scholarly journals Human Milk Sampling Protocols Affect Estimation of Infant Lipid Intake

2020 ◽  
Vol 150 (11) ◽  
pp. 2924-2930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra D George ◽  
Melvin C L Gay ◽  
Kevin Murray ◽  
Beverly S Muhlhausler ◽  
Mary E Wlodek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Total Lipid Content ◽  
Born Term ◽  
Accurate Estimate ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Sampling Protocols ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT Background Human milk (HM) lipid content is highly variable, and infants consume different volumes of milk. This makes precise sampling and calculation of the infant lipid intake problematic. Objectives In order to describe inaccuracies of estimates of lipid content introduced by various sampling protocols, we compared the true infant lipid intake with estimated intakes using different milk sampling protocols. Methods Monthly milk samples (n = 1026) from months 1 to 6 of lactation were collected from 20 healthy, exclusively breastfeeding women. Infant lipid intake was measured by 24-hour test-weighing at month 3. Total lipid content was measured by creamatocrit. Concentrations and infant lipid intakes were calculated using 11 sampling protocols, using either the true milk intake or an average of 800 mL/d. These estimates were compared with the true infant lipid intake using repeated-measures ANOVA and linear mixed modeling with multiple comparisons. Results The mean maternal age was 32.0 years (SD ± 3.10), and infants were born term (40.1 ± 1.1 weeks) with a mean birth weight of 3.87 kg (SD ± 0.39). The mean true infant lipid intake was 28.6 g/d (SD ± 9.8). The mean estimated lipid intake using 1 morning pre-feed sample underestimated intake by >8.0 g/d. Estimates of infant lipid intake using other sampling protocols and an assumed intake volume of 800 mL/d also resulted in a wide range of differences (0.8–18.1 g/d) from the true intake. Use of 6 daily pre- and post-feed milk samples had a mean difference of only 0.1 g/d (95% CI, −2.9 to 2.7) from the true intake. Conclusions A sampling protocol with 6 pre- and post-feed samples provides the most accurate estimate of lipid intake if it is not possible to perform 24-hour test weights. The potential inaccuracies of sampling protocols should be taken into consideration in the interpretation and translation of infant lipid intake results.

scholarly journals Ultrasound Technology as a Method for Homogenizing Human Milk

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (03) ◽  
pp. 067-073
Author(s):  
Mercedes Gabriela Ratto Reiter ◽  
Lennon Fellipe Dias Nunes
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Variable Component ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Fat Globules ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Human Milk Bank ◽  
Milk Banks

ABSTRACT Background: The lipid content of human milk is its most variable component and provides from 35 to 50% of the daily energy needs of newborns. Losses occur during the freezing and thawing processes due to the coalescence of the fat globules and their adherence to bottle walls. Objectives: The objective was to test two methods of homogenizing pasteurized human milk in human milk banks in order to reduce the nutritional losses that occur between storage and feeding to newborns. Methods: Human milk samples collected in duplicate were homogenized either by sonication (MIRIS, Sweden) or vortex tube agitation. A total of 941 milk samples of different lactation stages from the human milk bank in Blumenau (SC, Brazil) were analyzed. A human milk analyzer (MIRIS, Sweden) was used to determine lipid content after homogenization. The statistical significance adopted in this study was á = 5%. Results: A mean of 1.87 grams of lipids per deciliter (g/dL) was observed in vortex-homogenized milk, whereas ultrasound homogenization yielded a mean of 2.07 g/dL, p < 0.01. The mean energy value of vortexhomogenized milk was 33.36 Kcal/dL, compared to 35.81 Kcal/dL for ultrasound-homogenized milk, p < 0.01. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that there is energy loss when human milk is not properly homogenized before being fed to newborns; better homogenization techniques decrease the adherence of fat globules to the bottle walls.

scholarly journals Lipid content and fatty acids composition of mature human milk in rural North China

2009 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 913-916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhong-Xiao Wan ◽  
Xiao-Li Wang ◽  
Li Xu ◽  
Qian Geng ◽  
Yumei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
North China ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Fa Composition ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Milk Lipids

To determine the lipid content and fatty acid (FA) composition of breast milk from fifty-two lactating women between ninth and twelfth lactation weeks in rural North China. The mothers were questioned on their dietary habits. Total milk lipids extracts were transmethylated and analysed using GLC to determine FA contents. The mean lipid content was 40·21 (sd 1·43) g/l. SFA constituted 35·92 % of the total FA. Medium-chain and long-chain SFA presented levels of 10·91 and 25·01 %, respectively. MUFA and PUFA constituted 32·59 and 19·97 % of the total FA, respectively. Oleic, linoleic and α-linolenic acid (ALA) presented contents of 31·26, 17·73 and 1·03 %, respectively. Arachidonic acid had a content of 0·30 %, while DHA content was 0·19 %. Not any form of trans FA were found in human milk samples. A maternal diet transition is proceeding in China. Further investigation on the analysis of human milk FA composition is needed to upgrade the human milk database in China.

scholarly journals The association of maternal diet and polyamines in human milk: a study among malay ethnic mothers in kuantan, malaysia

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2.29) ◽  
pp. 287
Author(s):  
Puteri Amirah Adib kamaruzzaman ◽  
Radiah Abdul Ghani ◽  
Muhammad Ibrahim ◽  
Nor Azwani Mohd ◽  
Shukri .
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Food Diary ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Diet Pattern ◽  
Nursing Mothers ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Breastfeeding Practice

Human milk contains a lot of nutrient and it offers advantages to infant age less than six months. Polyamines in milk accelerate the infants’ gut maturation and protect babies from the harsh environment. Maternal diet is a factor which can affect the polyamines variability in milk. To date, no research on local diet and the composition of human milk has been investigated. This study aimed to identify an association between Malaysian maternal diet and composition of polyamines in human milk. Seventy nursing mothers were recruited in Pahang and each mother recorded their 24-hours food consumption within a week. Maternal diets were recorded in Nutritionist Pro-software and the macronutrients were calculated. Milk samples were collected from each mother after24 h of food diary. Polyamines in milk were extracted using 0.4 M Perchloric acid, dansylated and quantified using HPLC. The mean age of the respondent was 30.13 years [SD= 3.145].Nursing mothers consumed high carbohydrate [41.4%] compared to fat [23.1%] and protein [13.7%].Spermidine [49.1%] was the highest polyamines in the breast milk samples. A significant correlation were shown between putrescine and dietary carbohydrate [p=0.027] and putrescine and dietary protein [p=0.031].The maternal education levels has no association with maternal diet pattern and breastfeeding practice in this study [p=0.657]. It is suggested that polyamines composition in human milk may be modulated by carbohydrate and protein intake among maternal mother  

A COMPARISON OF SR90 COMPONENT OF HUMAN AND COWS' MILK

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 732-735
Author(s):  
Conrad P. Straub ◽  
Gopala K. Murthy
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Similar Data ◽  
Potential Exposure ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Milk Bank ◽  
Strontium 90 ◽  
Cesium 137 ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
The Mean

INFORMATION on the concentrations of specific radionuclides in human milk as well as in cows' milk is needed to understand potential exposure to radiation of infants consuming these milks. Considerable data are available on radionuclide concentrations in cows' milk, but similar data for human milk are meager. To obtain data on radionuclide concentrations in human milk, samples of human milk were obtained from Denver, Colorado (July 9, 1959, through February, 1961), and Chicago, Illinois (December 21, 1959, through August, 1961). The Denver samples represented pooled human milk collected postpartum, while those from Chicago represented human milk from individual donors contributing to a milk bank. For comparison, samples of cows' milk corresponding to that consumed by the donors participating in the Chicago program were collected (November, 1960, through August, 1961). In turn, these samples were compared with samples collected monthly from the rawmilk network serving a portion of the Chicago milkshed. Samples were analyzed for calcium, potassium, strontium-90, and cesium-137, and the results are summarized in Tables I and II. As shown in Table I, the concentrations of strontium-90 and calcium in human milk samples from Denver and Chicago are similar, the mean geometric values being 0.62 and 0.56 picocurie of strontium-90 per liter (pc/1), and 0.24 and 0.25 gm of calcium per liter (gm/1), respectively. A comparison of the strontium-90 and the calcium concentrations of cows' milk with those of human milk from Chicago indicates that the concentration of strontium-90 in human milk is smaller by an order of magnitude, and that of calcium by a factor of approximately 5.

Quality Assurance in Lactation: Reliability of OM-6050 Station System to Test Mother’s Milk Osmolality

2020 ◽  
pp. 089033442097612
Author(s):  
Laura Macias-Muñoz ◽  
Ana Herranz Barbero ◽  
Robin Wijngaard ◽  
Mª. Dolors Salvia-Roigés ◽  
Naira Rico
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Practices ◽  
Preterm Baby ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Mother's Milk ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mother’S Milk

Background Mother’s own milk does not provide enough nutrients to feed a preterm baby born before 32 weeks’ gestation; therefore, human milk fortifiers are needed. However, human milk fortifiers increase the osmolality, and enteral administration of high osmolality fluids has been associated with gastrointestinal symptoms. For this reason, it is necessary for laboratories to have a validated system in order to measure human milk osmolality. Research aim The aim of this study was to validate the OM-6050 Station System for measuring the osmolality of fortified mother’s milk samples. Methods Osmolality was measured using the osmometer OM-6050 Station System. Milk samples from healthy mothers ( N = 3) unfortified and with two fortifiers (Almirón Fortifier® or NAN FM85®), as well as a nutritional supplement (Duocal MCT®) were used in the validation study through precision and linearity analysis. Results In the precision study the mean intra-assay coefficient of variation was 1.2% and 1.7% for mother’s milk and fortified mother’s milk, respectively. The mean inter-assay coefficient of variation was ≤ 1% in both cases. In the linearity study the regression analysis had a linear response to fortified mother’s milk osmolality between 294 mOsm/kg and 539 mOsm/kg. Conclusion The osmometer OM-6050 Station was reliable for determining the osmolality of fortified and unfortified mother’s milk. It may be useful in the clinical practices within Neonatal Intensive Care Units.

Bacterial Content of Raw and Processed Human Milk1

1982 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 533-536
Author(s):  
E. N. AGEL ◽  
B. A. FRIEND ◽  
C. A. LONG ◽  
K. M. SHAHANI
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Microbial Counts ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Bacterial Content ◽  
Subsequent Storage ◽  
Pooled Samples

Mature human milk samples were manually expressed into sterile containers and examined for their bacterial content. No other special precautions were taken to ensure asepsis. The total counts of seven individual samples ranged from 1.5 × 103 to 1.9 × 107 CFU/ml; the counts of pooled samples used for further processing ranged from 4.2 × 106 to 5.7 × 107 CFU/ml. Freezing had no significant effect on the counts. Although freeze-drying reduced the mean count by one log cycle, the decrease was not significant and the level of contamination was above the level considered safe for human consumption. Pasteurization at 62.5°C for 30 min reduced the load 4–5 log cycles and the reduction continued during subsequent storage at −25°C. Although heating at 75°C for 15 min reduced the load 6–7 log cycles, the microbial counts tended to increase during subsequent storage at 4°C.

Cortisol and its possible role in regulation of sodium and potassium in human milk

1983 ◽  
Vol 244 (3) ◽  
pp. E253-E261 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Keenan ◽  
S. W. Buzek ◽  
C. Garza
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Circadian Variation ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

Cortisol (F), Na, and K were measured in human milk samples taken every 4 h during 28 24-h cycles in 19 subjects. F in milk, measured by radioimmunoassay of unchromatographed extracts, demonstrated a circadian variation similar to that of plasma F and was dexamethasone-suppressible. Values ranged from 220 +/- 41 (SE) ng/dl at 2300 h to 1,214 +/- 210 at 0700 h. When milk extracts were chromatographed, a similar circadian variation was seen, and F ranged from 87 +/- 27 (SE) ng/dl at 2300 h to 784 +/- 164 at 700 h. The morning values of F exceeded previous estimates of corticosteroid binding capacity in milk, indicating the possibility of significant levels of unbound F. The subjects were divided into three groups according to time postpartum: I, 3.5-6 wk; II, 8-18 wk, and III, 20-32 wk. In milk, normalized values of F (unchromatographed) and electrolytes (x/means) were compared, with x the value at time t and means the mean value for a 24-h cycle. A significant circadian variation was seen in milk for (x/means)Na, (x/means)K, (x/means)Na/K, and x/means)F. Correlation of (x/means)F with (x/means)Na 4 h later was negative in all three groups (r = -0.36 to -0.56, P less than 0.10-0.001) as was (x/means)F vs. (x/means)Na/K (r = -0.33 to -0.61, P less than 0.10-0.001); (x/means)F vs. (x/means)K 4 h later was positive (r = 0.38 to 0.52, P less than 0.05-0.001). Dexamethasone administration caused a significant decrease in milk means Na and an increase in meansK in all five subjects (P less than 0.01). Thus, milk Na and K concentrations appeared regulated by adrenal corticosteroids.

scholarly journals Nutritional status and human milk intake of exclusively breast-fed infants at high altitude in La Paz, Bolivia

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noelia Urteaga ◽  
José Luis San Miguel ◽  
Ana María Aguilar ◽  
Maruska Muñoz ◽  
Christine Slater
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
Milk Intake ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Breast Fed

AbstractBreast-feeding habits are related to the nutritional status and the risk of illness and death in children under 2 years of age. For the first 6 months, infants should be exclusively breast-fed. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the infant’s nutritional status and human milk intake by breast-fed infants at high altitude. A quantitative, descriptive, correlational study was conducted including mother/baby pairs of infants aged 2–6 months. The amount of human milk consumed by the infants was assessed by the deuterium oxide dose-to-mother technique. The lipid content of human milk was measured by creamatocrit, and anthropometric measurements were performed. A total of eighteen mother/baby pairs were assessed. The mean human milk intake was 888 (sd 149) g/d, and the intake of water from other sources was 24·3 (sd 29·8) g/d. The lipid content in human milk was 41 (sd 12) g/l. The infant’s nutritional indicators were normal in all cases. A moderate positive correlation was found between milk volume and z scores weight-for-length r 0·58 (P=0·01), BMI-for-age r 0·56 (P=0·01) and weight-for-age r 0·45 (P=0·05). There was no correlation with length-for-age z score. The mean of breast milk intake in this study was similar to that found in other studies in the world. The lipid content is comparable to similar studies and was within the normal range. Children older than 3 months showed signs of stunting despite adequate volume and lipid content of breast milk.

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