scholarly journals Banks Grass Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) Suppression May Add to the Benefit of Drought-Tolerant Corn Hybrids Exposed to Water Stress

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Ruckert ◽  
Julian R Golec ◽  
Cody L Barnes ◽  
Ricardo A Ramirez
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Spider Mite ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Oligonychus Pratensis ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Mite Infestations ◽  
Arid West ◽  
Banks Grass Mite

Abstract Spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) outbreaks are common on corn grown in the arid West. Hot and dry conditions reduce mite development time, increase fecundity, and accelerate egg hatch. Climate change is predicted to increase drought incidents and produce more intense temperature patterns. Together, these environmental shifts may cause more frequent and severe spider mite infestations. Spider mite management is difficult as many commercially available acaricides are ineffective due to the development of resistance traits in field mite populations. Therefore, alternative approaches to suppress outbreaks are critically needed. Drought-tolerant plant hybrids alleviate the challenges of growing crops in water-limited environments; yet, it is unclear if drought-tolerant hybrids exposed to water stress affect mite outbreaks under these conditions. We conducted a greenhouse experiment to evaluate the effect of drought-tolerant corn hybrids on Banks grass mite [Oligonychus pratensis Banks (Acari: Tetranychidae)], a primary pest of corn, under optimal irrigation and water-stress irrigation. This was followed by a 2-yr field study investigating the effect of drought-tolerant corn hybrids exposed to the same irrigation treatments on Banks grass mite artificially infested on hybrids and resident spider mite populations. Results showed that water-stressed drought-tolerant hybrids had significantly lower Banks grass mite and resident spider mite populations than water-stressed drought-susceptible hybrids. Interestingly, water-stressed drought-tolerant hybrids had equal Banks grass mite populations to drought-susceptible and drought-tolerant hybrids under optimal irrigation. We posit that planting drought-tolerant hybrids may suppress spider mite outbreaks in water-challenged areas.

Response to water stress of soil enzymes and root exudates from drought and non-drought tolerant corn hybrids at different growth stages

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fengbin Song ◽  
Xiying Han ◽  
Xiancan Zhu ◽  
Stephen J. Herbert
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Root Exudates ◽  
Soil Enzymes ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Response To Water ◽  
Different Growth Stages

Song, F., Han, X., Zhu, X. and Herbert, S. J. 2012. Response to water stress of soil enzymes and root exudates from drought and non-drought tolerant corn hybrids at different growth stages. Can. J. Soil Sci 92: 501–507. Drought tolerant corn hybrids (Zea mays L.) are an excellent model to evaluate the effect of water stress on rhizosphere functions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influences of water stress on soil pH, enzyme activities, and root exudates from corn. Two corn hybrids, Baidan 9 (drought tolerant) and Baidan 31 (non-drought tolerant) were grown in soil-filled pots for pH and enzyme assays and in hydroponics culture for root exudate analysis. Water stress was imposed at four growth stages: seedling, elongation, tasseling and grain-filling stages. Soil pH was lower in the rhizosphere than bulk soil, but was not affected by water deficiency. Water stress increased protease activity at the seedling stage, but reduced its activities at other stages compared to the control. A significant positive correlation was observed between pH and alkaline phosphatase activity under water stress. Compared to Baidan 31, the rhizosphere of drought-tolerant Baidan 9 had greater protease and catalase activities at all growth stages, greater alkaline phosphatase, lower acid phosphatase and greater invertase activities at elongation, tasseling and filling stages. Osmotic stress increased the organic acid concentration (malic, lactic, acetic, succinic, citric and maleic acids) in root exudates of Baidan 9 and Baidan 31; as well there was a greater fumaric acid concentration in Baidan 31 under osmotic stress than without stress. The increased soil enzyme activities and organic acids exuded from the rhizosphere of plants under water stress might contribute to drought tolerance in corn hybrids.

Current topics in drought physiology

1992 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. Jones ◽  
J. E. Corlett
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Crop Management ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Rational Basis ◽  
Rapid Methods ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Dry Conditions

Drought is probably the most important factor limiting crop yields worldwide, therefore it is not surprising that there has been continuing interest in the ways in which drought affects crop yield. Efforts have been concentrated in this area in the hope that it would prove possible to use a knowledge of drought physiology to provide a rational basis for the development of rapid methods of breeding drought tolerant cultivars, and also to help in the improvement of crop management for dry conditions. The last five years have seen some important reassessments of the underlying principles and concepts involved in plant response to drought and these will be outlined in this brief review. Some of these important shifts in emphasis have been highlighted by Kramer (1988), Passioura (1988), Schulzeel al.(1988) and Boyer (1989), particularly in relation to the question of what measure of water stress is most relevant to plant function. As it is not possible to cover all aspects of drought physiology in a brief review of this nature, we highlight four topics where recent findings may have particular relevance to the improvement of drought tolerance in agricultural crops.

scholarly journals Evaluation of drought tolerance in new Bulgarian sweet corn genotypes with using stress tolerance indices

Genetika ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 639-650
Author(s):  
Lydia Shtereva ◽  
Roumiana Vassilevska-Ivanova ◽  
Boris Kraptchev
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Tolerance Indices ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

Two inbred lines and their heterotic F1 hybrid of sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. rugosa Bonaf.) were evaluated to assess their reaction for PEG-mediated water stress at the seedling stage in terms of various physiological and biochemical traits. Water potentials were: zero as control and -0.6, -0.9, -1.2 and -1.5 MPa as treatments. Stress- determining parameters such as proline content, malondiadehyde, and hydrogen peroxide were measured. In water stress, the germination was inversely proportional to the Polyethylene glycol concentrations in all three genotypes; roots and shoots length, fresh and dry weight decreased with an increasing of polyethylene glycol concentration. Malondiadehyde, proline, and hydrogen peroxide were found to be increased at different osmotic gradients in comparison to control. The data observed in the experiments revealed that the line C-6 might be used as a very promising parent to breed and select new drought tolerant sweet corn hybrids. Such a suggestion needs to be further explored by involving a larger set of sweet corn lines and hybrids.

scholarly journals Promotion of Growth and Physiological Characteristics in Water-Stressed Triticum aestivum in Relation to Foliar-Application of Salicylic Acid

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1316
Author(s):  
Abida Parveen ◽  
Muhammad Arslan Ashraf ◽  
Iqbal Hussain ◽  
Shagufta Perveen ◽  
Rizwan Rasheed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Photosynthetic Pigments ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Growth Attributes

The present work reports the assessment of the effectiveness of a foliar-spray of salicylic acid (SA) on growth attributes, biochemical characteristics, antioxidant activities and osmolytes accumulation in wheat grown under control (100% field capacity) and water stressed (60% field capacity) conditions. The total available water (TAW), calculated for a rooting depth of 1.65 m was 8.45 inches and readily available water (RAW), considering a depletion factor of 0.55, was 4.65 inches. The water contents corresponding to 100 and 60% field capacity were 5.70 and 1.66 inches, respectively. For this purpose, seeds of two wheat cultivars (Fsd-2008 and S-24) were grown in pots subjected to water stress. Water stress at 60% field capacity markedly reduced the growth attributes, photosynthetic pigments, total soluble proteins (TSP) and total phenolic contents (TPC) compared with control. However, cv. Fsd-2008 was recorded as strongly drought-tolerant and performed better compared to cv. S-24, which was moderately drought tolerant. However, water stress enhanced the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and membrane electrolyte leakage (EL) and modulated the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), as well as accumulation of ascorbic acid (AsA), proline (Pro) and glycine betaine (GB) contents. Foliar-spray with salicylic acid (SA; 0, 3 mM and 6 mM) effectively mitigated the adverse effects of water stress on both cultivars. SA application at 6 mM enhanced the shoot and root length, as well as their fresh and dry weights, and improved photosynthetic pigments. SA foliage application further enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, and CAT) and nonenzymatic antioxidants such as ascorbic acid and phenolics contents. However, foliar-spray of SA reduced MDA, H2O2 and membrane permeability in both cultivars under stress conditions. The results of the present study suggest that foliar-spray of salicylic acid was effective in increasing the tolerance of wheat plants under drought stress in terms of growth attributes, antioxidant defense mechanisms, accumulation of osmolytes, and by reducing membrane lipid peroxidation.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity of Selected Rice Genotypes under Water Stress Conditions

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Mahmoud M. Gaballah ◽  
Azza M. Metwally ◽  
Milan Skalicky ◽  
Mohamed M. Hassan ◽  
Marian Brestic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Ssr Markers ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Rice Genotypes

Drought is the most challenging abiotic stress for rice production in the world. Thus, developing new rice genotype tolerance to water scarcity is one of the best strategies to achieve and maximize high yield potential with water savings. The study aims to characterize 16 rice genotypes for grain and agronomic parameters under normal and drought stress conditions, and genetic differentiation, by determining specific DNA markers related to drought tolerance using Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) markers and grouping cultivars, establishing their genetic relationship for different traits. The experiment was conducted under irrigated (normal) and water stress conditions. Mean squares due to genotype × environment interactions were highly significant for major traits. For the number of panicles/plants, the genotypes Giza179, IET1444, Hybrid1, and Hybrid2 showed the maximum mean values. The required sterility percentage values were produced by genotypes IET1444, Giza178, Hybrid2, and Giza179, while, Sakha101, Giza179, Hybrid1, and Hybrid2 achieved the highest values of grain yield/plant. The genotypes Giza178, Giza179, Hybrid1, and Hybrid2, produced maximum values for water use efficiency. The effective number of alleles per locus ranged from 1.20 alleles to 3.0 alleles with an average of 1.28 alleles, and the He values for all SSR markers used varied from 0.94 to 1.00 with an average of 0.98. The polymorphic information content (PIC) values for the SSR were varied from 0.83 to 0.99, with an average of 0.95 along with a highly significant correlation between PIC values and the number of amplified alleles detected per locus. The highest similarity coefficient between Giza181 and Giza182 (Indica type) was observed and are susceptible to drought stress. High similarity percentage between the genotypes (japonica type; Sakha104 with Sakha102 and Sakha106 (0.45), Sakha101 with Sakha102 and Sakha106 (0.40), Sakha105 with Hybrid1 (0.40), Hybrid1 with Giza178 (0.40) and GZ1368-S-5-4 with Giza181 (0.40)) was also observed, which are also susceptible to drought stress. All genotypes are grouped into two major clusters in the dendrogram at 66% similarity based on Jaccard’s similarity index. The first cluster (A) was divided into two minor groups A1 and A2, in which A1 had two groups A1-1 and A1-2, containing drought-tolerant genotypes like IET1444, GZ1386-S-5-4 and Hybrid1. On the other hand, the A1-2 cluster divided into A1-2-1 containing Hybrid2 genotype and A1-2-2 containing Giza179 and Giza178 at coefficient 0.91, showing moderate tolerance to drought stress. The genotypes GZ1368-S-5-4, IET1444, Giza 178, and Giza179, could be included as appropriate materials for developing a drought-tolerant variety breeding program. Genetic diversity to grow new rice cultivars that combine drought tolerance with high grain yields is essential to maintaining food security.

Water stress affects the productivity, growth components, competitiveness and water relations of phalaris and white clover growing in a mixed pasture

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 659 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Guobin ◽  
DR Kemp ◽  
GB Liu
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Water Potentials ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Water Contents

The effect of water stress during summer and recovery after rain on herbage accumulation, leaf growth components, stomatal conductance and leaf water relations of white clover (Trifolium repens cv. Haifa) and phalaris (Phalaris aquatica cv. Australian Commercial) was studied in an established mixed pasture under dryland (dry) or irrigated (wet) conditions. Soil water deficits under dry conditions reached 150 mm and soil water potentials in the top 20 cm declined to nearly -2 MPa after 50 days of dry weather. Water stress severely restricted growth of both species but then after rain fell, white clover growth rates exceeded those of phalaris. Under irrigation, white clover produced twice the herbage mass of phalaris but under dry conditions herbage production was similar from both species. Leaf appearance rates per tiller or stolon were slightly higher for white clover than phalaris but were reduced by 20% under water stress in both species. Leaf or petiole extension rates were more sensitive to water stress than leaf appearance rates and declined by 75% in phalaris and 90% in white clover. The ratio of leaf or petiole extension rates on dry/wet treatments was similar for both species in relation to leaf relative water contents, but in relation to leaf water potentials phalaris maintained higher leaf growth rates. Phalaris maintained a higher leaf relative water content in relation to leaf water potentials than did white clover and also maintained higher leaf water potentials in relation to the soil water potential in the top 20 cm. Stomata1 conductances for both species declined by 80-90% with increasing water stress, and both species showed similar stomatal responses to bulk leaf water potentials and leaf relative water contents. It is suggested that the poorer performance of white clover under water stress may be due principally to a shallower root system than phalaris and not due to any underlying major physiological differences. The white clover cultivar used in this study came from the mediterranean region and showed some different responses to water stress than previously published evidence on white clover. This suggests genetic variation in responses to water stress may exist within white clover. To maintain white clover in a pasture under dry conditions it is suggested that grazing practices aim to retain a high proportion of growing points.

scholarly journals Competition between drought-tolerant upland rice cultivars and weeds under water stress condition

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.B. Cerqueira ◽  
E.A.L. Erasmo ◽  
J.I.C. Silva ◽  
T.V. Nunes ◽  
G.P. Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Stress Condition ◽  
Upland Rice ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Water Stress Condition ◽  
Water Conditions

The objective of this study was to evaluate the competitiveness of two cultivars of upland rice drought-tolerant, cultured in coexistence with weed S. verticillata, under conditions of absence and presence of water stress. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Experimental Station of the Universidade Federal de Tocantins, Gurupi-TO Campus. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial 2 x 2 x 4 with four replications. The treatments consisted of two rice cultivars under two water conditions and four densities. At 57 days after emergence, were evaluated in rice cultivars and weed S. verticillata leaf area, dry weight of roots and shoots and total concentration and depth of roots. Was also evaluated in rice cultivars, plant height and number of tillers. Water stress caused a reduction in leaf area, the concentration of roots and vegetative components of dry matter (APDM, and MSR MST) of rice cultivars and Jatoba Catetão and weed S. verticillata. The competition established by the presence of the weed provided reduction of all vegetative components (MSPA, and MSR MST) of cultivars and Jatoba Catetão. It also decreased the number of tillers, the concentration of roots and leaf area. At the highest level of weed competition with rice cultivars, a greater decrease in vegetative components and leaf area of culture, regardless of water conditions.

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