scholarly journals Chronic Hydrocephalus Following Mumps Encephalitis: Neuropathological Correlates and Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cassie MacRae ◽  
Hemant Varma
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Aqueductal Stenosis ◽  
Cerebral Aqueduct ◽  
Pathophysiological Mechanism ◽  
Rosenthal Fibers ◽  
Chronic Hydrocephalus ◽  
Gross Examination ◽  
Mumps Infection

Abstract Hydrocephalus is a rare and devastating complication of mumps encephalitis. The histopathological correlates of mumps infection in central nervous system tissues are not well-characterized. We present the case of a 54-year-old patient who suffered long-term neuropsychiatric sequelae and hydrocephalus as a consequence of a childhood mumps infection. Brain autopsy revealed significant dilation of the lateral and third ventricles. Aqueductal stenosis was not observed on premortem imaging or on gross examination. Histology revealed loss of ependymal epithelium throughout the aqueduct and ventricular system. Macrophage conglomerates were identified within the cerebral aqueduct at the level of the pons in addition to subjacent periaqueductal gliosis and scattered Rosenthal fibers. Together, these findings support primary ependymal injury as a pathophysiological mechanism in the development of chronic hydrocephalus following mumps infection. Finally, we review the existing literature and discuss potential mechanisms of disease.

scholarly journals Persistent cognitive impairment associated with cerebrospinal fluid anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies six months after mild COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Borsche ◽  
Dirk Reichel ◽  
Anja Fellbrich ◽  
Anne S. Lixenfeld ◽  
Johann Rahmöller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Female Patient ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Neuropsychological Testing ◽  
Important Challenge ◽  
Central Nervous System Invasion

AbstractNeurological long-term sequelae are increasingly considered an important challenge in the recent COVID-19 pandemic. However, most evidence for neurological symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection and central nervous system invasion of the virus stems from individuals severely affected in the acute phase of the disease. Here, we report long-lasting cognitive impairment along with persistent cerebrospinal fluid anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in a female patient with unremarkable standard examination 6 months after mild COVID-19, supporting the implementation of neuropsychological testing and specific cerebrospinal fluid investigation also in patients with a relatively mild acute disease phase.

Monitoring of tricyclic antidepressant plasma levels and clinical response: a review of the literature. Part II

1989 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.R. De Oliveira ◽  
P.A.S. Do Prado-Lima ◽  
B. Samuel-Lajeunesse
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Tricyclic Antidepressant ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Central Nervous System Toxicity ◽  
Routine Measurement ◽  
System Toxicity

SummaryPart II of this paper contains some general considerations on tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) monitoring. Long-term assessment of TCA plasma levels is advised by the few existent studies, although each of these focusses on different aspects. Cardiovascular and central nervous system toxicity is reviewed as well as pharmacokinetics and the importance of protein binding. Some consideration is also given to their use in elderly patients. The authors conclude that although available data support its usefulness in many situations, routine measurement of TCA levels is not warranted.

scholarly journals Self-buffering capacity of a human sulfatase for central nervous system delivery

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Wen ◽  
Nazila Salamat-Miller ◽  
Keethkumar Jain ◽  
Katherine Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
The Self ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Formulation Design ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Therapeutic Enzymes ◽  
Intrathecal Space

AbstractDirect delivery of therapeutic enzymes to the Central Nervous System requires stringent formulation design. Not only should the formulation design consider the delicate balance of existing ions, proteins, and osmolality in the cerebrospinal fluid, it must also provide long term efficacy and stability for the enzyme. One fundamental approach to this predicament is designing formulations with no buffering species. In this study, we report a high concentration, saline-based formulation for a human sulfatase for its delivery into the intrathecal space. A high concentration formulation (≤ 40 mg/mL) was developed through a series of systematic studies that demonstrated the feasibility of a self-buffered formulation for this molecule. The self-buffering capacity phenomenon was found to be a product of both the protein itself and potentially the residual phosphates associated with the protein. To date, the self-buffered formulation for this molecule has been stable for up to 4 years when stored at 5 ± 3 °C, with no changes either in the pH values or other quality attributes of the molecule. The high concentration self-buffered protein formulation was also observed to be stable when exposed to multiple freeze–thaw cycles and was robust during in-use and agitation studies.

Uncus Herniation Presenting as Immediate Onset Postoperative Hemichorea

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (02) ◽  
pp. 123-125
Author(s):  
Vinay Agarwal ◽  
Namit Singhal
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Postoperative Period ◽  
Aqueductal Stenosis ◽  
Spontaneous Movements ◽  
The Central Nervous System

AbstractChorea is defined as a state of excessive spontaneous movements, irregularly timed, nonrepetitive, randomly distributed, and abrupt in character. Thalamic and subthalamic lesions are commonly known to cause hemichorea. Here, we describe a patient with hydrocephalus due to aqueductal stenosis that caused hemichorea in the immediate postoperative period due to subthalamic infarct of uncus herniation. Considering that hydrocephalus symmetrically affects the central nervous system, the asymmetric presentation of chorea in the immediate postoperative period after wakening up from anesthesia could be confusing if a possibility of uncus herniation is not considered.

scholarly journals Multiplexed neurochemical transmission emulated using a dual-excitatory synaptic transistor

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingxue Ma ◽  
Yao Ni ◽  
Zirong Chi ◽  
Wanqing Meng ◽  
Haiyang Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Potentiation ◽  
Binary Neural Network ◽  
Neuromorphic Systems ◽  
Human Brains

AbstractThe ability to emulate multiplexed neurochemical transmission is an important step toward mimicking complex brain activities. Glutamate and dopamine are neurotransmitters that regulate thinking and impulse signals independently or synergistically. However, emulation of such simultaneous neurotransmission is still challenging. Here we report design and fabrication of synaptic transistor that emulates multiplexed neurochemical transmission of glutamate and dopamine. The device can perform glutamate-induced long-term potentiation, dopamine-induced short-term potentiation, or co-release-induced depression under particular stimulus patterns. More importantly, a balanced ternary system that uses our ambipolar synaptic device backtrack input ‘true’, ‘false’ and ‘unknown’ logic signals; this process is more similar to the information processing in human brains than a traditional binary neural network. This work provides new insight for neuromorphic systems to establish new principles to reproduce the complexity of a mammalian central nervous system from simple basic units.

scholarly journals Diagnosis, treatment, and misdiagnosis analysis of 28 cases of central nervous system echinococcosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guojia Du ◽  
Yandong Li ◽  
Pan Wu ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Riqing Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Pathological Examination ◽  
Surgical Removal ◽  
Surgical Treatments

Abstract Background To explore central nervous system (CNS) involvement in this disease, from the perspectives of diagnosis, treatment, and misdiagnosis Methods Twenty-eight patients with CNS echinococcosis were included in this retrospective study, including 18 males (64.3%) and 10 (35.7%) females. The average age of all the patients were 23.5 years (ranged 4–60 years). Twenty-three (23) patients (82.1%) received the first surgical resection in our hospital. Five (5) patients (17.9%) gave up surgical treatment for multiple-organ hydatidosis and previous surgery history at other hospitals, and albendazole was applied for a long-term (3–6 months) adjunct therapy for the 5 patients. The average follow-up time was 8 years. Results For the 28 patients, 23 cases received surgical treatments, and the diagnosis was confirmed by pathological examinations. The diagnosis of 4 cases of brain echinococcosis and 2 cases of spinal cord echinococcosis could not be confirmed, resulting in a misdiagnosis rate of 21.4% (6/28). For the pathological examination, a total of 17 cases were infected with Echinococcus granulosus (including 2 cases of spinal cord echinococcosis), and 6 cases were infected with Echinococcus alveolaris. Conclusion The diagnosis should be specifically considered in endemic regions. The clinical features of CNS hydatidosis were intracranial space-occupying lesions. For the treatment, the surgical removal of cysts should be necessary. In addition, the adjuvant therapy with drug and intraoperative prophylaxis is also suggested. The misdiagnosis may have resulted from atypical clinical features and radiographic manifestations, as well as the accuracy of hydatid immunologic test.

CNS Stimulant Controversies

1989 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florence Levy
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Animal Model ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Central Nervous System Stimulant ◽  
Stimulant Medications ◽  
Cns Stimulant

Controversies in the use of central nervous system stimulant medications in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are discussed. Diagnostic issues, age of optimal use, side effects, effects on learning and ethical considerations are current issues. An animal model for the effects of chronic long-term high dose regimes is proposed.

scholarly journals Maternal Overnutrition Induces Long-Term Cognitive Deficits across Several Generations

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gitalee Sarker ◽  
Daria Peleg-Raibstein
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Cognitive Impairments ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Maternal Overnutrition

Ample evidence from epidemiological studies has linked maternal obesity with metabolic disorders such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes in the next generation. Recently, it was also shown that maternal obesity has long-term effects on the progeny’s central nervous system. However, very little is known regarding how maternal overnutrition may affect, in particular, the cognitive abilities of the offspring. We reported that first-generation offspring exposed to a maternal high-fat diet (MHFD) displayed age-dependent cognitive deficits. These deficits were associated with attenuations of amino acid levels in the medial prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus regions of MHFD offspring. Here, we tested the hypothesis that MHFD in mice may induce long-term cognitive impairments and neurochemical dysfunctions in the second and third generations. We found that MHFD led to cognitive disabilities and an altered response to a noncompetitive receptor antagonist of the N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor in adult MHFD offspring in both second and third generations in a sex-specific manner. Our results suggest that maternal overnutrition leads to an increased risk of developing obesity in subsequent generations as well as to cognitive impairments, affecting learning and memory processes in adulthood. Furthermore, MHFD exposure may facilitate pathological brain aging which is not a consequence of obesity. Our findings shed light on the long-term effects of maternal overnutrition on the development of the central nervous system and the underlying mechanisms which these traits relate to disease predisposition.

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