iyengar
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Foetus ◽  
Free Weight ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Ca:P Ratio

1. The body composition was determined of forty-one fetuses of different gestational ages born to mothers belonging to a low socio-economic group of the population.2. With increasing gestational age the water content fell from 88% at 28 weeks to 76% at term; the fat content increased from 2.1% to 11.2% and the protein content increased from 6.9 to 9.3%.3. The changes in body composition were more closely related to body-weight than to gestational age.4. The calcium, Phosphorus and magnesium contents of the body per unit fat-free weight progressively increased with gestational age, and at term the values appeared to be considerably lower than those reported in the literature. The Ca:P ratio was constant at different body-weights.5. The body iron content per unit of fat-free weight increased marginally with increasing gestational age. The value was almost 30% lower than the values reported from elsewhere.6. It is suggested that chemical composition and nutrient stores of the developing foetus can be considerably influenced by the state of maternal nutrition.

106 The Effects of Fetal Programming on Offspring Pancreas DNA Methylation

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 54-55
Author(s):  
Maria L Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Fetal Programming ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Multiple Generations ◽  
Livestock Species ◽  
Maternal Programming ◽  
Genome Bisulfite Sequencing ◽  
The Many ◽  
Methylation Patterns

Abstract It has been well documented that fetal programming, caused by changes to the maternal environment during pregnancy, can impact the overall health and growth of the offspring in livestock and non-livestock species alike. These effects are observed in the F1 offspring as well as across subsequent generations; however, the mechanisms by which this occurs are still poorly understood. Epigenetics is one of the many mechanisms that is hypothesized to have a role in fetal programming and may be mediating the observed effects across multiple generations. It has been demonstrated by others that DNA methylation patterns can be altered by an individuals’ diet and that the pancreas is vulnerable to the effects of fetal programming. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of poor maternal nutrition during gestation on the pancreas tissue of lambs. We have demonstrated that maternal under- or overnutrition during gestation alters the DNA methylation patterns of the offspring pancreas tissue with these effects being diet dependent and sex specific. We have also begun evaluating the effects of maternal diet in murine models using whole-genome bisulfite sequencing to compare species differences and determine if there are any changes conserved across species. This will allow us to focus on a smaller number of critical factors in individuals as they age and across multiple generations in livestock species such as sheep and cattle. From these data we will be able to elucidate the role DNA methylation has in mediating the effects of maternal programming in the pancreas tissue.

PSVII-13 Performance and environmental benefits from biochar supplementation in beef cattle grazing systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 448-449
Author(s):  
Emily Conlin ◽  
Herbert Lardner ◽  
Jennifer L Ellis ◽  
Ira B Mandell ◽  
Katharine M Wood
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Stable Form ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Cow Calf ◽  
Rapid City

Abstract Worldwide, beef production systems represent a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG), and enteric methane (CH4) emissions are the primary concern. The objective of this experiment was to determine whether biochar (Oregon Biochar Solution, White City, OR) supplementation can reduce CH4 emissions from grazing beef cows. Biochar is a stable form of carbon produced through the pyrolysis of organic matter (typically forestry waste). Sixty-four cows and their calves were blocked by cow body weight and calf age, and randomly allocated to 8 paddocks, each with 8 cow-calf pairs. Using a crossover design, each paddock was assigned to one of two treatments: (1) biochar supplemented at approximately 3% of estimated dry matter intake (DMI) or (2) control (no biochar). Biochar was incorporated into a pellet containing 45% biochar, 42.5% wheat midds, 10% canola oil, and 2.5% dry molasses and fed in a portable trough once daily. Each period consisted of 28 days: 21 days for biochar adaptation and 7 days for data collection. Enteric gas emissions from each paddock were measured using C-Lock GreenFeed trailers (C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD, USA) with pasture DMI estimated using paddock entry/exit quadrats during each sampling week. Enteric CH4 emissions expressed as g CH4/d were 249 and 260 ± 50.3 g (P ≥ 0.37) for control and biochar, respectively. Similarly, g CH4/kg DM and g CH4/kg BW were not affected (P ≥ 0.44) by biochar supplementation on pasture. Biochar supplementation did not affect estimated DMI or cow/calf body weights (P ≥ 0.15). Results suggest that biochar was ineffective for reducing methane emissions from grazing beef cows; however, measures of animal performance were not affected by biochar consumption. Further work is required to determine if type or higher inclusions of biochar can reduce CH4 emissions from beef cattle.

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