PSXV-21 Assessment of the presence of anthelmintic resistance in Maryland beef cattle herds

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 325-325
Author(s):  
Sarah B Potts ◽  
Amanda M Grev ◽  
Jeffery W Semler ◽  
Susan Schoenian ◽  
Dahlia O’Brien
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
National Level ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Equal Weight ◽  
Anthelmintic Efficacy ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Cattle Herds

Abstract Reduced anthelmintic efficacy in beef cattle has recently been documented at the national level. The objective of this study was to determine if anthelmintic resistance is present in Maryland beef cattle herds. For this study, the fecal egg count reduction (FECR) test was used to assess anthelmintic efficacy of composite samples. Between July and October 2020, anthelmintic efficacy was assessed for 17 groups of cattle across 14 individual farms in Maryland. Each test group consisted of 24 ± 6 calves or yearlings (< 16 months of age). Previous anthelmintic treatment history was used to assign each group to one of four commercially available anthelmintics: moxidectin (injectable), moxidectin (pour-on), doramectin, or fenbendazole. Prior to treatment, cattle were weighed to ensure appropriate dose according to the product label. Fecal samples were collected from all cattle within each group before and after (17 ± 5 d) treatment. Pre- and post-treatment samples were composited for each group on an equal-weight basis (10g per animal) and the number of eggs within the sample was determined using the 3-chambered McMaster technique. The mean FECR across all four anthelmintics was 60 ± 19% (mean ± 95% confidence interval), indicating that the anthelmintics tested in this study were largely ineffective. The FECR for the moxidectin injectable, moxidectin pour-on, doramectin, and fenbendazole treatments were 71 ± 38%, 47 ± 46%, 35 ± 88%, and 96 ± 18% (mean ± 95% confidence interval), respectively. Although these data indicate no statistically significant differences for efficacy among the four products tested, they do suggest that efficacy is highly variable across different anthelmintics and farms. Results also indicate that anthelmintic resistance exists on many cattle farms in Maryland. This study provides evidence that supports the need for more judicious anthelmintic use and alternative gastrointestinal parasite control measures in Maryland beef cattle herds.

scholarly journals Assessment of the efficacy of commercial anthelmintics in horses naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-32
Author(s):  
Natália Soares Martins ◽  
Diego Moscarelli Pinto ◽  
Laís Leal da Cunha ◽  
Júlia Somavilla Lignon ◽  
Thais Cozza dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Lower Limit ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Southern Region ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Fecal Egg Count ◽  
Anthelmintic Efficacy ◽  
South Of Brazil

The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of commercial anthelmintics in horses naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes from the southern Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. The anthelmintic efficacy was assessed by fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) and coproculture. Fecal samples were collected from 110 animals in seven farms located in the southern region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, in the south of Brazil. Criteria used to suspect anthelmintic resistance included percentages of efficacy lower than 95% and a lower limit of the confidence interval below 90%. Anthelmintic resistance was detected in five of the seven farms studied. Coproculture results show that, even after horses were treated with anthelmintics, infection by nematodes of the subfamily Cyathostominae was still present in animals from five farms.

Assessment of anthelmintic efficacy against cattle gastrointestinal nematodes in western France and southern Italy

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Chartier ◽  
N. Ravinet ◽  
A. Bosco ◽  
E. Dufourd ◽  
M. Gadanho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Lower Limit ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Arithmetic Means ◽  
Anthelmintic Efficacy ◽  
Faecal Egg Count ◽  
Cattle Farms

Abstract Our objective was to measure the efficacy of ivermectin (IVM) and benzimidazoles (BZ, i.e. fenbendazole and albendazole) in 15 cattle farms in western France and southern Italy. A total of 11 groups were treated with IVM and 11 with BZ. Efficacy was assessed by calculating the percentage of faecal egg count reduction (%FECR) using the pre- and post-treatment arithmetic means. Anthelmintic resistance was considered to be present when the %FECR was <95% and the lower limit of the 95% confidence interval <90%. For IVM, the percentages of FECR ranged from 73% to 100%. Lack of efficacy to IVM was detected in two farms out of four in France, but was not detected in any of the seven farms in Italy. For BZ, the percentages of FECR ranged from 95% to 100%. No case of BZ resistance was detected in the five farms in France and the six farms in Italy.

scholarly journals Reduction in mobility and COVID-19 transmission

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Nouvellet ◽  
Sangeeta Bhatia ◽  
Anne Cori ◽  
Kylie E. C. Ainslie ◽  
Marc Baguelin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Ability ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Mobility Data ◽  
Strict Control ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Proxy Measure ◽  
Lower Transmission ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractIn response to the COVID-19 pandemic, countries have sought to control SARS-CoV-2 transmission by restricting population movement through social distancing interventions, thus reducing the number of contacts. Mobility data represent an important proxy measure of social distancing, and here, we characterise the relationship between transmission and mobility for 52 countries around the world. Transmission significantly decreased with the initial reduction in mobility in 73% of the countries analysed, but we found evidence of decoupling of transmission and mobility following the relaxation of strict control measures for 80% of countries. For the majority of countries, mobility explained a substantial proportion of the variation in transmissibility (median adjusted R-squared: 48%, interquartile range - IQR - across countries [27–77%]). Where a change in the relationship occurred, predictive ability decreased after the relaxation; from a median adjusted R-squared of 74% (IQR across countries [49–91%]) pre-relaxation, to a median adjusted R-squared of 30% (IQR across countries [12–48%]) post-relaxation. In countries with a clear relationship between mobility and transmission both before and after strict control measures were relaxed, mobility was associated with lower transmission rates after control measures were relaxed indicating that the beneficial effects of ongoing social distancing behaviours were substantial.

scholarly journals Evaluating the effectiveness of measures to control the novel coronavirus disease 2019 in Jilin Province, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qinglong Zhao ◽  
Yao Wang ◽  
Meng Yang ◽  
Meina Li ◽  
Zeyu Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
Jilin Province ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
First Case ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Based on differences in populations and prevention and control measures, the spread of new coronary pneumonia in different countries and regions also differs. This study aimed to calculate the transmissibility of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and to evaluate the effectiveness of measures to control the disease in Jilin Province, China. Methods The data of reported COVID-19 cases were collected, including imported and local cases from Jilin Province as of March 14, 2019. A Susceptible–Exposed–Infectious–Asymptomatic–Recovered/Removed (SEIAR) model was developed to fit the data, and the effective reproduction number (Reff) was calculated at different stages in the province. Finally, the effectiveness of the measures was assessed. Results A total of 97 COVID-19 infections were reported in Jilin Province, among which 45 were imported infections (including one asymptomatic infection) and 52 were local infections (including three asymptomatic infections). The model fit the reported data well (R2 = 0.593, P < 0.001). The Reff of COVID-19 before and after February 1, 2020 was 1.64 and 0.05, respectively. Without the intervention taken on February 1, 2020, the predicted cases would have reached a peak of 177,011 on October 22, 2020 (284 days from the first case). The projected number of cases until the end of the outbreak (on October 9, 2021) would have been 17,129,367, with a total attack rate of 63.66%. Based on the comparison between the predicted incidence of the model and the actual incidence, the comprehensive intervention measures implemented in Jilin Province on February 1 reduced the incidence of cases by 99.99%. Therefore, according to the current measures and implementation efforts, Jilin Province can achieve good control of the virus’s spread. Conclusions COVID-19 has a moderate transmissibility in Jilin Province, China. The interventions implemented in the province had proven effective; increasing social distancing and a rapid response by the prevention and control system will help control the spread of the disease.

scholarly journals Resilience and vulnerability of maternity services in Zimbabwe: a comparative analysis of the effect of Covid-19 and lockdown control measures on maternal and perinatal outcomes, a single-centre cross-sectional study at Mpilo Central Hospital

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare Shakespeare ◽  
Handsome Dube ◽  
Sikhangezile Moyo ◽  
Solwayo Ngwenya
Keyword(s):  
Perinatal Outcomes ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Central Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Maternity Services ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Significant Change ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mpilo Central Hospital

Abstract Background On the 27th of March 2020 the Zimbabwean government declared the Covid-19 pandemic a ‘national disaster’. Travel restrictions and emergency regulations have had significant impacts on maternity services, including resource stock-outs, and closure of antenatal clinics during the lockdown period. Estimates of the indirect impact of Covid-19 on maternal and perinatal mortality was expected it to be considerable, but little data was yet available. This study aimed to examine the impact of Covid-19 and lockdown control measures on non-Covid outcomes in a government tertiary level maternity unit in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, by comparing maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality before, and after the lockdown was implemented. Methods This was a retrospective, observational study, using a cross-sectional design to compare routine monthly maternal and perinatal statistics three months before and after Covid-19 emergency measures were implemented at Mpilo Central Hospital. Results Between January-March and April-June 2020, the mean monthly deliveries reduced from 747.3 (SD ± 61.3) in the first quarter of 2020 to 681.0 (SD ± 17.6) during lockdown, but this was not statistically significant, p = 0.20. The Caesarean section rates fell from a mean of 29.8% (SD ± 1.7) versus 28.0% (SD ± 1.7), which was also not statistically significant, p = 0.18. During lockdown, the percentage of women delivering at Mpilo Central Hospital who were booked at the hospital fell from a mean of 41.6% (SD ± 1.1) to 35.8% (SD ± 4.3) which was statistically significant, p = 0.03. There was no significant change, however, in maternal mortality or severe maternal morbidity (such as post-partum haemorrhage (PPH), uterine rupture, and severe preeclampsia/eclampsia), stillbirth rate or special care baby unit admission. There was an increase in the mean total number of early neonatal deaths (ENND) (mean 18.7 (SD ± 2.9) versus 24.0 (SD ± 4.6), but this was not statistically significant, p = 0.32. Conclusions Overall, maternity services at Mpilo showed resilience during the lockdown period, with no significant change in maternal and perinatal adverse outcomes, with the same number of man-hours worked before and during the lockdown Maternal and perinatal outcomes should continue to be monitored to assess the impact of Covid-19 and the lockdown measures as the pandemic in Zimbabwe unfolds. Further studies would be beneficial to explore women’s experiences and understand how bookings and deliveries at local clinics changed during this time.

Blood Cholesterol Decreases as Parkinson’s Disease Develops and Progresses

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Keran Wang ◽  
Zhehui Luo ◽  
Chenxi Li ◽  
Xuemei Huang ◽  
Eric J. Shiroma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Cholesterol Level ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Prodromal Stage ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Blood Total Cholesterol

Background: Literature shows an inverse association of circulating cholesterol level with the risk of Parkinson’s disease (PD); this finding has important ramifications, but its interpretation has been debated. Objective: To longitudinally examine how blood total cholesterol changes during the development of PD. Methods: In the Health, Aging and Body Composition study (n = 3,075, 73.6±2.9 years), blood total cholesterol was measured at clinic visit years 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 11. We first examined baseline cholesterol in relation to PD risk, adjusting for potential confounders and competing risk of death. Then, by contrasting the observed with expected cholesterol levels, we examined the trajectory of changes in total cholesterol before and after disease diagnosis. Results: Compared to the lowest tertile of baseline total cholesterol, the cumulative incident ratio of PD and 95%confidence interval was 0.41 (0.20, 0.86) for the second tertile, and 0.69 (0.35, 1.35) for the third tertile. In the analysis that examined change of total cholesterol level before and after PD diagnosis, we found that its level began to decrease in the prodromal stage of PD and became statistically lower than the expected values∼4 years before disease diagnosis (observed-expected difference, –6.68 mg/dL (95%confidence interval: –13.14, –0.22)). The decreasing trend persisted thereafter; by year-6 post-diagnosis, the difference increased to –13.59 mg/dL (95%confidence interval: –22.12, –5.06), although the linear trend did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.10). Conclusion: Circulating total cholesterol began to decrease in the prodromal stage of PD, which may in part explain its reported inverse association with PD.

Trends of the genetic connectedness measures among Nelore beef cattle herds

2011 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.T. Pegolo ◽  
D. Laloë ◽  
H.N. de Oliveira ◽  
R.B. Lôbo ◽  
M.-N. Fouilloux
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Cattle Herds

scholarly journals Utility of acute phase proteins as biomarkers of transport stress in ewes and beef cattle

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Fazio ◽  
Vincenzo Ferrantelli ◽  
Antonello Cicero ◽  
Stefania Casella ◽  
Giuseppe Piccione
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Rest Time ◽  
Transport Stress

The effect of transport on serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp), Fibrinogen and white blood cells (WBC) was evaluated in 10 ewes and 10 beef cattle. All animals were transported by road for 6 h over a distance of about 490 km with an average speed of 80 km/h. Blood samples, collected via jugular venepuncture, were obtained before and after transport as well as after 12, 24 and 48 h rest time. One-way repeated measures analysis of variance showed a statistically significant effect of sampling time on SAA, Hp, and WBC in ewes and beef cattle. Based on these results, Hp and SAA levels, together with WBC, may be useful indicators of animal health and welfare and in predicting the risk assessment in meat inspection.

scholarly journals Anthelmintic Efficacy of Strongyle Nematodes to Ivermectin and Fenbendazole on Working Donkeys (Equus asinus) in and around Hosaena Town, Southern Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Haben Fesseha ◽  
Mesfin Mathewos ◽  
Friat Kidanemariam
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Influencing Factor ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Mild Degree ◽  
Anthelmintic Efficacy ◽  
Equus Asinus ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Severe Degree ◽  
And Control

Background. Gastrointestinal helminth parasite infection is a major influencing factor against profitability of working equines all over the world. Objectives. A study was conducted from October 2016 to May 2017 in and around Hosaena to determine the efficacy of benzimidazole (BZ) and avermectin (AVM) chemical groups against strongyle nematodes in working donkeys. Methods. A total of 230 donkeys from Hosaena, Soro, Anlemo, and Gombora were randomly allocated into 5 groups of 46 donkeys in each group. All groups, except group 1 (control), were treated with ivermectin 1%, ivertong 10%, fenbendazole, and Fenacure 750 mg, respectively. Fecal samples were collected perrectally before treatment (day 0) and after treatment (day 14), and an egg per gram (EPG) value of >200 was used as a cutoff for inclusion to assess the efficacy of anthelmintics. Results. Accordingly, the study revealed that AVM was effective against strongyle nematodes of donkeys with the mean fecal egg count reduction (FECR) of 100% in three study areas and 97.2% in one study area, respectively, whereas BZ resistance was suspected in the areas where the drug was tested, with the mean FECR of less than 94% in the three study areas. The study also revealed that 73% of the donkeys were affected with a severe degree of strongyle infection as determined by EPG, while 10.4% of donkeys were affected with a mild degree of Parascaris equorum infection. Conclusions. The findings of the present study are expected to serve as baseline data for future investigations and control actions to design realistic control programs to minimize factors that favor emergence of anthelmintic resistance and improve the overall health of the donkeys. Thus, further detailed studies are needed to determine the factors that reduce anthelmintic efficacy and increase anthelmintic resistance in donkeys.

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