Uji Aktivitas Antikolesterol Partisi N-Heksana, Metanol Dan Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Jeruk Nipis (Citrus Aurantiifolia) Secara In Vitro

Cholesterol is an important sterol in human body tissue which belongs to the lipid group but cannot be hydrolyzed. Cholesterol has various uses in the body such as forming steroid hormones in the hormones estrogen and progesterone. However, if cholesterol levels in the blood are too high, it can cause blockage of blood flow which can lead to atherosclerosis. Lime contains secondary metabolites that function to reduce the increase in cholesterol levels in the blood. The purpose of this study was to determine the anticholesterol activity and to determine the EC₅₀ value of partition n-hexane, methanol, ethanol extract of lime peel (Citrus aurantiifolia) in vitro. Analysis of cholesterol activity is known by measuring cholesterol levels in vitro using Lieberman Burchard reagent. The analytical method used UV-Vis spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 665.0 nm with a series of test sample concentrations of 150 µg/ml; 300 µg/ml; 450 µg/ml; 600 µg/ml and 750 µg/ml. The research data shows that the decrease in cholesterol levels is directly proportional to the increase in the concentration in the sample. The EC₅₀ value of the n-hexane partition was 448.76 µg/ml; methanol partition as much as 448.98 µg/ml and ethanol extract as much as 450.18 µg/ml.Keywords: Anticholesterol; in vitro; lime peel; partition. AbstrakKolesterol merupakan sterol yang penting dalam jaringan tubuh manusia yang termasuk pada golongan lipid tetapi tidak dapat terhidrolisis. Kolesterol memiliki berbagai kegunaan dalam tubuh seperti pembentuk hormon-hormon steroid pada hormon esterogen dan progrsteron. Namun, jika kadar kolesterol dalam darah terlalu tinggi maka dapat menyebabkan penyumbatan aliran darah yang dapat mengakibatkan penyakit Aterosklerosis. Jeruk nipis memiliki kandungan metabolit sekunder yang berfungsi untuk mengurangi kenaikan kadar kolesterol dalam darah. Tujuan pada penelitian ini yaitu mengetahui aktivitas antikolesterol dan mengetahui nilai EC₅₀ dari partisi n-heksana, metanol, ekstrak etanol kulit jeruk nipis (Citrus aurantiifolia) secara in vitro. Analisis aktivitas kolesterol diketahui dengan mengukur kadar kolesterol secara in vitro menggunakan pereaksi Lieberman Burchard. Metode analisis menggunakan spektrofotometri UV-Vis pada panjang gelombang 665,0 nm dengan seri konsentrasi sampel uji 150 µg/ml; 300 µg/ml; 450 µg/ml; 600 µg/ml dan 750 µg/ml. Data penelitian menunjukkan penurunan kadar kolesterol berbanding lurus dengan peningkatan konsentrasi pada sampel. Nilai EC₅₀ partisi n-heksana sebanyak 448,76 µg/ml; partisi metanol sebanyak 448,98 µg/ml dan ekstrak etanol sebanyak 450,18 µg/ml. Kata kunci: Antikolesterol; in vitro; kulit jeruk nipis; partisi.

Anthelmintic Potential of Medicinal Plants against Ancylostoma caninum

Ancylostoma caninum is one of the most important hookworms in dogs. A study revealed that the prevalence of ancylostomiasis in Indonesia is relatively high. However, cases of persistent ancylostomiasis in dogs were reported, indicating the possibility of anthelmintic resistance. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the anthelmintic potential of plants preclinically against A. caninum based on related research articles. This review retrieved 14 articles from 2001 to 2021 investigating 19 different plants. Momordica charantia, Diospyros anisandra, and Citrus aurantiifolia hold a promising prospect as anthelmintic against A. caninum. This review found aspects of those medicinal plants that need to be investigated deeper to improve our understanding of the matter. In vitro results in this review have not yet been tested in in vivo trials, which are essential in determining the efficacy and safety of the use of these medicinal plants and also to justify its clinical application.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PUPAL COLOUR AND SEX RATIO OF THE COMMON MORMON, Papilio polytes romulus CRAMER, 1775 (INSECTA: LEPIDOPTERA), SRI LANKA

A free ranging female common Mormon (Papilio polytes romulus) butterfly was observed laying eggs on a Citrus aurantiifolia (Family: Rutaceae) plant in a home garden in Battaramulla. 16 eggs were collected and reared in the lab. The duration and measurements of each stage were recorded. After eclosion the sex and wingspan of all adult butterflies were recorded and they were released back to the wild. Pupae were observed in two colours: green and brown. Out of 16 pupae, 12 were green (75%) and four were brown (25%). The four brown pupae gave rise to two males (50%) and two females (50%). The 12 green pupae gave rise to 10 males (83%) and two females (17%). The sex ratios regardless of the pupal colour showed male dominance with 12 males (75%) and four females (25%). All four females were of the romulus form. A strong relationship between pupal colour and substrate texture was observed, but no relationship between pupal colour, sex and sex ratios was seen.

Uji Efektivitas Minyak Atsiri Jeruk Nipis (Citrus Aurantiifolia) sebagai Larvasida Nyamuk Aedes Aegypti

Berbagai jenis tanaman di Indonesia telah diketahui mengandung senyawa bioaktif yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai biopestisida. Salah satumya adalah penggunaan minyak atsiri jeruk nipis yang mengandung limonoida yang dapat berfungsi sebagai larvasida. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui efektifitas daya bunuh minyak atsiri jeruk nipis (Citrus aurantifolia) terhadap kematian larva nyamuk Aedes aegypti. Objek dalam penelitian ini adalah semua larva Aedes aegypti instar III yang berumur 3-4 hari Sampel total yang digunakan pada penelitian ini sebanyak 360 larva, yang di tentukan dengan teknik Purposive Sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada pengaruh minyak atsiri jeruk nipis (Citrus aurantifolia) terhadap kematian larva nyamuk Aedes aegypti. Diperolah konsentrasi minyak atsiri jeruk nipis (Citrus aurantifolia) yang efektif dalam membunuh larva nyamuk Aedes aegypti dalam waktu 24 jam adalah konsentrasi 80 ppm yang merupakan konsentrasi terkecil yang dapat membunuh larva sebanyak 100%. Hasil estimasi LC50 melalui Analisis Probit adalah pada konsentrasi 46 ppm. Sehingga dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa konsentrasi efektif minyak atsiri jeruk nipis (Citrus aurantifolia) yang dapat membunuh 50% (LC50) dalam mematikan larva instar III nyamuk Aedes aegypti adalah konsentrasi 46 ppm dalam waktu 24 jam.

Production of natural hand sanitizers from Aloe vera (Aloe vera), Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) and Lime (Citrus aurantiifolia) skins, Betel leaf (Piper betle) and Eucalyptus grandis leaves

The utilization of plant parts that are not used is very important in order to minimize organic waste. Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) rind has antibacterial properties which can be used as raw material. The same goes for the skin of lime peel (Citrus aurantiifolia), Betel leaf (Piper betle), Aloe vera (Aloe vera) and Eucalyptus grandis leaves. Eucalyptus grandis is a product that is not harvested in Industrial Plantation Forests which are grown by the community and green Industry in North Sumatra. The part used is the plant stem which is used as a material for making pulping. The extraction process was carried out used steam distillation. In this work, the analysis of active compound used GCMS instrument. The result of the analysis showed that there was 1.8 Sineol as much as 52%. This compound was used as an antiseptic and give a fragrant aroma. This work aims to produced of natural hand sanitizers used Eucalyptus grandis as an odorant and antiseptic agent which used to prevent the transmission of Covid19 in Kotamatsum IV sub district, Medan City. The resulting product was a hand sanitizer that is safe to use and friendly to the environment. The natural hand sanitizer products can be used by the community in reducing the transmission of Covid19 and can increase people's income.

PENGARUH PERENDAMAN JENIS BUAH TERHADAP PENURUNAN KADAR KADMIUM (Cd) PADA UDANG VANNAME (Litopenaeus vannamei) TAMBAK INTENSIF DEKAT DAN JAUH MANGROVE

Vanname shrimp (Litopenaeusvannamei) has filter feeder properties that can filter all the food contained in the sediment. Cd is a type of metal that will settle in the sediment. Cd can accumulate in the shrimp body and endanger human health if consumed. The objectives of study were 1) to determine the effect of immersion of fruits on the reduction of Cd levels, 2) to determine which types of fruits were more appropriate to reduce Cd levels in Vanname Shrimp in remote and intensive ponds. near mangroves and 3) to make posters as learning media for class X high school on environmental pollution. The research was conducted using the CRBD method (completely randomized block design) and analyzed with a one-way anova test to determine the effect of fruits on the reduction of Cd levels. The research was conducted in April 2020 in Pasir Sakti, East Lampung and analyzed at the Chemical Analytical Laboratory of the Muhammadiyah University of Malang. The results showed that soaking vanname shrimp using fruits had the effect of reducing Cd levels in shrimp meat. The type of fruits that gave the best reduction effect was Citrus aurantiifolia which was able to reduce the Cd to 270.87 ppb or decreased by 46.28% for intensive pond shrimp near mangroves, and able to reduce the Cd to 521.4 ppb or decreased by 44.62% for intensive mangroves distant pond. This research produces learning resources in the form of posters that are suitable for use in class X high school biology learning environmental pollution material.

Aromatic compounds secreted by plants of the genus Citrus L. in greenhouse conditions

Using the GC/MS method analysis of the chemical composition of aromatic volatile compounds released by the leaves of tropical representatives of the genus Citrus L. (sweet lime (limetta) - Citrus limetta Risso and its varieties: Citrus limetta ‘Marokko', Citrus limetta ‘Kislaya oranzhevaya', sour lime - Citrus aurantiifolia ‘Taiti' and Citrus aurantiifolia ‘Foro', as well as lemon - Citrus limon ‘Beskolyuchii') in greenhouse conditions were studied. The number of aromatic substances of the gas phase of natural essential oils of leaves revealed for each of them was 38, 41, 37, 44, 37 and 30 compounds, respectively. 10 components were characteristic of all six taxa under study, which confirm their genetic affinity: D-limonene, Z-citral (neral), E-citral (geranial), elemene isomer, α-copaene, trans-α-bergamotene, benzoic acid, 3-hexenyl ester, trans-γ-bisabolene, β-caryophyllene oxide, a-humulene epoxide II. For hybrids and varieties of sweet lime (limetta) and sour lime, 7 more components belonging to the class of terpenoids are also characteristic: oxygen-containing compounds (citronellal, citronellol, citronellyl, β-sinensal) and sesquiterpenes (cadina-3.5-diene, β-caryophyllene, trans-β-bergamotene), as well as a number of individual aromatic substances, characteristic for each of the varieties in the bouquet of their citrus-coniferous aroma of leaves. The studied taxa can be recommended as part of compositions of aromatic plants in interiors for various functional purposes.

A spotlight on lime: a review about adverse reactions and clinical manifestations due to Citrus aurantiifolia

Lime (Citrus aurantiifolia) is a plant belonging to the family of Rutaceae and to the genus Citrus. The fruit is widely used in the United States, Mexico, Southeast Asia, Latin America, but is increasingly widespread all over the world. It is used as a fresh fruit, in the preparation of foods, sweets and drinks and its oils are used in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry. The main adverse reactions to lime seem to be represented by contact dermatitis, allergic and phototoxic type. In the context of allergic forms, several allergens have been identified in the citrus family, the main one being limonene, but no noteworthy cross-reactivity has been identified. However, a case of fruit protein contact dermatitis has been described, showing sensitization to other fruits, such as kiwi, avocado, pineapple and apple. There are several molecules responsible for phototoxic reactions and mainly belonging to the coumarin and furocoumarins families. Reactions related to ingesting the fruit or inhaling pollen from the tree appear to be rare, as there are no known cases reported in the literature. The increasing diffusion of lime in Europe must pay attention to possible adverse reactions due to contact with this fruit, which seem destined to increase in future years. Further importance must be placed on patch tests and on the possibility of using alternative extracts to classic fragrance mixes.

UJI KEMAMPUAN RENDAMAN KULIT BUAH JERUK NIPIS (CITRUS AURANTIFOLIA) TERHADAP PENGENDALIAN KECOA

<p>Kecoa merupakan serangga yang seringkali mengganggu kenyamanan hidup manusia serta menyebarkan berbagai patogen penyakit. Beberapa penyakit yang ditularkan oleh kecoa diantaranya tipus, diare, hepatitis, asma, dan kolera. Pada umumnya pengendalian kecoa dilakukan dengan menyemprot insektisida sintesis. Penggunaan insektisida sintesis memang memiliki beberapa keuntungan seperti kemudahan dalam mengoprasikannya, efektivitas yang tinggi, daya kerja yang cepat, dapat digunakan setiap waktu, serta mudah diperoleh. Namun penggunaan insektisida yang tidak tepat dan berlebihan secara terus menerus dapat menimbulkan resistensi dan pencemaran lingkungan. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan insektisida alternatif untuk mengendalikan kecoa agar tidak mencemari lingkungan dan dapat mengurangi resiko kontaminasi residu pestisida. Insektisida alternatif yang sedang dikembangkan adalah pemanfaatan tumbuh-tumbuhan seperti bunga, daun, akar, kulit dan biji dihancurkan dan kemudian langsung digunakan sebagai insektisida atau bahan beracun yang diektraksi terlebih dahulu kemudian baru digunakan sebagai insektisida botani.</p><p>Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian <em>true </em>eksperimen dengan melakukan pengamatan terhadap pemanfaatan rendaman kulit jeruk nipis (<em>Citrus aurantiifolia</em>) terhadap pengendalian kecoa. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pengamatan terhadap jumlah kematian kecoa yang telah disemprot menggunakan berbagai konsentrasi kulit jeruk nipis, yaitu 0% (kontrol), 40%, 50%, 60% dan 70% pada setiap kotak.</p>Dari hasil penelitian efektifitas rendaman kulit jeruk nipis (<em>Citrus aurantiifolia</em>) terhadap pengendalian kecoa dengan masing-masing konsetrasi), 40%, 50%, 60% dan 70% menujukkan hasil presentase dimana pada konsentrasi 40% jumlah kecoa yang mati sebesar 57%, konsentrasi 50% jumlah kecoa yang mati sebesar 71%, konsentrasi 60% jumlah kecoa yang mati sebesar 86% dan konsentrasi 70% jumlah kecoa yang mati sebesar 100%. Sehingga semakin tinggi konsentrasi yang digunakan maka semakin tinggi kematian kecoa yang dihasilkan