scholarly journals When More is Less: Mosquito Population Suppression Using Sterile, Incompatible and Genetically Modified Male Mosquitoes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen L Dobson
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
State Agencies ◽  
Current Review ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Release Field ◽  
Population Suppression ◽  
Male Mosquitoes

Abstract The current review of the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) is motivated by new technologies and the recent renaissance of male release field trials, which is driving an evolution in mosquito control and regulation. Practitioners that are releasing male mosquitoes would do well to learn from past successes and failures, including political and public engagement complications. With examples that include nuanced integrations of the different technologies, e.g., combinations of Wolbachia and irradiation, it is critical that scientists understand and communicate accurately about the technologies, including their evolving management by different regulatory agencies in the USA. Some male release approaches are considered ‘pesticides’ and regulated by federal and state agencies, while other male release approaches are unregulated. It is important to consider how the new technologies fit with the more ‘traditional’ chemical applications of adulticides and larvicides. The economics of male release programs are substantially different from traditional control costs, which can be a challenge to their adoption by abatement districts. However, there is substantial need to overcome these complications and challenges, because the problem with invasive mosquitoes grows ever worse with factors that include insecticide resistance, globalization and climate change.

ТЕЛЕВІЗІЙНА КОМУНІКАЦІЯ В КОНТЕКСТІ РОЗВИТКУ СУСПІЛЬСТВА

2020 ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
O. Yatchuk ◽  
N. Kodatska
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Mass Communication ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Digital Television ◽  
Broadband Internet ◽  
Television Content ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Traditional Technologies

<div><p><em>The article presents the dynamics of the main factors for the development of modern television, the transition from traditional technologies of television broadcasting to the latest technologies. The process of developing digital television and broadband has been technically determined to address the challenge of integrating new technologies into traditional TV content. Ways of expanding the possibilities of interaction between the viewer and the television producer in the context of overcoming the crisis of traditional technologies are analyzed. It is determined that integration, development of mobile communications and Internet technologies are a hallmark of the modern world media space and have a significant influence on the formation of public opinion. The analysis of actual media researches concerning problems of the theory of mass communication is carried out. The phenomenon of «social television», which combines watching TV with simultaneous communication in social networks, is considered. The author draws attention to the disclosure of the determining factors of media communication, the study of the process of feedback from viewers on television. It is stated that the development of modern technologies, namely digital broadcasting and introduction of broadband Internet access to create a multimedia platform that combines Internet communication services and television content, contributes to improving the mechanism of interaction between the TV and the viewer. The theory of the conceptualization of journalism based on identity construction is examined: journalists understand their audience and, as members of that audience, connect with their communities. An analysis of integrated journalistic activity is conducted, which consists of three stages: gathering, editing and disseminating information. It is determined that the influence of the Internet allows the consumer to play his or her role at each stage, thus helping the journalist determine the degree of relevance of the story to himself and to the potential audience. The common features of modern telecontent were singled out and a comparative analysis of the trend of development of interactive TV programs of the USA, UK and Ukraine was made.</em></p></div><p><strong><em>Key words:</em></strong><em> public opinion, two-vector communication, feedback, communication methods, television audience, country telephony.</em></p>

3D Printing in Pharmaceuticals: Regulatory Perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (42) ◽  
pp. 5081-5083 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd. A. Mirza ◽  
Zeenat Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Pharmaceutical Product ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Major Research ◽  
Data Bases ◽  
Drug Products ◽  
Regulatory Perspective ◽  
Regulatory Guidelines ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Technical Issues

Background: The last few decades have witnessed enormous advancements in the field of Pharmaceutical drug, design and delivery. One of the recent developments is the advent of 3DP technology. It has earlier been successfully employed in fields like aerospace, architecture, tissue engineering, biomedical research, medical device and others, has recently forayed into the pharmaceutical industry.Commonly understood as an additive manufacturing technology, 3DP aims at delivering customized drug products and is the most acceptable form of“personalized medicine”. Methods: Data bases and search engines of regulatory agencies like USFDA and EMA have been searched thoroughly for relevant guidelines and approved products. Other portals like PubMed and Google Scholar were also ferreted for any relevant repository of publications are referred to wherever required. Results: So far only one pharmaceutical product has been approved in this category by USFDA and stringent regulatory agencies are working over the drafting of guidelines and technical issues. Major research of this category belongs to the academic domain. Conclusion: It is also implicit to such new technologies that there would be numerous challenges and doubts before these are accepted as safe and efficacious. The situation demands concerted and cautious efforts to bring in foolproof regulatory guidelines which would ultimately lead to the success of this revolutionary technology.

scholarly journals Innovating on Inhaled Bioequivalence: A Critical Analysis of the Current Limitations, Potential Solutions and Stakeholders of the Process

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1051
Author(s):  
Jonattan Gallegos-Catalán ◽  
Zachary Warnken ◽  
Tania F. Bahamondez-Canas ◽  
Daniel Moraga-Espinoza
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Innovation Process ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Drug Products ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Rate Analysis ◽  
Orally Inhaled Drug Products ◽  
Next Generation Impactor ◽  
First Time

Orally inhaled drug products (OIDPs) are an important group of medicines traditionally used to treat pulmonary diseases. Over the past decade, this trend has broadened, increasing their use in other conditions such as diabetes, expanding the interest in this administration route. Thus, the bioequivalence of OIDPs is more important than ever, aiming to increase access to affordable, safe and effective medicines, which translates into better public health policies. However, regulatory agencies leading the bioequivalence process are still deciding the best approach for ensuring a proposed inhalable product is bioequivalent. This lack of agreement translates into less cost-effective strategies to determine bioequivalence, discouraging innovation in this field. The Next-Generation Impactor (NGI) is an example of the slow pace at which the inhalation field evolves. The NGI was officially implemented in 2003, being the last equipment innovation for OIDP characterization. Even though it was a breakthrough in the field, it did not solve other deficiencies of the BE process such as dissolution rate analysis on physiologically relevant conditions, being the last attempt of transferring technology into the field. This review aims to reveal the steps required for innovation in the regulations defining the bioequivalence of OIDPs, elucidating the pitfalls of implementing new technologies in the current standards. To do so, we collected the opinion of experts from the literature to explain these trends, showing, for the first time, the stakeholders of the OIDP market. This review analyzes the stakeholders involved in the development, improvement and implementation of methodologies that can help assess bioequivalence between OIDPs. Additionally, it presents a list of methods potentially useful to overcome some of the current limitations of the bioequivalence standard methodologies. Finally, we review one of the most revolutionary approaches, the inhaled Biopharmaceutical Classification System (IBCs), which can help establish priorities and order in both the innovation process and in regulations for OIDPs.

scholarly journals Bioinsecticides based on plant essential oils: a short overview

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 179-182
Author(s):  
Murray B. Isman
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Plant Essential Oils ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Regulatory Challenges

AbstractInterest in the discovery and development of plant essential oils for use as bioinsecticides has grown enormously in the past 20 years. However, successful commercialization and utilization of crop protection products based on essential oils has thus far lagged far behind their promise based on this large body of research, most notably because with the exceptions of the USA and Australia, such products receive no special status from regulatory agencies that approve new pesticides for use. Essential oil-based insecticides have now been used in the USA for well over a decade, and more recently have seen use in the European Union (EU), Korea, and about a dozen other countries, with demonstrated efficacy against a wide range of pests and in numerous crop systems. For the most part these products are based on commodity essential oils developed as flavor and fragrance agents for the food and cosmetic industries, as there are formidable logistic, economic, and regulatory challenges to the use of many other essential oils that otherwise possess potentially useful bioactivity against pests. In spite of these limitations, the overall prospects for biopesticides, including those based on essential oils, are encouraging as the demand for sustainably-produced and/or organic food continues to increase worldwide.

scholarly journals Prehospital resuscitation

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e000729
Author(s):  
Alexandra M P Brito ◽  
Martin Schreiber
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Tranexamic Acid ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Blood Product ◽  
Traumatic Injury ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Blood Products ◽  
Front Line ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Review Current

Traumatic injury is the leading cause of death in young people in the USA. Our knowledge of prehospital resuscitation is constantly evolving and is often informed by research based on military experience. A move toward balanced blood product resuscitation and away from excessive crystalloid use has led to improvements in outcomes for trauma patients. This has been facilitated by new technologies allowing more front-line use of blood products as well as use of tranexamic acid in the prehospital setting. In this article, we review current practices in prehospital resuscitation and the studies that have informed these practices.

Comparison of the Effect of Insecticides on Bumble Bees (Bombus impatiens) and Mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus) by Standard Mosquito Research Methods

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bethany L McGregor ◽  
Bryan V Giordano ◽  
Alfred E Runkel ◽  
Herbert N Nigg ◽  
H Lee Nigg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Bombus Impatiens ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Nontarget Effects ◽  
Native North American ◽  
Significant Mortality

Abstract Mosquito control districts in the United States are limited to two main classes of adulticides, pyrethroids and organophosphates, to control mosquitoes. Two adulticides used to control domestic mosquitoes are Fyfanon EW (malathion, organophosphate) and DeltaGard (deltamethrin, pyrethroid). While the effect of these pesticides on European honeybees (Apis mellifera L., Hymenoptera: Apidae) has been investigated, effects on native pollinators need additional research. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute nontarget effects of these pesticides on Bombus impatiens Cresson (Hymenoptera: Apidae), a native North American bumble bee species, and compare these effects to wild and laboratory strains of mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti (L.) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say, Diptera: Culicidae) through field and laboratory assays. Bombus impatiens was found to be resistant to Fyfanon EW (x̅ = 6.7% mortality at 50-µg malathion per bottle) at levels that caused significant mortality to study mosquitoes (86.2 ≥ x̅ ≥ 100% mortality) in laboratory bottle bioassays. Comparatively, B. impatiens demonstrated greater mortality to DeltaGard (93.3%) at 2.5-µg deltamethrin/bottle than any mosquito colony assayed (14.1 ≥ x̅ ≥ 87.0% mortality). Only DeltaGard was tested in field applications. In the field, we observed acute effects of DeltaGard on mosquitoes and B. impatiens at 25- and 75-m distance from a truck-mounted ultra-low volume fogger, although treatment effects were not significant for B. impatiens. Additional wild-caught nontarget mortality to DeltaGard field trials was also evaluated. This study indicated that common mosquito control adulticides do cause nontarget mortality to B. impatiens but that impacts are variable depending on pesticide and further studies are needed.

Designing Effective Wolbachia Release Programs for Mosquito and Arbovirus Control

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Perran Ross
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Endosymbiotic Bacteria ◽  
Dengue Transmission ◽  
Awareness Programs ◽  
Population Suppression ◽  
Male Mosquitoes

Mosquitoes carrying endosymbiotic bacteria called Wolbachia are being released in mosquito and arbovirus control programs around the world. Open field releases of Wolbachia-infected male mosquitoes have achieved over 95% population suppression, while the replacement of populations with Wolbachia-infected females is self-sustaining and can greatly reduce local dengue transmission. Despite many successful interventions, significant questions and challenges lie ahead. Wolbachia, viruses and their mosquito hosts can evolve, leading to uncertainty around the long-term effectiveness of a given Wolbachia strain, while few ecological impacts of Wolbachia releases have been explored. Wolbachia strains are diverse and the choice of strain to release should be made carefully, taking environmental conditions and the release objective into account. Mosquito quality control, thoughtful community awareness programs and long-term monitoring of populations are essential for all types of Wolbachia intervention. Releases of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes show great promise, but existing control measures remain an important way to reduce the burden of mosquito-borne disease.

scholarly journals Peptides in COVID-19 Clinical Trials—A Snapshot

Biologics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 300-311
Author(s):  
Kai Hilpert
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Routine Diagnostics ◽  
Current Review ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Uk

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a strong drive and desire to find effective treatments for and protection against the disease. On the webpage ClinicalTrials.gov, a total of 6505 clinical trials currently (September 2021) investigating various aspects of COVID-19 are registered. Of these, 124 studies involving peptides were identified. These 124 were further evaluated, and 88 trials that used peptides only for routine diagnostics were excluded. The remaining 36 trials were classified into 5 different classes according to their function: immunomodulatory (5 trials), regain homeostasis (10 trials), diagnostics/biomarkers (8 trials), vaccination (9 trials), and antiviral activity (4 trials, all overlap with immunomodulatory activities). In the current review, these 36 trials are briefly described and tabularly summarised. According to the estimated finish date, 14 trials have not yet finished. All of the finished trials are yet to report their results. Seven trials were based in the USA, and Egypt, France, the UK, Turkey, and the Russian Federation conducted three trials each. This review aims to present a snapshot of the current situation of peptides in COVID-19 clinical trials and provides a template to follow up on trials of interest; it does not claim to be a complete overview.

scholarly journals Comparison of regulatory approval process for vaccines development and manufacturing in India & USA

2021 ◽  
pp. 18-24
Author(s):  
Bhargavi Thanuja M ◽  
Ramaiah Maddi
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Research Committee ◽  
Current Review ◽  
License Application ◽  
Controller General ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Assess Quality ◽  
Assessment Procedures ◽  
Regulatory Procedure ◽  
Stringent Quality

The Vaccine Development is a complex and time-consuming process because of stringent quality assessment procedures. The vaccine is approved for release into the market, a stringent regulatory procedure to assess quality, efficacy and safety must be maintained. The regulation of vaccine in India with the licensing and GMP is controlled by the drug controller general of India (DCGI). The USA regulation was controlled by the USFDA in center biologics evaluation and research committee (CBER) and Biologics license application (BLA). These Authorities are responsible for vaccine regulations in India & USA. The current review articles highlight the comparison of registration process of vaccines in INDIA and USA.  

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