Application of a kinetic model to describe phosphorus metabolism in pigs fed a diet with a microbial phytase

SUMMARYThe objective of the current study was to apply the Vitti–Dias model to investigate phosphorus (P) metabolism in growing pigs fed a diet supplemented with microbial phytase. The basal diet contained maize, defatted rice bran, vegetable oil, soybean meal, limestone, salt and a vitamin and mineral mix. There was no inorganic P in the diet and phytase was added at levels of 253, 759, 1265 and 1748 phytase units (PU)/kg of feed. The compartmental model included four pools of P: (1) gut lumen, (2) plasma, (3) bone and (4) soft tissue. A single dose of 32P was administered, and specific radioactivity was measured in plasma, faeces, bone and soft tissue (muscle, heart, liver and kidney) at different times post-dosing for calculation of P flows between pools. Total P absorbed showed a negative relationship with total P excreted in faeces and was strongly correlated with bone P retention, suggesting that absorbed P was channelled to bone to address its physiological growth. Average efficiency of metabolic utilization of absorbed P was estimated to be 0·94, with 0·52 g/g of total net P balance being accreted in bone and the rest in soft tissue (including muscle and some vital organs). The Vitti–Dias model provided suitable representation of P interchange between compartments (in particular, flows between gut and plasma and partitioning of available P between bone and soft tissue), resulting in estimates of P flows comparable with values calculated from balance data.

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282 Effect of formulating diets based on a ratio between STTD Ca and STTD P and the inclusion of phytase on the calcium and phosphorus balance of growing pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa054.177 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 103-104

Author(s):

Vanessa Lagos ◽

Mike R Bedford ◽

Hans H Stein

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Random Effect ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Diet Formulation ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Microbial Phytase ◽

P Utilization ◽

P Balance ◽

Main Effects ◽

P Absorption

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that formulating diets for pigs based on a ratio between standardized total tract digestible (STTD) Ca and STTD P instead of total Ca and STTD P increases the efficiency of Ca and P utilization. Forty barrows (59.4 ± 3.8 kg) were individually housed in metabolism crates and allotted to 4 corn-soybean meal diets and 2 periods of 11 d in a randomized complete block design. Diets were formulated using a 2 × 2 factorial design with 2 Ca requirement estimates (total Ca or STTD Ca) and 2 inclusion levels of microbial phytase (0 or 500 units/kg). Phytase was assumed to release 0.11% STTD P and 0.16% total Ca. Diets were formulated based on requirements for total Ca and STTD P and the ratio between STTD Ca and STTD P was 1.25:1 in diets formulated based on STTD Ca. Fecal and urine samples were collected from feed provided from d 6 to 9. Data for Ca and P balance were analyzed using a model that included the main effects of diet formulation and phytase level, the interaction between main effects, and the random effect of period. Interactions (P < 0.05) between diet formulation and phytase level were observed for Ca intake, Ca in feces, Ca digestibility, Ca retained as a percentage of intake, P digestibility, P absorbed, and P in urine (Table 1). Despite being provided less (P < 0.05) Ca, pigs fed diets formulated based on STTD Ca did not absorb or retain less Ca than pigs fed total Ca diets, but they absorbed more (P < 0.05) P than pigs fed diets formulated based on total Ca. In conclusion, by formulating diets based on values for STTD Ca, P absorption was increased confirming detrimental effects of oversupplying Ca.

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Standardized total tract digestibility of calcium varies among sources of calcium carbonate, but not among sources of dicalcium phosphate, but microbial phytase increases calcium digestibility in calcium carbonate1

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz176 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (8) ◽

pp. 3440-3450 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Su A Lee ◽

L Vanessa Lagos ◽

Carrie L Walk ◽

Hans H Stein

Keyword(s):

Energy Requirement ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Dicalcium Phosphate ◽

Adaptation Period ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Microbial Phytase ◽

Formulated Feed ◽

Ca Carbonate ◽

Different Sources

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of Ca and the response to microbial phytase is constant among different sources of Ca carbonate and that the STTD of Ca is constant among different sources of dicalcium phosphate (DCP) when fed to growing pigs. In Exp. 1, 80 pigs (initial BW: 19.0 ± 1.9 kg) were randomly allotted to 10 diets and 2 blocks with 4 pigs per diet in each block. Four sources of Ca carbonate were used, and each source was included in a diet without microbial phytase and a diet with microbial phytase (500 units/kg diet). Two Ca-free diets without or with microbial phytase were also formulated. Feed allowance was 2.7 times the maintenance energy requirement for ME and daily feed allotments were divided into 2 equal meals. The initial 4 d of each period were considered the adaptation period to the diets followed by 4 d of fecal collection using the marker-to-marker procedure. Pigs fed diets containing exogenous phytase had lower (P < 0.05) basal endogenous loss of Ca compared with pigs fed diets containing no phytase. There were no interactions between phytase and source of Ca carbonate. Values for STTD of Ca were greater (P < 0.05) for diets containing microbial phytase (77.3% to 85.4%) compared with diets without exogenous phytase (70.6% to 75.2%), and values for STTD of Ca differed (P < 0.05) among the 4 sources of Ca carbonate. In Exp. 2, 40 pigs (initial BW: 14.9 ± 1.3 kg) were allotted to a completely randomized design with 5 diets and 8 replicate pigs per diet. A basal diet in which all Ca was supplied by Ca carbonate was formulated. Three diets were formulated by adding 3 sources of DCP to the basal diet and a Ca-free diet was also used. Feeding and collection methods were as described for Exp. 1. Results indicated that values for STTD of Ca and ATTD of P were not different among diets, indicating that under the conditions of this experiment, the digestibility of Ca and P in DCP appears to be constant regardless of origin of DCP. In conclusion, use of microbial phytase reduces the basal endogenous loss of Ca and increases Ca digestibility in Ca carbonate. The STTD of Ca varies among sources of Ca carbonate, regardless of phytase inclusion, but that appears not to be the case for the STTD of Ca in different sources of DCP.

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Response of broilers to graded levels of microbial phytase added to maize–soyabean-meal-based diets containing three levels of non-phytate phosphorus

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19960190 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 75 (6) ◽

pp. 839-852 ◽

Cited By ~ 82

Author(s):

E. T. Kornegay ◽

D. M. Denbow ◽

Z. Yi ◽

V. Ravindran

Keyword(s):

Feed Intake ◽

Control Diet ◽

Linear Equations ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Positive Control ◽

Phytate Phosphorus ◽

Microbial Phytase ◽

Soyabean Meal ◽

Non Linear Equations ◽

Total P

Male 1-d-old broilers (n 920) were given 0, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 and 1200 U microbial pbytase/kg diet in combination with 2·0, 2·7 or 3·4 g non-phytate P (nP)/kg or 4·0, 5·1 or 5·8 g total P (tP)/kg in a 21 d trial to assess the effectiveness of phytase in a maize–soyabean-meal diet. In addition to the above twenty-one diets, a positive control P diet supplied 4·5 g nP/kg, 6·9 g tP/kg and 10 g Ca/kg. The basal diet contained 230g crude protein/kg, 8·8 g Ca/kg, 4·4 g tP/Fg and 2/0 g nP/kg. Defluorinated phosphate and limestone were used to supply P and Ca. A Ca:tP ratio of 2:l was maintained except in the positive control diet which had a ratio of 1·45: 1. Phytase additions linearly increased (P < 0·01) body-weight (SW) gain, feed intake, toe ash percentage, and apparent retention (% of intake) or total amount (g/bird) of retained Ca and P, and linearly decreased (P < 0·01) P excretion (g/kg of DM intake) at each level of nP with the magnitude of the response inversely related to the level of nP. Above-normal mortality was only observed in the group receiving 2·0 g nP/kg diet without phytase. Adding nP linearly increased (P < 0·01) BW gain, feed intake, toe ash percentage, Ca retention, total amount (g/bird) of P retained, and P excretion, and iinearly decreased (P < 0·01) apparent retention (%) of P. Derived linear and non-linear equations for BW gain and toe ash percentage at the two lower nP levels, 2·0 and 2·7 g/kg, were used to calculate P equivalency value of microbial phytase. The results show that 939 U microbial phytase is equivalent to 1 g P from defluorinated phosphate in broilers fed on maize–soyabean-meal diets. The amount of P released per 100 U phytase decreased as the total amount of phytase increased.

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Microbial phytase supplementation for improving availability of plant phosphorus in the diet of the growing pigs

Agricultural and Food Science ◽

10.23986/afsci.72917 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 62 (5) ◽

pp. 435-443

Author(s):

Matti Näsi

Keyword(s):

Aspergillus Niger ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Inorganic P ◽

Microbial Phytase ◽

Total P

The effect of a phytase supplement produced by Aspergillus niger on phytinphosphorus availability for pigs on phytase deficient maize-soybean meal diets was measured in two digestibility and balance experiments involving twelve growing pigs. Apparent digestibility of P in diets without inorganic-P supplementation or with low addition (0.18 of total P) was significantly lower than in the control diets (0.16 and 0.23 vs. 0.42; P

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Effect of microbial phytase on apparent digestibility and retention of phosphorus and nitrogen in growing pigs

Czech Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.17221/3962-cjas ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 51 (No. 10) ◽

pp. 437-443 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

P. Patráš ◽

S. Nitrayová ◽

A. Sommer ◽

J. Heger

Keyword(s):

Latin Square ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Ileal Digestibility ◽

Protein Deposition ◽

P Concentration ◽

Microbial Phytase ◽

Lower Protein ◽

Net Flux ◽

Total P

Six female pigs of approximately 50 kg BW, fitted with simple T-cannula in the terminal ileum, were used to study the effect of microbial phytase on apparent total tract digestibility and retention of P and N. Three P-adequate diets (digestible P concentration 2.3 g/kg) containing barley (B), soybean meal (S) or their mixture (BS) with or without phytase supplement (1 000 FTU/kg) were fed to pigs using a 6 × 6 Latin square design. The addition of phytase increased (P < 0.05) apparent total P digestibility of diets S and BS from 56.5 and 57.2% to 69.0 and 65.2%, respectively, and apparent plant P digestibility of the same diets from 41.3 and 50.0% to 60.5 and 60.0%, respectively. An insignificant improvement in total and plant P digestibilities was found in diet B. Phytase supplementation reduced (P < 0.05) P excretion in pigs fed diets S and BS by 25 and 14%, respectively. As compared with diets S and BS, urinary P excretion in pigs fed diet B was much higher, which suggests a lower requirement for available P due to the lower protein deposition and growth rate. Phytase supplementation had no effect on digestibility or retention of N. In all three diets, total tract P digestibility was lower (P < 0.05) than ileal digestibility thus indicating a net flux of P into the large intestine.  

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PSIII-18 Standardized total tract digestibility of Ca by growing pigs in different sources of calcium carbonate and dicalcium phosphate

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz122.307 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 173-174

Author(s):

Su A Lee ◽

Carrie L Walk ◽

Hans H Stein

Keyword(s):

Calcium Carbonate ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Random Effect ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Dicalcium Phosphate ◽

Adaptation Period ◽

Microbial Phytase ◽

Carbonate Source ◽

Different Sources

Abstract The objective was to test the hypothesis that standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of Ca and the response to microbial phytase is constant among different sources of calcium carbonate and different sources of dicalcium phosphate (DCP). In Exp. 1, 80 pigs (19.0 ± 1.9 kg) were placed in metabolism crates and randomly allotted to 10 diets. Four calcium carbonate-containing diets and a Ca-free diet were formulated without or with microbial phytase (500 units/kg diet). Feces were collected for 4 d after a 5 d adaptation period. Data were analyzed using a model that included calcium carbonate source, phytase, and the interaction between source and phytase as fixed effects and replicate as random effect. There were no interactions between phytase and source. The basal endogenous loss (BEL) of Ca from pigs fed phytase was less (P = 0.037) than from pigs fed no phytase. Values for STTD of Ca in calcium carbonate differed (P < 0.05) among the 4 sources, but increased (P < 0.05) if phytase was used (Table 1). In Exp. 2, 40 pigs (14.9 ± 1.3 kg) were allotted to a basal diet where all Ca was supplied by calcium carbonate, 3 diets containing calcium carbonate and DCP, and a Ca-free diet. Pigs were placed in metabolism crates and feces were collected as in Exp. 1. Data were analyzed using a model that included DCP-source as fixed effect and replicate as random effect. Results indicated that the STTD of Ca in DCP was not different among sources. In conclusion, use of microbial phytase reduces the BEL of Ca and increases Ca digestibility in calcium carbonate, but the STTD of Ca varies among sources of calcium carbonate. However, no difference in STTD of Ca among sources of DCP were observed.

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Dietary phosphate equivalence of four forms of Pi contrasted with a novel microbial phytase from Citrobacter braakii in broiler chickens

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an14489 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 55 (9) ◽

pp. 1145 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

A. J. Cowieson ◽

F. Fru-Nji ◽

O. Adeola

Keyword(s):

Broiler Chickens ◽

Potassium Phosphate ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Microbial Phytase ◽

Dietary Phosphate ◽

Bone Mineralisation ◽

Tibia Ash ◽

Total P

Two 21-day studies were conducted with broilers to evaluate the efficacy of a bacterial 6-phytase from Citrobacter braakii and compare four Pi sources. The four sources were phosphates of monocalcium (MCP), dicalcium (DCP), tricalcium (TCP) with potassium phosphate (KH2PO4) acting as a ‘positive control’ reference. In each study, 336 4-day-old male birds (Ross 708) were blocked based on initial bodyweight (BW) and randomly allotted to one of seven diets with six replicate cages of eight birds each. Access to experimental diets and water from Days 4 to 25 post-hatching was ad libitum. In the first study, the seven diets were: (1) a low-P negative control (NC) corn-soybean meal basal diet formulated to contain crude protein (CP), Ca, total P, and non-phytate P (nPP) at 218, 9.0, 4.5, and 2.0 g/kg, respectively; (2) NC plus 0.75 g Pi from KH2PO4/kg; (3) NC plus 0.75 g Pi from MCP/kg; (4) NC plus 0.75 g Pi from DCP/kg; (5) NC plus 0.75 g Pi from TCP/kg; (6) NC plus phytase at 500 FYT/kg; (7) NC plus phytase at 1000 FYT/kg. Feeding the low-P NC diet reduced (P < 0.01) BW gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and tibia ash. Supplementing the NC with Pi or phytase linearly improved (P < 0.01) BWG, FI, and tibia ash. Supplementing the NC with 0.75 g/kg Pi from MCP, DCP, or TCP were equipotent in improving BWG and FI; however, percent tibia ash was higher (P < 0.05) in birds fed MCP than either DCP or TCP. The second study was similar to the first study except that Ca, total P, and nPP in the NC were reduced to 7.0, 4.2, and 1.8 g/kg, respectively; and Pi from MCP, DCP, and TCP were reduced to 0.6 g/kg. Similar to observations in the first study, the low-P NC diet reduced (P < 0.01) BWG, FI, and tibia ash; and supplementing the NC with Pi or phytase linearly improved (P < 0.01) BWG, FI, P digestibility and tibia ash. Furthermore, supplementing the NC with 0.75 g Pi from MCP, DCP, or TCP per kg diet were equipotent in improving BWG, FI, and tibia ash though MCP resulted in superior (P < 0.05) retention of P compared with TCP. Results from both studies showed that the phytase was efficacious in releasing phytate-P for growth and bone mineralisation in chickens compensating, at least, the spared Pi, and that Pi sources commonly used in formulating diets of chickens may be different in their potential to supply digestible P.

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Eficacia de una nueva fitasa microbiana en dietas de cerdos en crecimiento

Revista ECIPeru ◽

10.33017/reveciperu2016.0004/ ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 25-32

Keyword(s):

Live Weight ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Percentage Points ◽

Apparent Digestibility Coefficient ◽

P Content ◽

Microbial Phytase ◽

Total P

Eficacia de una nueva fitasa microbiana en dietas de cerdos en crecimiento Effectiveness of a new microbial phytase in diets for growing pigs Yoany Leiva, Alba Cerisuelo, María Cambra y Juan José Pascua Universitat Politècnica de València, España DOI: https://doi.org/10.33017/RevECIPeru2016.0004/ Resumen El presente trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar los efectos de incorporación en el pienso de cerdos en crecimiento, una nueva fitasa de origen bacteriano sobre el coeficiente de digestibilidad aparente y retención de los diferentes nutrientes en cerdos en crecimiento. Se utilizaron cinco dietas experimentales que difieren en el nivel de incorporación de la fitasa y en el contenido en fósforo (P): la dieta control positivo (C+) con 7,1 g de P total/Kg sin fitasa, dieta control negativo (C-) con niveles bajos de P (5,6 g P total/Kg) sin fitasa y tres dietas a partir del C- suplementado con 250, 500 y 1000 unidades de fitasa, UFT/Kg de pienso. Se utilizaron 75 cerdos machos (32,24 ± 2,77 Kg peso vivo medio), en 5 tandas, cada tanda conformada por 15 cerdos. El periodo experimental tuvo una duración de 18 días, en cada tanda (7 días de adaptación a corral y pienso, 7 días de adaptación a la jaula de digestibilidad y 4 días de recogida de heces y orina – ensayo digestibilidad). En nuestras condiciones de estudio, la suplementación con fitasa en cerdos en crecimiento, a niveles de 500 y 1000 UFT/kg, produjo un incremento (p>0.05) de la digestibilidad del P en 5 y 9 puntos porcentuales y un aumento en la retención del P en 5,4 y 10 puntos porcentuales, respectivamente, en comparación con dietas bajas en P y sin fitasas (C-). Mientras que otros minerales no se vieron afectados por la dieta suplementada con fitasa. Abstract This research aimed to evaluate the effects of inclusion of a new phytase of bacterial origin in the feed of growing pigs, on apparent digestibility coefficient and retention of different nutrients. Five experimental diets differing in the addition of phytase and in phosphorus (P) content were used: positive control (C+) with 7.1g of total / kg P without phytase, negative control (C-) with low P (5.6 g total P/ kg) without phytase and three diets base don C- supplemented with 250, 500 and 1000 phytase units,UFT / Kg of feed. Seventy five male pigs (32.24 ± 2.77 kg live weight on average) were used, in five batches, each batch consisting of 15 pigs. The experimental period lasted 18 days, in each batch (7 days of adaptation to pen and feed, 7 days adaptation to digestibility cage and four days of collection of feces and urine – digestibility trial). In the conditions of this study, the addition of the new phytase in growing pigs at levels of 500 and 1000 UFT / kg produced an increase (p>0.05) in the digestibility of P in 5 to 9 percentage points and an increase in the retention of P in 5.4 and 10 percentage points, respectively compared with diets low in phosphorus and without phytase (C-). Other minerals were not affected by the addition of phytase. Keywords: fission, uranium 235

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Intrinsic phytase in hybrid rye increases the digestibility of phosphorus in corn and soybean meal in diets fed to growing pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa295 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (10) ◽

Author(s):

Joan L Archs Toledo ◽

Su A Lee ◽

Molly L McGhee ◽

Gonzalo G Mateos ◽

Hans H Stein

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Adaptation Period ◽

Mixed Diet ◽

Initial Body Weight ◽

Microbial Phytase ◽

Hybrid Rye ◽

The Individual

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that inclusion of hybrid rye in diets containing corn and soybean meal (SBM) without or with microbial phytase improves the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P because of the intrinsic phytase activity in hybrid rye. Forty-eight growing barrows (initial body weight: 39.5 ± 7.7 kg) were allotted to six diets. A basal diet containing corn and SBM; a rye-based diet; and a diet containing corn, SBM, and rye were formulated. Each diet was formulated without and with microbial phytase (500 units/kg of diet) for a total of six diets. Fecal samples were collected for 4 d following a 5-d adaptation period according to the marker-to-marker procedure. Results indicated that no interactions between diets and concentration of phytase were observed for any of the response criteria measured. The ATTD and STTD of P and the ATTD of Ca differed (P < 0.05) among diets, but regardless of diet, the concentration of P in feces was reduced (P < 0.05) by adding microbial phytase to the diets. As a consequence, microbial phytase increased (P < 0.05) ATTD and STTD of P, and the ATTD of Ca was also increased (P < 0.05) by the use of microbial phytase. Measured values for the ATTD and STTD of P in the diets containing corn, SBM, and hybrid rye without or with phytase were greater (P < 0.05) than values that were predicted based on the ATTD and STTD of P for the corn–SBM and the hybrid rye diet. The observation that STTD predicted from the individual ingredients underestimated the STTD of P in the mixed diet indicates that the intrinsic phytase in hybrid rye resulted in increased digestibility of the P in the corn and SBM included in the corn–SBM–hybrid rye diet. In conclusion, microbial phytase increased the ATTD and STTD of P and the ATTD of Ca regardless of feed ingredients used in diets fed to pigs. In addition, the intrinsic phytase from hybrid rye increased the ATTD and STTD of P in corn and SBM.

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Bioavailability of phosphorus as a tool for efficient P reduction schemes

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1998.0217 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 241-247 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Peter Gerdes ◽

Sabine Kunst

Keyword(s):

Sewage Treatment ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Effective Management ◽

Lower Saxony ◽

Effective Strategies ◽

P Balance ◽

Different Sources ◽

Total P ◽

P Sources ◽

P Bioavailability

The bioavailability of phosphorus from different sources has been evaluated in the catchment area of the River Ilmenau (Lower-Saxony, Germany) by using algal assays. The P bioavailability describes the different potential of P from various sources of supporting eutrophication. Effluents from sewage treatment plants were highly bioavailable (72% of TP) whereas rainwater (26%) and erosion effluents (30%) showed a low bioavailability. In order to develop effective strategies to minimize P inputs into the river, source specific P bioavailability indices were determined and combined with a P balance to calculate inputs of vioavailable P (BAP) instead of total P (TP). It could be shown that the relative importance of the different P sources changes when applying BAP. Measures to reduce P inputs into the River Ilmenau will take P bioavailability into consideration and therefore lead to a more cost-effective management.

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