scholarly journals Assessment of Conventional Insecticides against Common Bed Bugs Cimex Hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) in Jeddah Province, Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 757-765
Author(s):  
Samar A. Khan ◽  
Jazem A. Mahyoub ◽  
Khalid M. Al-Ghamdi ◽  
Samia Q. Alghamdi ◽  
Tariq S. Alghamdi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Contact Method ◽  
Organophosphorus Insecticides ◽  
Bed Bugs ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Lc50 Value ◽  
Pest Outbreaks ◽  
Cimex Hemipterus ◽  
Periodic Evaluation

Bed bugs, Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) are small insects that are considered public health pests and cause many health and economic problems. The efficacy of Organophosphorus insecticides (Safrotin and Actikill) and pyrethroids (Project and Cyper Safe) in controlling C. hemipterus adults and nymphs were investigated using contact and dipping methods. The WHO protocol was followed for insecticides application. The results of the current study showed that the project pesticide from the pyrethroids group gave the highest effectiveness against bed bugs, as the value of the concentration that killed 50% (LC50) of insects was of the adults (264.8, 337.5 ppm) when using dipping and contact methods, respectively. while the LC50 value when applying the two methods of the same insecticide against nymphs was 254.7 and 329.3ppm, respectively. However, Safrotin the more effective organophosphorus insecticide. The dipping method was more effective than the contact method for all insecticides, and the nymphs were more susceptible than the adults (LC50= 1502.6 and 1065.28ppm). The pesticides can be arranged in descending order according to their effect as follows: Project> Cyper Safe > Safrotin > Actikill. Our findings suggest that bed bugs in Jeddah Province may have developed resistance to common pesticides used in public health pest management programs. For this reason, this study recommends a periodic evaluation of the effectiveness of pesticides to be used during emergency pest outbreaks

Performance of Commercial Insecticide Formulations Against Different Developmental Stages of Insecticide-Resistant Tropical Bed Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin-Yeng Leong ◽  
Dae-Yun Kim ◽  
Kai Dang ◽  
G Veera Singham ◽  
Stephen L Doggett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Contact Method ◽  
Bed Bugs ◽  
Immersion Method ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Bed Bug ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Cimex Hemipterus ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High

Abstract This study examined the presence of insecticide resistance in different developmental stages (adults, first instars, and eggs) of the tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus (F.) using several insecticide formulations. Adults and first instars of five strains (Queensland, Kuala Lumpur, Bukit Mertajam, Saujana, and Krystal Point) were evaluated using the surface contact method and compared with a susceptible strain (Monheim) of the common bed bug Cimex lectularius L. The insecticide formulations were used at their label rates in this study: Tandem (thiamethoxam [11.6%], lambda-cyhalothrin [3.5%]) at 183.96 mg/m2; Temprid SC (imidacloprid [21%], beta-cyfluthrin [10.5%]) at 106.13 mg/m2; Sumithion 20CS (fenitrothion [20%]) at 250 mg/m2; Pesguard FG161 (d-tetramethrin [4.4%], cyphenothrin [13.2%]) at 110 mg/m2; and Sumithrin 10SEC (d-phenothrin [10%]) at 100 mg/m2. Results showed a very high level of resistance to Pesguard FG161 (388.3 to >605.0 times) and Sumithrin (302.9 to >365.5 times) in all adults of the strains tested, whereas low to high levels of resistance were registered for Tandem (1.4–4.7 times), Temprid (7.3–16.7 times), and Sumithion (1.2–14.6 times) for adults of all bed bug strains. For first instars, resistance to the former two formulations were high to very high (31.4–118.1 times). In contrast, they showed lower resistance to Tandem, Temprid, and Sumithion (1.0–10.2 times). An immersion method used to test on bed bug eggs found high to very high resistance toward all tested formulations. Results demonstrate that the resistance level varies between bed bug developmental stages.

scholarly journals Influences of Exposure Time and Mortality Assessment Interval on Bioassay Results of Insecticide-Resistant Tropical Bed Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 640
Author(s):  
Xin-Yeng Leong ◽  
G. Veera Singham ◽  
Alexander Chong Shu-Chien ◽  
Stephen L. Doggett ◽  
Chow-Yang Lee
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Time ◽  
Reference Strain ◽  
Contact Method ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Bed Bugs ◽  
Killing Effect ◽  
Bed Bug ◽  
Insecticide Exposure ◽  
Cimex Hemipterus ◽  
Moderate Resistance

We evaluated the influences of insecticide exposure time and mortality assessment intervals on the bioassay results of three insecticide-resistant tropical bed bug Cimex hemipterus (F.) populations (Madam Mo, Tanjong Tokong, and Green Lane). This was achieved using the surface contact method and tested with six commercial insecticide products: Tandem, Temprid SC, Pesguard FG161, Sumithrin, Sumithion, and Phantom applied at label rate on glass petri dishes. Six exposure times (5 min, 10 min, 30 min, 1 h, 4 h, and continuous exposure for 4 or 14 days for Phantom) were tested. A susceptible common bed bug Cimex lectularius L. strain (Monheim) was used as the reference strain as no susceptible C. hemipterus strain exists. In treatment with Temprid SC, the Tanjong Tokong strain showed significantly higher KT50 values at 5, 10, and 30 min exposures than 1 h, 4 h, and continuous exposures. When all resistant populations were evaluated at continuous exposure to Sumithion, they demonstrated moderate resistance levels (RR50 ranged from 6.0 to 7.9), while KT50 and KT95 of other shorter exposure times failed to be generated due to low knockdown rate. Higher mortalities were observed in Tanjong Tokong and Green Lane strains when tested at longer exposure times with Temprid SC, Pesguard FG161, Sumithrin, Sumithion, and Phantom. Better killing effect was observed in the treatment with Temprid SC (Tanjong Tokong and Green Lane strains), Pesguard FG161 (Tanjong Tokong and Green Lane strains), Sumithrin (all C. hemipterus strains), Sumithion (all C. hemipterus strains), and Phantom (all strains tested) at longer mortality assessment intervals. We demonstrated that insecticide exposure time and mortality assessment interval could potentially affect outcomes of product performance evaluations, resulting in underestimation or overestimation of insecticide resistance levels in field populations.

scholarly journals The Arab region’s contribution to global COVID-19 research: Bibliometric and visualization analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sa’ed H. Zyoud
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Research Output ◽  
Arab World ◽  
The United States ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Global Research

Abstract Background At the global level and in the Arab world, particularly in low-income countries, COVID-19 remains a major public health issue. As demonstrated by an incredible number of COVID-19-related publications, the research science community responded rapidly. Therefore, this study was intended to assess the growing contribution of the Arab world to global research on COVID-19. Methods For the period between December 2019 and March 2021, the search for publications was conducted via the Scopus database using terms linked to COVID-19. VOSviewer 1.6.16 software was applied to generate a network map to assess hot topics in this area and determine the collaboration patterns between different countries. Furthermore, the research output of Arab countries was adjusted in relation to population size and gross domestic product (GDP). Results A total of 143,975 publications reflecting the global overall COVID-19 research output were retrieved. By restricting analysis to the publications published by the Arab countries, the research production was 6131 documents, representing 4.26% of the global research output regarding COVID-19. Of all these publications, 3990 (65.08%) were original journal articles, 980 (15.98%) were review articles, 514 (8.38%) were letters and 647 (10.55%) were others, such as editorials or notes. The highest number of COVID-19 publications was published by Saudi Arabia (n = 2186, 35.65%), followed by Egypt (n = 1281, 20.78%) and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), (n = 719, 11.73%). After standardization by population size and GDP, Saudi Arabia, UAE and Lebanon had the highest publication productivity. The collaborations were mostly with researchers from the United States (n = 968), followed by the United Kingdom (n = 661). The main research lines identified in COVID-19 from the Arab world are related to: public health and epidemiology; immunological and pharmaceutical research; signs, symptoms and clinical diagnosis; and virus detection. Conclusions A novel analysis of the latest Arab COVID-19-related studies is discussed in the current study and how these findings are connected to global production. Continuing and improving future collaboration between developing and developed countries will also help to facilitate the sharing of responsibilities for COVID-19 in research results and the implementation of policies for COVID-19.

Seroprevalence of the hepatitis E virus antibodies among blood donors in the Qassim region, Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bader Y Alhatlani ◽  
Waleed A Aljabr ◽  
Mohammed S Almarzouqi ◽  
Sami M Alhatlani ◽  
Rayan N Alzunaydi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Blood Transfusion ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Indirect Elisa ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Major Public Health Issue

Aim: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) transmission through blood transfusion is a major public health issue worldwide. We aimed to determine the seroprevalence of HEV in blood donors in the Qassim region of Saudi Arabia. Materials & methods: Serum samples (n = 1078) were collected from volunteer blood donors and tested for the presence of anti-HEV IgG and IgM by indirect ELISA. Results: The seroprevalence of anti-HEV IgG among the blood donors was 5.7% overall. Anti-HEV IgG and IgM seropositivity were significantly higher in non-Saudi donors than in Saudi donors (22.1 vs 3 and 7.8 vs 0.2% for anti-HEV IgG and IgM, respectively). Conclusion: The seroprevalence of HEV among blood donors in the Qassim region was lower than previous estimates for other regions of the country and neighboring countries.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic and Ultrastructural Characterization of Bed Bugs in the Southwest of Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Somayeh Bahrami ◽  
Ismaeil Alizadeh ◽  
Fatemeh Pazhoom ◽  
Susan Cork ◽  
Chukwunonso O.Nzelu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abundant Species ◽  
Bed Bugs ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Ultrastructural Characterization ◽  
Cimex Hemipterus ◽  
Southwest Of Iran ◽  
And Control ◽  
Prevalent Species ◽  
Disparity Index

Abstract Background: Bed bugs belong systematically to Order Hemiptera; Suborder Heteroptera; Family Cimicidae are of public health importance as ectoparasites of mammals and birds, however, only a few species are the putative ectoparasites of humans. Bed bugs are a wingless bloodsucking hemipterous bug (Cimex spp.) sometimes infesting houses and especially beds and feeding on human blood. Correct species identification is very important in order to design targeted strategies for surveillance and control of bed bugs in a given area. Methods: Adult bed bugs were collected from houses located in the southwest of Iran. The specimens were morphologically identified to the species level and then confirmed using molecular methods. Results: The mtDNA 16S rRNA sequences obtained from the specimens, and phylogenetic tree derived, showed that all the sequences belong to Cimex hemipterus. The Disparity Index among results showed that all the specimens were of a heterogeneous population. To the best of our knowledge, the leg structure of this species has not previously been documented and this is the first report of an open-closed rack system in the legs of C. hemipterus.Conclusions: Previous studies claimed that C. lectularius is the abundant species of Cimicids in Iran. But this investigation showed that C. hemipterus is the prevalent species in the southwest of Iran.

scholarly journals Studying the Dietary Habits of Seafood Consumption among Saudis and Residents in the Province of Delam at Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University: دراسة العادات الغذائية لاستهلاك الأسماك بين السعوديين والمقيمين بمحافظة الدلم بجامعة الأمير سطام بن عبد العزيز

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maalem Haasan Al- Moaleem
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
University Education ◽  
Seafood Consumption ◽  
Fresh Fish ◽  
Fish Meat ◽  
Side Dish ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Fried Potatoes

  This study was conducted in order to identify the dietary habits of fish consumption in the province of Delam in Saudi Arabia where four hundred and fifty questionnaire were distributed to the employees of Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University during the month of Rabee I until Rajab 1440H. The results of the analysis in three hundred answered questionnaire showed that the sample of Saudis was (84.7%) and the percentage of university education (68.7%). The study showed that fish meat ranked third in the preference for meat types and that the fresh fish is preferred in the purchase followed by canned fish. The preferred types of fish are shrimp, grouper, kennad, net, poetic, nagel, and white. Moreover, the study confirmed that (46.3%) of individuals prefer to eat it once a week, cooked at home, and grilled. Furthermore, preferred side dish with fish was fried potatoes. The study indicates that the percentage of fish consumed by non- Saudis is higher which was twice in the week for non- Saudis and once a week for Saudis. This may be due to different dietary habits among individuals or the impact of prices, consumption habits, or distance from the coast. The study concluded the need for further studies to educate individuals about the benefits of fish and the importance of Public Health.  

Susceptibility Status of Bedbugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Against Pyrethroid and Organophosphate Insecticides in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Germana T Baraka ◽  
Bruno A Nyundo ◽  
Adelina Thomas ◽  
Beda J Mwang’onde ◽  
Eliningaya J Kweka
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Dar Es Salaam ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Organophosphate Insecticides ◽  
Cimex Hemipterus ◽  
Dar Es Salaam City ◽  
Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets ◽  
Susceptibility Status

Abstract Cimex hemipterus resistance to residual insecticides is a growing public health concern worldwide. Herein, we report the susceptibility status of C. hemipterus against pyrethroid (permethrin) and organophosphate (dichlorvos) insecticides in Dar es Salaam. The knockdown efficacy of dichlorvos (99%) was greater than that of permethrin (43%), and mortality at the end of 24 h was also greater for dichlorvos than for permethrin. Mortality in recommended concentration of permethrin was lower than manufacturer’s expectations. In contrast, similar concentrations in dichlorvos resulted into mortality of 100% at the end of 24 h. LC50 and LC95 values for permethrin were 3.36 (2.356–4.364) and 2,887.39 (2,886.37–2,888.39), respectively, whereas those of dichlorvos were 7.91 (3.85–11.97) and 44.39 (40.33–48.45). Dar es Salaam city has high coverage and usage of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) for prevent malaria. The resistance in bedbugs to permethrin may be related to the widespread use of the insecticide in LLINs. We recommend of the change from pyrethroids dichlorvos for the control of bedbugs.

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