Usual Dietary Intake of Resistant Starch in US Adults from NHANES 2015–2016

ABSTRACT Background Resistant starch (RS) confers many health benefits, mostly due to nonenzymatic human digestion and gut microbiota fermentation capacity. The usual intake of naturally occurring dietary RS in US adults is unclear. Objectives This study estimated usual daily RS intake in grams per 1000 kcal in US adults by sex, age, and ethnic group, as well as the most frequent food category contributing to RS intake using data from the NHANES 2015–2016. Methods RS content of foods consumed was matched with Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies food codes. The National Cancer Institute method was used to estimate adults’ usual RS intake from 2 24-h dietary recalls. Day 1 RS contribution from food groups to overall RS intake was ranked for the total sample, across age-sex categories, and across ethnic groups. Results In total, 5139 US adults (48.4% male) had a mean daily usual intake of RS of 1.9 ± 0.0 g/(1000 kcal⋅d). Males and females had a similar intake of RS [2.0 ± 0.0 g compared with 1.9 ± 0.0 g/(1000 kcal⋅d)] with no differences between sexes within the same age category. When comparing ethnic groups within each age category, the non-Hispanic white males and females had significantly lower RS intake than all other ethnic groups [range: 1.7–1.8 compared with 2.1–2.3 g RS/(1000 kcal⋅d), respectively], with no differences among the other ethnic groups. French fries and other fried white potatoes, rice, and beans, peas, and legumes were the most frequently consumed food categories contributing to RS intake in all adults. Conclusions US adults should improve the intake of natural RS food sources. Increasing RS intake will improve gastrointestinal health as a prebiotic and potentially increase insulin sensitivity with adequate consumption (e.g., ∼15 g/d).

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Usual Intake of Resistant Starch by Diabetes Group in US Adults: NHANES 2013–2018

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzab037_068 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 358-358

Author(s):

Mindy Patterson ◽

Wesley Tucker ◽

Crystal Douglas ◽

Derek Miketinas

Keyword(s):

Resistant Starch ◽

Glycated Hemoglobin ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Future Research ◽

Diabetes Group ◽

Dietary Recall ◽

Funding Sources ◽

Usual Intake ◽

Using Data ◽

Age Category

Abstract Objectives To examine differences in the usual intake of dietary resistant starch (RS) in US adults across diabetes group (no diabetes, prediabetes, diabetes) and age categories (20–39y, 40–59y, ≥60y) using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013 – 2018 cycles. Methods RS values from a published database were matched to food codes reportedly consumed by each participant who had one or more reliable 24-hour dietary recall. Demographic (age & sex), laboratory (glycated hemoglobin), diabetes questionnaire, and dietary datasets were included in the analyses. Diabetes group was determined by participant responses to the diabetes questionnaire and glycated hemoglobin (HgA1c) values. Prediabetes and diabetes were defined as having HgA1c values between 5.7% and 6.4% and ≥ 6.5%, respectively. Usual RS intake was calculated using the National Cancer Institute method. RS intake data were adjusted for energy and are presented as mean g ± SEM (99% CI). Independent samples t-tests were used to compare mean intake across sub-populations of interest and P < 0.01 indicates statistical significance. Results 14,640 adults (48.7% male) were included in the analyses. Overall usual RS intake was comparable between males (2.0 ± 0.034 g/1,000 kcal) and females (2.0 ± 0.031 g/1,000 kcal; P = 0.623). RS intake differed among diabetes group within each age category in females (P < 0.001), where RS intake was lowest in the no diabetes group (1.9 ± 0.038 g/1,000 kcal) and greatest in the diabetes group (2.2 ± 0.060 g/1,000 kcal). However, RS intake did not differ in males across diabetes group within each age category. Conclusions Females with diabetes had higher usual intake of RS compared to those with prediabetes and no diabetes across all age categories. However, we did not observe this same finding in males. Overall, males and females consumed similar amounts of RS when adjusting for energy. It is unclear if RS intake differed by sex based on unadjusted, or total, daily energy intake. Future research is needed to understand if greater usual intake of RS in adults with diabetes corresponds to improved glycemic outcomes. Funding Sources None.

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Illustration of the Importance of Adjustment for within- and between-Person Variability in Dietary Intake Surveys for Assessment of Population Risk of Micronutrient Deficiency/Excess Using an Example Data Set

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu14020285 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 285

Author(s):

Johanna H. Nel ◽

Nelia P. Steyn ◽

Marjanne Senekal

Keyword(s):

Dietary Intake ◽

Total Sample ◽

Nutrition Intervention ◽

Food Sources ◽

Evidence Based ◽

Public Health Nutrition ◽

Data Set ◽

Recall Data ◽

Usual Intake ◽

Dietary Surveys

Nutrition intervention decisions should be evidence based. Single 24-h recalls are often used for measuring dietary intake in large dietary studies. However, this method does not consider the day-to-day variation in populations’ diets. We illustrate the importance of adjustment of single 24-h recall data to remove within-person variation using the National Cancer Institute method to calculate usual intake when estimating risk of deficiency/excess. We used an example data set comprising a single 24-h recall in a total sample of 1326 1–<10-year-old children, and two additional recalls in a sub-sample of 11%, for these purposes. Results show that risk of deficiency was materially overestimated by the single unadjusted 24-h recall for vitamins B12, A, D, C and E, while risk of excess was overestimated for vitamin A and zinc, when compared to risks derived from usual intake. Food sources rich in particular micronutrients seemed to result in overestimation of deficiency risk when intra-individual variance is not removed. Our example illustrates that the application of the NCI method in dietary surveys would contribute to the formulation of more appropriate conclusions on risk of deficiency/excess in populations to advise public health nutrition initiatives when compared to those derived from a single unadjusted 24-h recall.

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Abstract P354: Percent of Americans Meeting Food Group Recommendations and Top Food Sources of Key Nutrients in the American Diet

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.141.suppl_1.p354 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 141 (Suppl_1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jessica D Smith ◽

Yong Zhu ◽

Vipra Vanage ◽

Neha Jain ◽

Norton Holschuh

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

Whole Grains ◽

Dietary Guidelines ◽

Food Sources ◽

Health Concern ◽

Food Groups ◽

Public Health Concern ◽

Childbearing Age ◽

Racial Ethnic

The 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends consumption of a healthy dietary pattern that includes nutrient-dense vegetables, fruits, whole grains, dairy, protein foods, and oils. However, many Americans are falling short on consuming the recommended amount of these food groups and greater disparities may exist within certain sociodemographic groups. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine where Americans were falling short in intake of food groups when stratified by sociodemographic characteristics and to determine which foods in the American diet were the top sources of whole grains and nutrients of public health concern (calcium, vitamin D, potassium, fiber and iron [for women and adolescent girls of childbearing age]). Methods: Data on consumption of food groups for Americans 2 years and older (excluding pregnant and lactating women; n=7,814) were taken from the Food Patterns Equivalent Database (FPED) 2015-2016. Usual intake of food groups was calculated based on 2 24-hr recalls using the National Cancer Institute method and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) study weights. Top food sources of nutrients in the diet were calculated using NHANES 2015-2016 day 1 24-hr dietary recall data and foods were grouped according to the What We Eat in America categorization. Results: Over half of Americans 2 years and older met the intake recommendations for protein foods, oils, and total grains; however, far fewer met the recommendations for vegetables (12%), fruits (15%), whole grains (1%), or dairy (8%) intake. Patterns were similar across age groups although children and older adults were generally more likely to meet recommendations than adolescents and younger adults. Compared to men and boys, women and girls were more likely to meet recommendations for vegetables (14% vs 9%) and fruits (17% vs. 13%), and less likely to meet recommendations for total grains (50% vs 62%), dairy (5% vs 12%) and protein foods (43% vs 62%). The percent meeting recommendations for fruits, vegetables, whole grains and dairy remained low across racial/ethnic groups. Milk, ready-to-eat cereals, pizza, sandwiches, and breads were among the top sources of whole grains and the nutrients of public health concern for children. For adults, key foods included breads, ready-to-eat cereals, milk, and Mexican mixed dishes. Conclusion: Shifts in dietary patterns are needed to meet current recommendations across all age, gender, and racial/ethnic groups in the U.S. Increasing the intake of key foods such as milk, ready-to-eat cereal, bread and mixed dishes may help Americans increase intake of under-consumed food groups and nutrients.

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Abstract P135: Dietary Sources Of Linoleic Acid (LA) Differ By Race/ethnicity In Adults Participating In The National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) Between 2015-2016

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.143.suppl_1.p135 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 143 (Suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Shabnam R Momin ◽

Ani Manichaikul ◽

Rasika Mathias ◽

Mackenzie Senn ◽

Mimi Phan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Linoleic Acid ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

Caloric Intake ◽

Fats And Oils ◽

Food Sources ◽

Food Groups ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Relative Contribution ◽

Daily Caloric Intake ◽

Race Ethnicity

Background: Linoleic acid (LA), a primary polyunsaturated fatty acid, is a nutritional quandary as has been associated with diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) protection but may have negative effects in inflammation and cancer. Objective: To determine whether the relative contributions of nine food sources (dairy, eggs, select fats and oils, fish, fruit, grains, meat, nuts, and desserts) to overall LA intake differ by race / ethnicity in the adult US population. Methods: We included all non-pregnant, non-lactating adults (< 20 years, ~50% female) with plausible dietary data (average daily caloric intake ≥600 kcals/day and ≤6000 kcals/day; N=3,884). The percentage of LA calories attributable from each of the nine food groups was calculated. Linear regression models, incorporating survey weights, examined differences by race/ethnicity and included age, gender, income level, highest level of education and daily caloric intake as covariates, with a post-hoc Tukey test applied to group comparison. Significance was set at Bonferroni corrected P≤.006. Results: Across the population as a whole, 7.14% of the overall caloric intake was attributable to LA. Grains contributed to the highest percentage of LA intake (29%) followed by meat (18%), with fish contributing the least (4%). Significant differences in the relative contribution of almost all food sources to overall LA were found across race/ethnic groups (all except dairy; Table 1). Fruits and Grains showed the greatest number of differences by race/ethnicity, with NHBs reporting the greatest intake contribution of fruit to LA intake (14.8%) and MAs the lowest (9.6%; P<.001 for the difference; Table 1). This pattern was reversed when looking at the contribution of grains to overall LA intake (25.9% vs 41.2% respective; P<.001; Table 1). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the foods contributing to overall LA intake differ across race/ethnic groups. Interventions designed to alter LA intake may benefit from tailoring to a population’s ethnic/race distribution.

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Seasonal Variation of Suicide in the City of São Paulo, Brazil, 1996–2010

Crisis ◽

10.1027/0227-5910/a000222 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 5-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Daniel Hideki Bando ◽

Fernando Madalena Volpe

Keyword(s):

Seasonal Pattern ◽

Total Sample ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

Seasonal Patterns ◽

São Paulo ◽

Health Statistics ◽

Males And Females ◽

June July ◽

The City ◽

Over Time

Background: In light of the few reports from intertropical latitudes and their conflicting results, we aimed to replicate and update the investigation of seasonal patterns of suicide occurrences in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: Data relating to male and female suicides were extracted from the Mortality Information Enhancement Program (PRO-AIM), the official health statistics of the municipality of São Paulo. Seasonality was assessed by studying distribution of suicides over time using cosinor analyses. Results: There were 6,916 registered suicides (76.7% men), with an average of 39.0 ± 7.0 observed suicides per month. For the total sample and for both sexes, cosinor analysis estimated a significant seasonal pattern. For the total sample and for males suicide peaked in November (late spring) with a trough in May–June (late autumn). For females, the estimated peak occurred in January, and the trough in June–July. Conclusions: A seasonal pattern of suicides was found for both males and females, peaking in spring/summer and dipping in fall/winter. The scarcity of reports from intertropical latitudes warrants promoting more studies in this area.

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Migrant and non-migrant fertility in Greece: Results based on the 2001 population census

MIGRATION LETTERS ◽

10.33182/ml.v4i2.217 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 147-158 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Georgia Verropoulou ◽

Christos Bagavos ◽

Cleon Tsimbos

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Groups ◽

Population Census ◽

Migrant Women ◽

Native Women ◽

Children Ever Born ◽

Using Data ◽

Of Greece ◽

Migrant Fertility

This paper examines fertility patterns and differentials between migrant and non-migrant women in Greece using data from the 2001 census on the reported numbers of children ever-born alive by citizenship. Special tabulations produced by the National Statistical Service of Greece are analysed and presented here. The analysis focuses on Greek, Albanian and Bulgarian women born over 1950-1970. Noticeable differences are observed. Despite the fact that Bulgarian women tend to have their first births earlier, their fertility levels are the lowest. Albanian women exhibit the highest fertility while levels for native women are somewhere in between. Nevertheless, the gap observed among the ethnic groups tends, broadly, to narrow over successive cohorts.

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Health Status of Senior Citizens: A Cross-sectional study

Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing ◽

10.15614/ijhw.v11i01.14 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (01) ◽

Author(s):

Priyanka Beniwal ◽

Chandrakala Singh

Keyword(s):

Health Status ◽

Senior Citizens ◽

Total Sample ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Age Group ◽

Poor Health Status ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Males And Females ◽

The Individual ◽

Average Health

Aging is a series of processes that begin with life and continue throughout the lifecycle. It represents the closing period in the lifespan, a time when the individual looks back on life, lives on past accomplishments and begins to finish off his life course. It represents the accumulation of changes in person over time. The study aims to investigate the health status of senior citizens. The present study was carried out in Hisar and Sirsa district of Haryana state. A total of 400 elderly equally representing both males and females of age group 65-70 years were selected randomly for the study. Modified inventory developed by Khan and Lal (2011) was used to assess health status of senior citizens. The results of the study elucidated that health status of senior citizens depicted that 54.25 per cent of the total respondents had average health status followed by good (25.25%) and poor health status (20.50%). The most common health problems reported by the senior citizens were joint pains, back pains, blood pressure, and chest pain etc. Gender wise comparison of total sample further pointed out that females were poor in their health against males.

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Contribution of food groups to energy, grams and nutrients-to-limit: The Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health/Estudio Latino Americano de Nutrición y Salud (ELANS)

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s136898002100152x ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-34

Author(s):

Regina Mara Fisberg ◽

Ana Carolina Barco Leme ◽

Ágatha Nogueira Previdelli ◽

Aline Veroneze de Mello ◽

Angela Martinez Arroyo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Latin American ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Food Sources ◽

American Study ◽

Food Groups ◽

Latin American Study ◽

Nutrition And Health ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Added Sugars ◽

Latin Americans

ABSTRACT Objective: To quantify the energy, nutrients-to-limit and total gram amount consumed, and identify their top food sources consumed by Latin Americans. Design: Data from The Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health (ELANS). Setting: ELANS is a cross-sectional study representative of eight Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Participants: Two 24h dietary recalls on non-consecutive days were used to estimate usual dietary intake of 9218 participants with ages between 15-65years. “What We Eat in America” food classification system developed by USDA was adapted and used to classify all food items consumed by the ELANS population. Food sources of energy, added sugars, saturated fatty acids (SFA), sodium and total gram amount consumed were identified and ranked based on percentage contribution to intake of total amount. Results: Three-highest ranked food categories of total energy consumed were: rice (10.3%), yeast breads (6.9%), and turnovers and other grain-based items (6.8%). Highest ranked food sources of total gram amount consumed were: fruit drinks (9.6%), other 100% juice (9.3%), and rice (8.3%). Three highest ranked sources for added sugars were: other 100% juice (24.1%), fruit drinks (16.5%), and sugar and honey (12.4%). SFA ranked foods were: turnovers and other grain-based (12.6%), cheese (11.9%), and pizza (10.3%). Three top sources of sodium were: rice (13.9%), soups (9.1%), and rice mixed dishes (7.3%). Conclusion: Identification of top sources of energy and nutrients-to-limit among Latin Americans is critical for designing strategies to help them meet nutrient recommendations within energy needs.

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Integrative cBioPortal Analysis Revealed Molecular Mechanisms That Regulate EGFR-PI3K-AKT-mTOR Pathway in Diffuse Gliomas of the Brain

Cancers ◽

10.3390/cancers13133247 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (13) ◽

pp. 3247

Author(s):

Petar Brlek ◽

Anja Kafka ◽

Anja Bukovac ◽

Nives Pećina-Šlaus

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

In Silico Analysis ◽

Total Sample ◽

Mtor Signaling ◽

Biological Behavior ◽

Mrna Transcription ◽

Diffuse Gliomas ◽

New Treatment ◽

Using Data

Diffuse gliomas are a heterogeneous group of tumors with aggressive biological behavior and a lack of effective treatment methods. Despite new molecular findings, the differences between pathohistological types still require better understanding. In this in silico analysis, we investigated AKT1, AKT2, AKT3, CHUK, GSK3β, EGFR, PTEN, and PIK3AP1 as participants of EGFR-PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling using data from the publicly available cBioPortal platform. Integrative large-scale analyses investigated changes in copy number aberrations (CNA), methylation, mRNA transcription and protein expression within 751 samples of diffuse astrocytomas, anaplastic astrocytomas and glioblastomas. The study showed a significant percentage of CNA in PTEN (76%), PIK3AP1 and CHUK (75% each), EGFR (74%), AKT2 (39%), AKT1 (32%), AKT3 (19%) and GSK3β (18%) in the total sample. Comprehensive statistical analyses show how genomics and epigenomics affect the expression of examined genes differently across various pathohistological types and grades, suggesting that genes AKT3, CHUK and PTEN behave like tumor suppressors, while AKT1, AKT2, EGFR, and PIK3AP1 show oncogenic behavior and are involved in enhanced activity of the EGFR-PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway. Our findings contribute to the knowledge of the molecular differences between pathohistological types and ultimately offer the possibility of new treatment targets and personalized therapies in patients with diffuse gliomas.

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Is Continuous Eruption Related to Periodontal Changes? A 16-Year Follow-up

Journal of Dental Research ◽

10.1177/0022034521999363 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 002203452199936

Author(s):

C. Wiedemann ◽

C. Pink ◽

A. Daboul ◽

S. Samietz ◽

H. Völzke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tooth Wear ◽

Total Sample ◽

Population Based ◽

Tooth Eruption ◽

Reference Points ◽

3 Dimensional ◽

Probing Depth ◽

Molar Teeth ◽

Using Data

The aims of this study were to 1) determine if continuous eruption occurs in the maxillary teeth, 2) assess the magnitude of the continuous eruption, and 3) evaluate the effects of continuous eruption on the different periodontal parameters by using data from the population-based cohort of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP). The jaw casts of 140 participants from the baseline (SHIP-0) and 16-y follow-up (SHIP-3) were digitized as 3-dimensional models. Robust reference points were set to match the tooth eruption stage at SHIP-0 and SHIP-3. Reference points were set on the occlusal surface of the contralateral premolar and molar teeth, the palatal fossa of an incisor, and the rugae of the hard palate. Reference points were combined to represent 3 virtual occlusal planes. Continuous eruption was measured as the mean height difference between the 3 planes and rugae fix points at SHIP-0 and SHIP-3. Probing depth, clinical attachment levels, gingiva above the cementoenamel junction (gingival height), and number of missing teeth were clinically assessed in the maxilla. Changes in periodontal variables were regressed onto changes in continuous eruption after adjustment for age, sex, number of filled teeth, and education or tooth wear. Continuous tooth eruption >1 mm over the 16 y was found in 4 of 140 adults and averaged to 0.33 mm, equaling 0.021 mm/y. In the total sample, an increase in continuous eruption was significantly associated with decreases in mean gingival height ( B = −0.34; 95% CI, −0.65 to −0.03). In a subsample of participants without tooth loss, continuous eruption was negatively associated with PD. This study confirmed that continuous eruption is clearly detectable and may contribute to lower gingival heights in the maxilla.

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