scholarly journals Standardized total tract digestibility of calcium varies among sources of calcium carbonate, but not among sources of dicalcium phosphate, but microbial phytase increases calcium digestibility in calcium carbonate1

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (8) ◽  
pp. 3440-3450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Su A Lee ◽  
L Vanessa Lagos ◽  
Carrie L Walk ◽  
Hans H Stein
Keyword(s):  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Dicalcium Phosphate ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Microbial Phytase ◽  
Formulated Feed ◽  
Ca Carbonate ◽  
Different Sources

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of Ca and the response to microbial phytase is constant among different sources of Ca carbonate and that the STTD of Ca is constant among different sources of dicalcium phosphate (DCP) when fed to growing pigs. In Exp. 1, 80 pigs (initial BW: 19.0 ± 1.9 kg) were randomly allotted to 10 diets and 2 blocks with 4 pigs per diet in each block. Four sources of Ca carbonate were used, and each source was included in a diet without microbial phytase and a diet with microbial phytase (500 units/kg diet). Two Ca-free diets without or with microbial phytase were also formulated. Feed allowance was 2.7 times the maintenance energy requirement for ME and daily feed allotments were divided into 2 equal meals. The initial 4 d of each period were considered the adaptation period to the diets followed by 4 d of fecal collection using the marker-to-marker procedure. Pigs fed diets containing exogenous phytase had lower (P < 0.05) basal endogenous loss of Ca compared with pigs fed diets containing no phytase. There were no interactions between phytase and source of Ca carbonate. Values for STTD of Ca were greater (P < 0.05) for diets containing microbial phytase (77.3% to 85.4%) compared with diets without exogenous phytase (70.6% to 75.2%), and values for STTD of Ca differed (P < 0.05) among the 4 sources of Ca carbonate. In Exp. 2, 40 pigs (initial BW: 14.9 ± 1.3 kg) were allotted to a completely randomized design with 5 diets and 8 replicate pigs per diet. A basal diet in which all Ca was supplied by Ca carbonate was formulated. Three diets were formulated by adding 3 sources of DCP to the basal diet and a Ca-free diet was also used. Feeding and collection methods were as described for Exp. 1. Results indicated that values for STTD of Ca and ATTD of P were not different among diets, indicating that under the conditions of this experiment, the digestibility of Ca and P in DCP appears to be constant regardless of origin of DCP. In conclusion, use of microbial phytase reduces the basal endogenous loss of Ca and increases Ca digestibility in Ca carbonate. The STTD of Ca varies among sources of Ca carbonate, regardless of phytase inclusion, but that appears not to be the case for the STTD of Ca in different sources of DCP.

scholarly journals PSIII-18 Standardized total tract digestibility of Ca by growing pigs in different sources of calcium carbonate and dicalcium phosphate

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 173-174
Author(s):  
Su A Lee ◽  
Carrie L Walk ◽  
Hans H Stein
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Dicalcium Phosphate ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Microbial Phytase ◽  
Carbonate Source ◽  
Different Sources

Abstract The objective was to test the hypothesis that standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of Ca and the response to microbial phytase is constant among different sources of calcium carbonate and different sources of dicalcium phosphate (DCP). In Exp. 1, 80 pigs (19.0 ± 1.9 kg) were placed in metabolism crates and randomly allotted to 10 diets. Four calcium carbonate-containing diets and a Ca-free diet were formulated without or with microbial phytase (500 units/kg diet). Feces were collected for 4 d after a 5 d adaptation period. Data were analyzed using a model that included calcium carbonate source, phytase, and the interaction between source and phytase as fixed effects and replicate as random effect. There were no interactions between phytase and source. The basal endogenous loss (BEL) of Ca from pigs fed phytase was less (P = 0.037) than from pigs fed no phytase. Values for STTD of Ca in calcium carbonate differed (P < 0.05) among the 4 sources, but increased (P < 0.05) if phytase was used (Table 1). In Exp. 2, 40 pigs (14.9 ± 1.3 kg) were allotted to a basal diet where all Ca was supplied by calcium carbonate, 3 diets containing calcium carbonate and DCP, and a Ca-free diet. Pigs were placed in metabolism crates and feces were collected as in Exp. 1. Data were analyzed using a model that included DCP-source as fixed effect and replicate as random effect. Results indicated that the STTD of Ca in DCP was not different among sources. In conclusion, use of microbial phytase reduces the BEL of Ca and increases Ca digestibility in calcium carbonate, but the STTD of Ca varies among sources of calcium carbonate. However, no difference in STTD of Ca among sources of DCP were observed.

scholarly journals PSI-11 Standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus in high-protein sunflower meal fed to growing pigs with or without phytase supplementation

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 292-292
Author(s):  
Jinyoung Lee ◽  
Jong Woong Kim ◽  
C Martin Nyachoti
Keyword(s):  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
P Loss ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
P Utilization ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement

Abstract The objective of this research was to estimate the apparent (ATTD) and standardized (STTD) total tract digestibility of phosphorus (P) in high-protein sunflower meal (HP-SFM) fed to growing pigs with or without phytase supplementation. Twenty-four individually-housed pigs (19.5 ± 1.9 kg) were assigned to 1 of 4 diets in a completely randomized design to give 6 replicates per diet. The experimental diets consisted of a corn-soybean meal-based basal diet and a diet containing 30% of HP-SFM, both of which were fed without or with phytase supplementation at 500 phytase units/kg. Pigs were given their daily feed allowance at 2.8 times the maintenance energy requirement. The experimental period lasted for 15 d including 10 d for adaptation to experimental diets and 5 d for total collection of feces. The STTD of P was calculated by correcting the ATTD of P with the basal endogenous P loss, which was assumed to be 190 mg/kg dry matter intake. Phytase supplementation decreased (P &lt; 0.05) both calcium (Ca; 1.34 vs. 2.14%) and P concentrations in feces (3.23 vs. 4.44%) in HP-SFM including diets. Addition of dietary phytase to the HP-SFM-contained diets also reduced (P &lt; 0.05) daily Ca output from 3.08 to 1.86 g/d and daily P output from 6.41 to 4.51 g/d. The ATTD of Ca and P and STTD of P increased (P &lt; 0.05) by providing phytase in both basal and HP-SFM including diets. The ATTD and STTD of P in HP-SFM were 18.4 and 19.3% for without phytase and 36.5 and 37.5% for with phytase, respectively, and there was a tendency (P = 0.063) for phytase supplementation to increase P utilization in HP-SFM fed to growing pigs. The standardized total tract digestible P content in HP-SFM was calculated at 3.61 g/kg.

scholarly journals Intrinsic phytase in hybrid rye increases the digestibility of phosphorus in corn and soybean meal in diets fed to growing pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan L Archs Toledo ◽  
Su A Lee ◽  
Molly L McGhee ◽  
Gonzalo G Mateos ◽  
Hans H Stein
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Mixed Diet ◽  
Initial Body Weight ◽  
Microbial Phytase ◽  
Hybrid Rye ◽  
The Individual

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that inclusion of hybrid rye in diets containing corn and soybean meal (SBM) without or with microbial phytase improves the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P because of the intrinsic phytase activity in hybrid rye. Forty-eight growing barrows (initial body weight: 39.5 ± 7.7 kg) were allotted to six diets. A basal diet containing corn and SBM; a rye-based diet; and a diet containing corn, SBM, and rye were formulated. Each diet was formulated without and with microbial phytase (500 units/kg of diet) for a total of six diets. Fecal samples were collected for 4 d following a 5-d adaptation period according to the marker-to-marker procedure. Results indicated that no interactions between diets and concentration of phytase were observed for any of the response criteria measured. The ATTD and STTD of P and the ATTD of Ca differed (P &lt; 0.05) among diets, but regardless of diet, the concentration of P in feces was reduced (P &lt; 0.05) by adding microbial phytase to the diets. As a consequence, microbial phytase increased (P &lt; 0.05) ATTD and STTD of P, and the ATTD of Ca was also increased (P &lt; 0.05) by the use of microbial phytase. Measured values for the ATTD and STTD of P in the diets containing corn, SBM, and hybrid rye without or with phytase were greater (P &lt; 0.05) than values that were predicted based on the ATTD and STTD of P for the corn–SBM and the hybrid rye diet. The observation that STTD predicted from the individual ingredients underestimated the STTD of P in the mixed diet indicates that the intrinsic phytase in hybrid rye resulted in increased digestibility of the P in the corn and SBM included in the corn–SBM–hybrid rye diet. In conclusion, microbial phytase increased the ATTD and STTD of P and the ATTD of Ca regardless of feed ingredients used in diets fed to pigs. In addition, the intrinsic phytase from hybrid rye increased the ATTD and STTD of P in corn and SBM.

PSIV-B-25 Digestible energy and metabolizable energy of high-fiber ingredients in growing pig diets

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 394-395
Author(s):  
Jongkeon Kim ◽  
Yun Yeong Jo ◽  
Beob Gyun G Kim
Keyword(s):  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
High Fiber ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Gluten Feed

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) concentrations in high-fiber ingredients fed to growing pigs. Twelve barrows with an initial body weight of 57.5 kg (SD = 5.7) were individually housed in metabolism crates. A replicated 6 × 3 incomplete Latin square design with 12 animals, 6 experimental diets and 3 periods was employed. A basal diet was composed of 75.0% corn and 22.7% soybean meal (SBM) as the sole energy sources. Four experimental diets were prepared by replacing 40% of corn and SBM with soybean hulls (SH), corn gluten feed (CGF), wheat bran (WB), or rice bran (RB). An additional diet was prepared by replacing 10% of corn and SBM with cashew nut hulls (CNH). Each period consisted of a 4-d adaptation period and a 4-d collection period, and the marker-to-marker procedure was used for total collection of feces and urine. The DE and ME values in RB (3,969 and 3,936 kcal/kg DM) were greater (P &lt; 0.05) than those in CGF (2,654 and 2,520 kcal/kg DM) and SH (2,492 and 2,541 kcal/kg DM) and the energy values in WB (3,162 and 3,118 kcal/kg DM) were not different from those in RB, CGF, or SH. The DE and ME values in CNH (350 and 572 kcal/kg DM) were less (P &lt; 0.05) than those in all other test ingredients. In conclusion, energy concentrations in RB were greatest among the high-fiber test ingredients, whereas CNH had the lowest values.

scholarly journals Effects of Collection Durations on the Determination of Energy Values and Nutrient Digestibility of High-Fiber Diets in Growing Pigs by Total Fecal Collection Method

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengqun Liu ◽  
Ruqing Zhong ◽  
Liang Chen ◽  
Fei Xie ◽  
Kai Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Collection Method ◽  
High Fiber ◽  
Fecal Collection

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of collection durations on the energy values and nutrient digestibility of high-fiber diets in growing pigs with a time-based total fecal collection method. A total of 24 barrows (body weight (BW): 31.1 ± 1.5 kg) were allotted to a completely randomized design with three diets. Diets included a corn–soybean meal (CSM) basal diet and two additional diets containing 20% sugar beet pulp (SBP) or defatted rice bran (DFRB) by replacing corn, soybean meal, and soybean oil in the CSM diet, respectively. Each diet was fed to eight barrows for a 7-day adaptation period followed by a 7-day total feces and urine collection period. The 7-day collection duration was divided into three collection phases, namely, phase 1 (days 8 to 11), phase 2 (days 11 to 13), and phase 3 (days 13 to 15). Then, similar portions of feces and urine from the different collection phases were composited into three additional samples (days 8 to 11, days 8 to 13, and days 8 to 15, respectively). The results showed that the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) and nutrient in experimental diets decreased linearly as the collection durations increased from a 3-day to a 7-day collection (p < 0.05). However, there were no differences in the energy values, GE, and nutrient digestibility of diets and of high-fiber ingredients between the 5-day and 7-day collection durations. In conclusion, this study suggests that a 5-day collection duration is adequate to determine the energy values and nutrient digestibility of high-fiber diets containing SBP or DFRB in growing pigs by the time-based total fecal collection method.

INFLUENCE OF SOURCE AND LEVEL OF ENERGY AND LEVEL OF PROTEIN INTAKE ON SOW PERFORMANCE DURING GROWTH, GESTATION, AND LACTATION: II. EFFICIENCY OF ENERGY TRANSFER TO THE LITTER

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Bowland
Keyword(s):  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Energy Restriction ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Weaning Age ◽  
Reproductive Cycles ◽  
Supplemental Fat ◽  
Different Sources

Sixty sows which were fed in five ration groups and which received different sources (no supplemental fat versus 15% stabilized tallow in the ration) and levels of energy and levels of protein were used to evaluate energetic efficiency of the sow in producing pigs to a weaning age of 5 weeks. Twenty per cent energy restriction during growth and eight per cent during reproduction, with or without protein restriction, were compared with energy and protein intakes that met U.S. N.R.C. requirements for growing pigs and for gilts. When adjusted for sow weight gain or loss, the energetic efficiency of sows in producing weanling pigs did not vary significantly between ration groups. The correlation coefficient (r) between energetic efficiency of litter gain and total weight of pigs weaned in the litter was.85. During the first lactation 19.2% and during the second lactation 19.7% of the apparent digestible energy in the feed was used for litter gain. When gestation and lactation were combined, the efficiency of litter gain was 13.1 and 14.6% for the first and second reproductive cycles respectively. An overall efficiency of litter gain of 11.4% was obtained when the energy requirement of gilts for growth was also included. The energetic efficiency of litter gain had a slight negative association with the average daily gain of the sows up to 215 lb liveweight. The r between either number of pigs weaned or the weaning weight of pigs in the litter from which dams were selected and total weight of pigs weaned in a sow’s first two litters was.43.

scholarly journals Application of a kinetic model to describe phosphorus metabolism in pigs fed a diet with a microbial phytase

2010 ◽  
Vol 148 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. DIAS ◽  
S. LOPEZ ◽  
J. A. MOREIRA ◽  
M. SCHULIN-ZEUTHEN ◽  
D. M. S. S. VITTI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Specific Radioactivity ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Microbial Phytase ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
P Balance ◽  
Total P

SUMMARYThe objective of the current study was to apply the Vitti–Dias model to investigate phosphorus (P) metabolism in growing pigs fed a diet supplemented with microbial phytase. The basal diet contained maize, defatted rice bran, vegetable oil, soybean meal, limestone, salt and a vitamin and mineral mix. There was no inorganic P in the diet and phytase was added at levels of 253, 759, 1265 and 1748 phytase units (PU)/kg of feed. The compartmental model included four pools of P: (1) gut lumen, (2) plasma, (3) bone and (4) soft tissue. A single dose of 32P was administered, and specific radioactivity was measured in plasma, faeces, bone and soft tissue (muscle, heart, liver and kidney) at different times post-dosing for calculation of P flows between pools. Total P absorbed showed a negative relationship with total P excreted in faeces and was strongly correlated with bone P retention, suggesting that absorbed P was channelled to bone to address its physiological growth. Average efficiency of metabolic utilization of absorbed P was estimated to be 0·94, with 0·52 g/g of total net P balance being accreted in bone and the rest in soft tissue (including muscle and some vital organs). The Vitti–Dias model provided suitable representation of P interchange between compartments (in particular, flows between gut and plasma and partitioning of available P between bone and soft tissue), resulting in estimates of P flows comparable with values calculated from balance data.

scholarly journals Digestibility of calcium and digestible calcium from inorganic sources evaluated in swine by two methods

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-104
Author(s):  
Ana Lúcia Almeida Santana ◽  
Alexandre de Oliveira Teixeira ◽  
Darci Clementino Lopes ◽  
Rodrigo Almeida Santana ◽  
Carlos Magno Rocha Junior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basal Diet ◽  
Dicalcium Phosphate ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Indicator Method ◽  
Phosphate Powder ◽  
True Digestibility ◽  
Calcium Sources ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Direct And Indirect Methods

SUMMARY The objective of the study was to determine the digestible calcium from different sources by direct and indirect methods. Thirty castrated male pigs were used, distributed in randomized blocks, in six treatments: 1- Calcitic limestone; 2-Dicalcium phosphate powder 18%; 3- Dicalcium phosphate powder 20%; 4- Dicalcium microgranulated phosphate 18%; 5- Monodicalcium microgranulated phosphate 20%; 6- Monodicalcium microgranulated phosphate 21%, with six replicates and one animal per experimental unit. A basal diet was formulated to meet the nutritional requirements of the animals, except for calcium (0.06%) and the evaluated sources replaced the basal diet in order to provide 0.45% of total Ca. At the same time, two stool collection methods were evaluated: total collection and fecal indicator. The animals were housed in metabolism cages for 12 days to collect feces and urine to determine the calcium values used to estimate digestibility coefficients and digestible calcium. The total collection method and the faecal indicator method did not affect the true digestibility coefficient of calcium. The calcium digestibility of the microgranulated dicalcium phosphate 21% (MM21) was superior in comparison with the other calcium sources evaluated by the indirect method in the present study. The average values of true digestibility of the calcium sources, in percentage, were: calcitic limestone: 82.47; dicalcium phosphate powder 18%: 80.87; dicalcium phosphate powder 20%: 85.65; dicalcium microgranulated phosphate 18%: 81.65; monodicalcium microgranulated phosphate 20%: 84.15; and monodicalcium microgranulated phosphate 21%: 88.35. The two methodologies can be used to determine the digestibility of calcium.

scholarly journals Extrusion of soybean hulls does not increase digestibility of amino acids or concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy when fed to growing pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego A Rodriguez ◽  
Su A Lee ◽  
María R C de Godoy ◽  
Hans H Stein
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Initial Body Weight ◽  
Soybean Hulls ◽  
Total Dietary Fiber

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine effects of extrusion on energy and nutrient digestibility in soybean hulls. One source of soybean hulls was ground and divided into two batches. One batch was used without further processing, whereas the other batch was extruded. In Exp. 1, four diets were formulated to determine crude protein (CP) and amino acid (AA) digestibility in soybean hulls. A soybean meal-based diet in which soybean meal provided all the CP and AA was formulated. Two diets were formulated to contain 30% nonextruded or extruded soybean hulls and 18% soybean meal. An N-free diet that was used to determine the endogenous losses of CP and AA was also used. Eight growing barrows (initial body weight = 37.0 ± 3.9 kg) had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum and were allotted to a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. Each experimental period lasted 7 d with the initial 5 d being the adaptation period and ileal digesta were collected for 8 h on day 6 and 7. Results indicated that extrusion of soybean hulls did not change the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and most AA with the exception that the SID of Ile and Leu tended (P &lt; 0.10) to be greater in extruded than nonextruded soybean hulls. In Exp. 2, three diets were formulated to determine energy digestibility in soybean hulls. One corn-soybean meal based basal diet, and two diets that contained corn, soybean meal, and 32% extruded or nonextruded soybean hulls were formulated. Twenty-four growing barrows (initial body weight = 59.9 ± 3.4 kg) were allotted to a randomized complete block design. Pigs were housed individually in metabolism crates and feces and urine were collected separately for 4 d after 5 d of adaptation. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) and the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) were reduced (P &lt; 0.05) in diets containing nonextruded or extruded soybean hulls compared with the basal diet. However, the ATTD of GE and values for DE and ME in soybean hulls were not improved by extrusion. Likewise, extrusion did not change the concentration of total dietary fiber in soybean hulls. In conclusion, there were no effects of extrusion of soybean hulls on SID of AA, energy digestibility, or ME concentration in soybean hulls.

scholarly journals 139 Digestibility of phosphorus in heat-treated dry extruded-expelled soybean meal and solvent-extracted and expeller-extracted canola meal fed to growing pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 105-105
Author(s):  
Jinyoung Lee ◽  
Charles Martin Nyachoti
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement

Abstract Although heat treatment affects digestibility of amino acids in feed ingredients, there is less information as to whether such an effect also applies to minerals. Therefore, the objective of this research was to investigate the effects of heat treatment on apparent (ATTD) and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in dry extruded-expelled soybean meal (DESBM), solvent-extracted canola meal (SCM), and expeller-extracted canola meal (ECM) fed to growing pigs. A total of 36 pigs (19.0 ± 1.0 kg) were assigned to 1 of 6 diets in a completely randomized design to give 6 replicates per diet. Pigs were individually housed in metabolism crates for 12 d, including 7 d for adaptation and 5 d for total collection of feces. The experimental diets were formulated to contain non-heated or heat-treated DESBM, SCM, and ECM as the sole source of P. Pigs were offered their daily ration at 2.8 times their maintenance energy requirement. Data were analyzed as a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement using the PROC MIXED of SAS with ingredients, heat treatment, and their interaction; however, no interaction was observed for any variable. Pigs fed the DESBM diet had a higher (P &lt; 0.05) ATTD and STTD of P than pigs fed SCM and ECM diets. The ATTD and STTD of P in heat treated samples were higher (P &lt; 0.05) than in non-heated samples. In the heat-treated samples, the values of STTD of P were 49.4, 23.2, and 25.8% for DESBM, SCM, and ECM, respectively. Respective values for STTD of P in non-heated DESBM, SCM, and ECM were 48.5, 20.2, and 22.5%. The ATTD of Ca in non-heat-treated samples was lower (P &lt; 0.05) compared to the values for heat-treated samples. In conclusion, heat treatment increased ATTD and STTD of P in DESBM, SCM, and ECM fed to growing pigs.

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