Performance of Commercial Insecticide Formulations Against Different Developmental Stages of Insecticide-Resistant Tropical Bed Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin-Yeng Leong ◽  
Dae-Yun Kim ◽  
Kai Dang ◽  
G Veera Singham ◽  
Stephen L Doggett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Contact Method ◽  
Bed Bugs ◽  
Immersion Method ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Bed Bug ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Cimex Hemipterus ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High

Abstract This study examined the presence of insecticide resistance in different developmental stages (adults, first instars, and eggs) of the tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus (F.) using several insecticide formulations. Adults and first instars of five strains (Queensland, Kuala Lumpur, Bukit Mertajam, Saujana, and Krystal Point) were evaluated using the surface contact method and compared with a susceptible strain (Monheim) of the common bed bug Cimex lectularius L. The insecticide formulations were used at their label rates in this study: Tandem (thiamethoxam [11.6%], lambda-cyhalothrin [3.5%]) at 183.96 mg/m2; Temprid SC (imidacloprid [21%], beta-cyfluthrin [10.5%]) at 106.13 mg/m2; Sumithion 20CS (fenitrothion [20%]) at 250 mg/m2; Pesguard FG161 (d-tetramethrin [4.4%], cyphenothrin [13.2%]) at 110 mg/m2; and Sumithrin 10SEC (d-phenothrin [10%]) at 100 mg/m2. Results showed a very high level of resistance to Pesguard FG161 (388.3 to >605.0 times) and Sumithrin (302.9 to >365.5 times) in all adults of the strains tested, whereas low to high levels of resistance were registered for Tandem (1.4–4.7 times), Temprid (7.3–16.7 times), and Sumithion (1.2–14.6 times) for adults of all bed bug strains. For first instars, resistance to the former two formulations were high to very high (31.4–118.1 times). In contrast, they showed lower resistance to Tandem, Temprid, and Sumithion (1.0–10.2 times). An immersion method used to test on bed bug eggs found high to very high resistance toward all tested formulations. Results demonstrate that the resistance level varies between bed bug developmental stages.

scholarly journals Influences of Exposure Time and Mortality Assessment Interval on Bioassay Results of Insecticide-Resistant Tropical Bed Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 640
Author(s):  
Xin-Yeng Leong ◽  
G. Veera Singham ◽  
Alexander Chong Shu-Chien ◽  
Stephen L. Doggett ◽  
Chow-Yang Lee
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Time ◽  
Reference Strain ◽  
Contact Method ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Bed Bugs ◽  
Killing Effect ◽  
Bed Bug ◽  
Insecticide Exposure ◽  
Cimex Hemipterus ◽  
Moderate Resistance

We evaluated the influences of insecticide exposure time and mortality assessment intervals on the bioassay results of three insecticide-resistant tropical bed bug Cimex hemipterus (F.) populations (Madam Mo, Tanjong Tokong, and Green Lane). This was achieved using the surface contact method and tested with six commercial insecticide products: Tandem, Temprid SC, Pesguard FG161, Sumithrin, Sumithion, and Phantom applied at label rate on glass petri dishes. Six exposure times (5 min, 10 min, 30 min, 1 h, 4 h, and continuous exposure for 4 or 14 days for Phantom) were tested. A susceptible common bed bug Cimex lectularius L. strain (Monheim) was used as the reference strain as no susceptible C. hemipterus strain exists. In treatment with Temprid SC, the Tanjong Tokong strain showed significantly higher KT50 values at 5, 10, and 30 min exposures than 1 h, 4 h, and continuous exposures. When all resistant populations were evaluated at continuous exposure to Sumithion, they demonstrated moderate resistance levels (RR50 ranged from 6.0 to 7.9), while KT50 and KT95 of other shorter exposure times failed to be generated due to low knockdown rate. Higher mortalities were observed in Tanjong Tokong and Green Lane strains when tested at longer exposure times with Temprid SC, Pesguard FG161, Sumithrin, Sumithion, and Phantom. Better killing effect was observed in the treatment with Temprid SC (Tanjong Tokong and Green Lane strains), Pesguard FG161 (Tanjong Tokong and Green Lane strains), Sumithrin (all C. hemipterus strains), Sumithion (all C. hemipterus strains), and Phantom (all strains tested) at longer mortality assessment intervals. We demonstrated that insecticide exposure time and mortality assessment interval could potentially affect outcomes of product performance evaluations, resulting in underestimation or overestimation of insecticide resistance levels in field populations.

scholarly journals Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Ingested Hydroprene and Methoprene on Development and Fecundity of the Common Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 1199-1206
Author(s):  
Angela Sierras ◽  
Coby Schal
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Bed Bugs ◽  
Bed Bug ◽  
Alternative Interventions ◽  
Hormone Analog ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Cimex Hemipterus ◽  
The Common ◽  
High Concentrations

Abstract In the last two decades, bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L. and Cimex hemipterus F.) have become perennial and difficult to control indoor pests. Current pest control options are severely constrained by high prevalence of insecticide resistance and availability and relatively high costs of alternative interventions. Among various measures to counter the drawbacks of insecticide resistance include efforts to diversify the modes of action of insecticides with residual applications of combinations of insecticides, which include a juvenile hormone analog (JHA). JHAs, such as hydroprene and methoprene, have a desirable safety profile and are effective against a variety of indoor pests. We evaluated the potential of hydroprene and methoprene to be incorporated into an ingestible bait, with dose–response studies on fifth-instar male and female bed bugs. Females were more susceptible than males to both JHAs, and methoprene was more effective by ingestion than hydroprene at inducing both lethal and sublethal effects. Ingestion of ≥10 µg/ml blood of either JHA by last instar nymphs reduced oviposition; untreated females that mated with males exposed to high concentrations of either JHA also exhibited lower oviposition. We suggest that methoprene could be incorporated into integrated pest management programs in liquid baits and residual sprays in combination with other active ingredients.

Recent Detection of Multiple Populations of the Tropical Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Exhibiting kdr-Associated Mutations in Hawaii

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 1077-1081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cari D Lewis ◽  
Brenna A Levine ◽  
Edward L Vargo ◽  
Coby Schal ◽  
Warren Booth
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Knockdown Resistance ◽  
Bed Bugs ◽  
Natural Distribution ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Bed Bug ◽  
Cimex Hemipterus ◽  
The Common

Abstract In recent years, bed bugs have experienced a remarkable resurgence on a near global scale. While reports have primarily focused on the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius (L.), which has resurged largely in temperate regions, in tropical regions the tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus (F.) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), has reemerged as well. Recent reports of C. hemipterus introductions to subtropical and temperate regions, outside of the species natural distribution, suggest the potential for establishment and further spread. Establishment may be aided by insecticide resistance mechanisms, such as the presence of knockdown resistance (kdr)-associated mutations, which potentially confer resistance to pyrethroid, pyrethrin, and organochloride insecticides. Here, we present the first report of the detection and likely establishment of C. hemipterus in Honolulu, Hawaii, from samples collected in 2009 and 2019. Furthermore, through partial sequencing of the voltage-gated sodium channel, we report the presence of kdr-associated mutations in all samples. These findings have implications for the implementation of control strategies aimed at eradicating infestations.

scholarly journals Fecundity, Survival and Susceptibility of Bedbugs (Cimex Hemipterus), Exposed to Selected Classes of Insecticides: A Short Report

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARY Aigbiremo OBOH ◽  
Taiye Shade Olusegun-Joseph ◽  
Adedayo Michael Awoniyi ◽  
Maureen Ihinosen Ileaboya ◽  
Bukola Tawakalitu Lawal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Exposed Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Short Report ◽  
Bed Bugs ◽  
Bed Bug ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
Cimex Hemipterus ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus, is a nocturnal obligate blood-sucking ecto-parasite of humans that is highly prevalent in Nigeria. Bed bug control heavily relies on the application of several insecticides-based formulations. Insecticide resistance in bed bug populations has been widely reported. Here, we assessed the mortality and fecundity of bed bugs following exposure to different classes of insecticides. Methods: Bed bugs were collected from students’ halls of resident and exposed to DDT (4%), permethrin (0.75), bendiocarb (0.1) and malathion (4%) insecticide-impregnated papers. Mortality and number of eggs laid by each exposed groups were recorded at 24hrs, 48hrs and 72hrs. Results: The relative numbers of eggs produced by bedbugs in the DDT, bendiocarb and malathion assays were lower than what was observed in the control 24 hours after exposure. The highest reduction in egg production was observed in the malathion exposed-group compared to the other insecticides and the control group. The impact of the different assays on bugs mortality revealed DDT to produce a time-dependent outcome with the highest death rate (36.7%) recorded 24 hours’ post-exposure. In contrast, malathion and bendiocarb impacted the most mortality (53.3% and 46.6%) after 72 hours. Conclusion: This study revealed an occurrence of suspected insecticide resistance to all classes of insecticide used in bed bug populations in Lagos State, Nigeria.

The double-mutation（M918I + L1014F）kdr allele is fixed in Cimex hemipterus populations in Guangxi, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (4) ◽  
pp. 506-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuhan Zhao ◽  
Xiangyang Feng ◽  
Mei Li ◽  
Xinghui Qiu
Keyword(s):  
Nucleotide Variation ◽  
Cytochrome C Oxidase I ◽  
Bed Bugs ◽  
Double Mutation ◽  
Bed Bug ◽  
Single Origin ◽  
Low Genetic Diversity ◽  
Cimex Hemipterus ◽  
L1014f Kdr ◽  
Continued Use

AbstractFour putative knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations have been documented in the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene of Cimex hemipterus from several countries. However, no information regarding kdr mutations in any Chinese tropical bed bug population is available to date. In this study, a double-mutation（M918I + L1014F）kdr allele was identified in six C. hemipterus populations across Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China. The frequency of this allele was 100% in all the six examined populations. In addition, only two cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene haplotypes, with one synonymous nucleotide variation, were identified in a total of 48 individuals from six locations. The fixation and broad geographic distribution of this resistant allele questions the continued use of pyrethroids in the treatment of tropical bed bug infestations. The very low genetic diversity within and among these populations indicates that these bed bugs may have a single origin.

scholarly journals Assessment of Conventional Insecticides against Common Bed Bugs Cimex Hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) in Jeddah Province, Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 757-765
Author(s):  
Samar A. Khan ◽  
Jazem A. Mahyoub ◽  
Khalid M. Al-Ghamdi ◽  
Samia Q. Alghamdi ◽  
Tariq S. Alghamdi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Contact Method ◽  
Organophosphorus Insecticides ◽  
Bed Bugs ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Lc50 Value ◽  
Pest Outbreaks ◽  
Cimex Hemipterus ◽  
Periodic Evaluation

Bed bugs, Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) are small insects that are considered public health pests and cause many health and economic problems. The efficacy of Organophosphorus insecticides (Safrotin and Actikill) and pyrethroids (Project and Cyper Safe) in controlling C. hemipterus adults and nymphs were investigated using contact and dipping methods. The WHO protocol was followed for insecticides application. The results of the current study showed that the project pesticide from the pyrethroids group gave the highest effectiveness against bed bugs, as the value of the concentration that killed 50% (LC50) of insects was of the adults (264.8, 337.5 ppm) when using dipping and contact methods, respectively. while the LC50 value when applying the two methods of the same insecticide against nymphs was 254.7 and 329.3ppm, respectively. However, Safrotin the more effective organophosphorus insecticide. The dipping method was more effective than the contact method for all insecticides, and the nymphs were more susceptible than the adults (LC50= 1502.6 and 1065.28ppm). The pesticides can be arranged in descending order according to their effect as follows: Project> Cyper Safe > Safrotin > Actikill. Our findings suggest that bed bugs in Jeddah Province may have developed resistance to common pesticides used in public health pest management programs. For this reason, this study recommends a periodic evaluation of the effectiveness of pesticides to be used during emergency pest outbreaks

THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF BED BUGS OF NATURAL POPULATION (CIMEX LECTULARIUS L.) TO ACETAMIPRID

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 40-44
Author(s):  
M. A. Levchenko ◽  
◽  
E. A. Silivanova ◽  
R. Kh. Bikinyaeva ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Population ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Probit Analysis ◽  
Cimex Lectularius ◽  
Contact Method ◽  
Poultry Farm ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Bed Bugs ◽  
Bed Bug

The bed bug Cimex lectularius L. is a common ectoparasite in the buildings of poultry farms. There are a number of chemicals for the bed bug control, although literature data reports about insecticide-resistant populations of C. lectularius. The high efficiency of pest control on large livestock or poultry farm facilities can be achieved by the competent choice of an insecticidal formulation based on the insecticide susceptibility of insects on these farms. The aim of this work was to determine the acetamiprid susceptibility of natural population of bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) in a poultry farm. Tests were carried out with larvae and adults bed bugs taken from the poultry facility. The susceptibility to acetamiprid was assessed by the insect dosed contact method with lethal concentrations, which were determined by the weighted probit analysis method. The median lethal concentration of acetamiprid was 0,00000648% and its median lethal dose was 1,88 μg/g of insect weight. The acetamiprid concentration that was 4 times lower than the diagnostic one led to 100% mortality of insects. The results suggest that the natural population of bed bugs from the Company “Poultry farm Pyshminskaya” are susceptible to acetamiprid.

scholarly journals Assessment of Tropical Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), Infestations in Cape Coast, Ghana: Household Control Practices and Efficacy of Commercial Insecticides and Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets Against Field Bed Bugs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Godwin Deku ◽  
Rofela Combey ◽  
Stephen L Doggett ◽  
Benjamin A Mensah
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Cape Coast ◽  
Bed Bugs ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Bed Bug ◽  
Cimex Hemipterus ◽  
Baseline Information ◽  
Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets ◽  
Coast Region

Abstract This study reports the first baseline information on tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus (F.) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), infestations in Ghana. The purpose of this study was to assess bed bug infestation levels, and the efficacy of locally available insecticides and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) in controlling field bed bugs populations in the Cape Coast region. A survey was undertaken to assess bed bug infestation levels and current control practices by residents. In total, 205 bed bug affected households were identified in 20 communities and live bed bug infestations were associated with most of these premises. Many homeowners knew of other households (from 1 to 3) with a bed bug infestation. Residents reported itching and swelling of the skin from the bed bug bites and the bites were considered severe. The most common household bed bug control strategy was the application of insecticides. However, LLINs and commercially formulated insecticides commonly used by households (notably chloropyrifos and pyrethroid-based formulations) did not efficaciously suppress field collected strains of C. hemipterus. Using a dipping bioassay, mean mortality ranged from 0 to 60% for eggs, nymphs, and adults, and less than 40% mortality was observed in bed bugs placed on insecticide-treated filter paper. Each LLINs (all are pyrethroid based) produced a mean mortality of less than 20% in adult bed bugs. For a more effective response to the global bed bug resurgence in developing countries, government and supporting agencies need to render assistance to bed bug affected residents through the provision of improved pest management strategies.

scholarly journals High Levels of Pyrethroid Resistance and Super-Kdr Mutations in the Populations of Tropical Bed Bug, Cimex Hemipterus, in Iran

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Bagher Ghavami ◽  
Zarafat Ghahremani ◽  
Narges Raeisi ◽  
Behrooz Taghiloo
Keyword(s):  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Bed Bugs ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Bed Bug ◽  
Diagnostic Assays ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Receptor Sites ◽  
Cimex Hemipterus ◽  
Molecular Information

Abstract Background: Tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus, is an important ectoparasite causing various health problems. This species is mainly confined to tropical regions; however, insecticide resistance, global warming, and globalization have changed its distribution map. Molecular information on pyrethroid resistance, which is essential for the development of control programs, is unknown for C. hemipterus in expanded areas. The present study was designed to determine the permethrin resistance status, characterize the pyrethroid receptor sites in voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) gene and identify the resistance-related mutations in the populations of tropical bed bug in Iran. Methods: Live bed bugs were collected, and adults of C. hemipterus were selected for bioassay and molecular surveys. Bioassay was performed by tarsal contact with permethrin 0.75% in mixed-sex of samples. Conventional and quantitative TaqMan and SYBR green real-time PCR assays were conducted to characterize the vgsc gene and genotypes of studied populations. Results: In the bioassay tests, the mortality rates were in the range of 30.7-38.7% and 56.2-77.4% in 24 and 48 hrs, respectively. The knockdown rates of studied populations were in the range of 32.2-46.6% and 61.5-83.8% in the first and second days, respectively. The KT50 and KT90 values in the C. lectularius Kh1 strain were presented as 5.39 and 15.55 hrs, respectively. These values in the selected populations of C. hemipterus varied from 27.9 to 29.5 and from 82.8 to 104.4 hrs, respectively. Knockdown resistance ratios (KR50 and KR90) in these populations varied from 5.17 to 6.17-fold compared with those of the C. lectularius Kh1 strain. Fragments of vgsc gene with 355 bp and 812 bp were amplified. Analysis of sequences revealed the A468T substitution, kdr-associated D953G, and super-kdr M918I and L1014F mutations in all populations. Conclusions: The simple, specific/sensitive and rapid diagnostic assays developed in this study are recommended for detection of kdr/super-kdr mutations and frequency of mutant alleles. The presence of super-kdr mutations and high resistance to permethrin in all the populations necessitate the reconsideration of control approaches against C. hemipterus.

scholarly journals High levels of pyrethroid resistance and super-kdr mutations in the populations of tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus, in Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Bagher Ghavami ◽  
Zarafat Ghahremani ◽  
Narges Raeisi ◽  
Behrooz Taghiloo
Keyword(s):  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Bed Bugs ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Bed Bug ◽  
Diagnostic Assays ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Receptor Sites ◽  
Cimex Hemipterus ◽  
Molecular Information

Abstract Background The tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus, is an important ectoparasite causing various health problems. This species is mainly confined to tropical regions; however, insecticide resistance, global warming, and globalization have changed its distribution map. Molecular information on pyrethroid resistance, which is essential for the development of control programs, is unknown for C. hemipterus in expanded areas. The present study was designed to determine the permethrin resistance status, characterize the pyrethroid receptor sites in voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) gene, and identify the resistance-related mutations in the populations of tropical bed bug in Iran. Methods Live bed bugs were collected, and adults of C. hemipterus were selected for bioassay and molecular surveys. Bioassay was performed by tarsal contact with permethrin 0.75% in mixed-sex of samples. Conventional and quantitative TaqMan and SYBR Green real-time PCR assays were conducted to characterize the vgsc gene and genotypes of studied populations. Results In the bioassay tests, the mortality rates were in the range of 30.7–38.7% and 56.2–77.4% in 24 and 48 h, respectively. The knockdown rates of studied populations were in the range of 32.2–46.6% and 61.5–83.8% in the first and second days, respectively. The KT50 and KT90 values in the Cimex lectularius Kh1 strain were presented as 5.39 and 15.55 h, respectively. These values in the selected populations of C. hemipterus varied from 27.9 to 29.5 and from 82.8 to 104.4 h, respectively. Knockdown time ratios (KR50 and KR90) in these populations varied from 5.17 to 6.17-fold compared with those of the C. lectularius Kh1 strain. Fragments of vgsc gene with 355 bp and 812 bp were amplified. Analysis of sequences revealed the A468T substitution, kdr-associated D953G, and super-kdr M918I and L1014F mutations in all populations. Conclusions The specific/sensitive, safe, and rapid diagnostic assays developed in this study are recommended for detection of kdr/super-kdr mutations and frequency of mutant alleles. The presence of super-kdr mutations and high resistance to permethrin in all the populations necessitate the reconsideration of control approaches against C. hemipterus. Graphical Abstract

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document