scholarly journals Human Milk Short-Chain Fatty Acid Composition is Associated with Adiposity Outcomes in Infants

2019 ◽  
Vol 149 (5) ◽  
pp. 716-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippa M Prentice ◽  
Marieke H Schoemaker ◽  
Jacques Vervoort ◽  
Kasper Hettinga ◽  
Tim T Lambers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Negatively Associated

ABSTRACT Background Presumed benefits of human milk (HM) in avoiding rapid infancy weight gain and later obesity could relate to its nutrient composition. However, data on breast milk composition and its relation with growth are sparse. Objective We investigated whether short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), known to be present in HM and linked to energy metabolism, are associated with infancy anthropometrics. Methods In a prospective birth cohort, HM hindmilk samples were collected from 619 lactating mothers at 4–8 wk postnatally [median (IQR) age: 33.9 (31.3–36.5) y, body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2): 22.8 (20.9–25.2)]. Their offspring, born at 40.1 (39.1–41.0) wk gestation with weight 3.56 (3.22–3.87) kg and 51% male, were assessed with measurement of weight, length, and skinfold thickness at ages 3, 12, and 24 mo, and transformed to age- and sex-adjusted z scores. HM SCFAs were measured by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and GC-MS. Multivariable linear regression models were conducted to analyze the relations between NMR HM SCFAs and infancy growth parameters with adjustment for potential confounders. Results NMR peaks for HM butyrate, acetate, and formic acid, but not propionate, were detected. Butyrate peaks were 17.8% higher in HM from exclusively breastfeeding mothers than mixed-feeding mothers (P = 0.003). HM butyrate peak values were negatively associated with changes in infant weight (standardized B  = −0.10, P = 0.019) and BMI (B = −0.10, P = 0.018) between 3 and 12 mo, and negatively associated with BMI (B = −0.10, P = 0.018) and mean skinfold thickness (B = −0.10, P = 0.049) at age 12 mo. HM formic acid peak values showed a consistent negative association with infant BMI at all time points (B < = −0.10, P < = 0.014), whereas HM acetate was negatively associated with skinfold thickness at 3 mo (B = −0.10, P = 0.028) and 24 mo (B = −0.10, P = 0.036). Conclusions These results suggest that HM SCFAs play a beneficial role in weight gain and adiposity during infancy. Further knowledge of HM SCFA function may inform future strategies to support healthy growth.

scholarly journals Regulation of energy expenditure and substrate oxidation by short-chain fatty acids

2019 ◽  
Vol 242 (2) ◽  
pp. R1-R8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alia H Sukkar ◽  
Aaron M Lett ◽  
Gary Frost ◽  
Edward S Chambers
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Lipid Oxidation ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Present Review

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are metabolites produced from the fermentation of dietary fibre by the gut microbiota. High-fibre diets have been associated with lower weight gain and a number of reports have therefore investigated if these positive effects of a dietary fibre on body weight can be replicated through the direct administration of SCFAs. Many of these studies have reported that SCFAs can prevent or attenuate long-term body weight gain by increasing energy expenditure through increased lipid oxidation. The aim of the present review is to therefore evaluate the current evidence for an effect of SCFAs on whole-body energy expenditure and to assess the potential underlying mechanisms. The available data highlights that SCFAs can exert multiple effects at various organ and tissue sites that would cumulatively raise energy expenditure via a promotion of lipid oxidation. In conclusion, the present review proposes that dietary interventions and other therapies that augment gut-derived SCFAs and systemic availability may present an effective strategy to improve long-term energy balance and body weight management.

Abstract P485: Association of Hypertension With the Gut Microbiome and Serum Short-chain Fatty Acids

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 141 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moira K Differding ◽  
Lawrence J Appel ◽  
Nisa Maruthur ◽  
Stephen Juraschek ◽  
Edgar R Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Adult Cancer Survivors ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Background: Murine models indicate that gut microbiota, and the short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) they produce from fermentation of fiber, play a role in blood pressure (BP) regulation. However, few human studies have examined how gut microbiota and serum SCFAs are associated with hypertension. Objective: We examined associations of gut microbiota composition and serum SCFAs with hypertension and BP, hypothesizing an inverse association with serum SCFAs. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a trial of overweight and obese adult cancer survivors. We measured 1 ) the gut microbiome by extracting microbial DNA from stool and sequencing the 16S rRNA V4 region and 2 ) serum SCFA using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Hypertension was defined as systolic BP ≥ 130, diastolic BP ≥ 80 mmHg, self-report, or use of hypertension medications. We used beta-binomial models to test differential abundance of microbial amplicon sequence variants by hypertension , and linear regression to examine log-transformed SCFAs with BP. We adjusted models for age, sex, race, fiber, BMI and medications (in BP models). Results: Of 111 participants with complete data, 73 had hypertension. Hypertensive participants differed by age (mean 62 vs. 56y) and sex (73% vs. 90% female), but not race (46% black) or BMI (mean 35 kg/m 2 ). Alpha and beta diversity were not associated with hypertension (Ps>0.05). Hypertensive participants had higher abundance of Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Bifidobacterium and Escherichia , and lower Lachnospiraceae, Haemophilus and Faecalibacterium ( Figure) . Serum acetate was negatively associated with systolic BP (β=-3.3 mmHg difference per 1 SD increment acetate, 95% CI: -6.1, -0.6); other SCFAs were not associated (Ps>0.05). Conclusion: A Bacteroides dominated microbiota was positively associated with hypertension. Acetate, the most abundant circulating SCFA, was negatively associated with BP. Determining whether the associations are causal or not warrants further investigation.

scholarly journals Human Milk From Atopic Mothers Has Lower Levels of Short Chain Fatty Acids

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa F. Stinson ◽  
Melvin C. L. Gay ◽  
Petya T. Koleva ◽  
Merete Eggesbø ◽  
Christine C. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) concentrations in human milk consumed by infants born at different gestational ages and the variations in concentration during lactation stages

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 1869-1880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyue Dai ◽  
Tinglan Yuan ◽  
Xinghe Zhang ◽  
Qin Zhou ◽  
Huiya Bi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Term Infant ◽  
Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Short-chain fatty acids and medium-chain fatty acids (4:0, 6:0 and 8:0) are naturally occurring in human milk triacylglycerol and are present in highest amounts in mature full-term infant milk (1.47 ± 0.66 mg g−1 fat).

Short-Chain Fatty Acids as Sanitizers for Beef1,2,3

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 168-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. QUARTEY-PAPAFIO ◽  
R. T. MARSHALL ◽  
M. E. ANDERSON
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Microbial Counts ◽  
Microbial Destruction ◽  
Test Cultures

Formic, acetic and propionic acids in various combinations and individually were screened for antimicrobial efficacy and effect on meat color. Microorganisms tested were two pseudomonads, three coliforms, a Streptococcus sp., a Micrococcus sp., a spore-forming bottom yeast and three film yeasts which reproduced by budding. Variables tested were microorganism, pH, concentration of sanitizer and exposure time. When the 11 cultures were exposed to individual sanitizers and mixtures of them in three replications, 2% formic acid and 1% formic plus 1% acetic acid were most effective, destroying 84 and 73%, respectively, of the test cultures. Three microorganisms that were refractory to 2% acetic acid were usually killed by 2% formic acid. Addition of ascorbic acid to the sanitizer to reduce oxidation of the meat pigments resulted in lowered microbial counts. Color was not affected by addition of 1% ascorbic acid. With added 5% ascorbic acid, discoloration was noticeable but not extensive. There was no effect of pH on microbial destruction at the concentration of acid used, However, more microorganisms were killed as time of exposure to the acid was increased.

scholarly journals Honeybee gut microbiota promotes host weight gain via bacterial metabolism and hormonal signaling

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (18) ◽  
pp. 4775-4780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Zheng ◽  
J. Elijah Powell ◽  
Margaret I. Steele ◽  
Carsten Dietrich ◽  
Nancy A. Moran
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Metabolism ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Social Bees ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions ◽  
The Impact

Social bees harbor a simple and specialized microbiota that is spatially organized into different gut compartments. Recent results on the potential involvement of bee gut communities in pathogen protection and nutritional function have drawn attention to the impact of the microbiota on bee health. However, the contributions of gut microbiota to host physiology have yet to be investigated. Here we show that the gut microbiota promotes weight gain of both whole body and the gut in individual honey bees. This effect is likely mediated by changes in host vitellogenin, insulin signaling, and gustatory response. We found that microbial metabolism markedly reduces gut pH and redox potential through the production of short-chain fatty acids and that the bacteria adjacent to the gut wall form an oxygen gradient within the intestine. The short-chain fatty acid profile contributed by dominant gut species was confirmed in vitro. Furthermore, metabolomic analyses revealed that the gut community has striking impacts on the metabolic profiles of the gut compartments and the hemolymph, suggesting that gut bacteria degrade plant polymers from pollen and that the resulting metabolites contribute to host nutrition. Our results demonstrate how microbial metabolism affects bee growth, hormonal signaling, behavior, and gut physicochemical conditions. These findings indicate that the bee gut microbiota has basic roles similar to those found in some other animals and thus provides a model in studies of host–microbe interactions.

scholarly journals Combined Buckwheat d-Fagomine and Fish Omega-3 PUFAs Stabilize the Populations of Gut Prevotella and Bacteroides While Reducing Weight Gain in Rats

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercè Hereu ◽  
Sara Ramos-Romero ◽  
Roser Marín-Valls ◽  
Susana Amézqueta ◽  
Bernat Miralles-Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Pufa Supplementation ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Some functional food components may help maintain homeostasis by promoting balanced gut microbiota. Here, we explore the possible complementary effects of d-fagomine and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid/docosahexaenoic acid (EPA/DHA 1:1) on putatively beneficial gut bacterial strains. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were supplemented with d-fagomine, ω-3 PUFAs, or both, for 23 weeks. Bacterial subgroups were evaluated in fecal DNA by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and short-chain fatty acids were determined by gas chromatography. We found that the populations of the genus Prevotella remained stable over time in animals supplemented with d-fagomine, independently of ω-3 PUFA supplementation. Animals in these groups gained less weight than controls and rats given only ω-3 PUFAs. d-Fagomine supplementation together with ω-3 PUFAs maintained the relative populations of Bacteroides. ω-3 PUFAs alone or combined with d-fagomine reduced the amount of acetic acid and total short-chain fatty acids in feces. The plasma levels of pro-inflammatory arachidonic acid derived metabolites, triglycerides and cholesterol were lower in both groups supplemented with ω-3 PUFAs. The d-fagomine and ω-3 PUFAs combination provided the functional benefits of each supplement. Notably, it helped stabilize populations of Prevotella in the rat intestinal tract while reducing weight gain and providing the anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular benefits of ω-3 PUFAs.

scholarly journals Concentrations of oligosaccharides in human milk and child growth

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Menzel ◽  
Mandy Vogel ◽  
Sean Austin ◽  
Norbert Sprenger ◽  
Nico Grafe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Infant Outcomes ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Secretor Status ◽  
Child Height ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background The relationship between human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) and child growth has been investigated only insufficiently with ambiguous results. Therefore, this study examines potential influencing factors of HMO concentrations and how HMO are associated with child growth parameters. Methods Milk samples from the German LIFE Child cohort of healthy children were analyzed for 9 HMO. Putative associations with maternal and child cofactors and child height, head circumference and BMI between 3 months and 7 years of age were examined. Secretor status, defined as the presence of 2′-fucosyllactose, was investigated for associations with infant outcomes. Results Our population consisted of 21 (14.7%) non-secretor and 122 (85.3%) secretor mothers. Maternal age was significantly associated with higher 3′SL concentrations; gestational age was associated with LNT, 6′SL and LNFP-I. Pre-pregnancy BMI was negatively associated with LNnT only in non-secretors. The growth velocity of non-secretors’ children was inversely associated with LNnT at 3 months to 1 year (R = 0.95 [0.90, 0.99], p = 0.014), 1 to 2 years (R = 0.80 [0.72, 0.88], p < 0.001) and 5 to 6 years (R = 0.71 [0.57, 0.87], p = 0.002). 2’FL was negatively associated with BMI consistently, reaching statistical significance at 3 months and 4 and 5 years. Children of non-secretors showed higher BMI at 3 months, 6 months, and 3, 6, and 7 years of age. Conclusion We found that some associations between HMO and infant growth may extend beyond the infancy and breastfeeding periods. They highlight the importance of both maternal and infant parameters in the understanding of the underlying associations. Trial registration The study is registered with ClinicalTrial.gov: NCT02550236.

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