“The Way of Progress and Civilization”: Racial Hierarchy and US State Building in Haiti and the Dominican Republic (1915–1922)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Pampinella
Keyword(s):  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Order Theory ◽  
State Building ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Racial Stratification ◽  
Governance Practices ◽  
Racial Knowledge

Abstract Racial stratification remains critically undertheorized in hierarchy studies. Postcolonial analyses demonstrate how diffuse systems of racial knowledge produce unequal subjectivities in world politics, but they are often criticized for making overdetermined explanations that do not account for agency or contingency. To rectify this theoretical lacuna, I develop a postcolonial-practice theory approach to explain variation in the intensity and duration of governance hierarchies. I argue that racialized discourses constitute the habitualized dispositions of dominant and subordinate actors and make possible specific governance practices. This approach can account for puzzling cases of successful resistance by some subordinates while others languish under intense domination. Two such cases are US state building interventions in Haiti and the Dominican Republic during the early twentieth century. By using a variety of primary archival and public sources, I demonstrate how ideas about racial differences among Anglo-Americans, Dominicans, and Haitians led US policymakers to enact a more long-term and domineering occupation of Haiti compared to the Dominican Republic. Once Dominican elites articulated a European–Spanish identity in opposition to Blackness, they mobilized support from other Latin American states and made US withdrawal practical. A postcolonial-practice explanation is useful because it addresses the limitations of both narrow and broad approaches to the study of hierarchy. Its focus on the contestation of US hierarchies further contributes to hegemonic-order theory while illustrating how the dynamics of inclusion and exclusion shape imperial rule and strategies of anti-imperial resistance.

scholarly journals Trends in social inequalities in breastfeeding and infant formulas in Latin American countries between the 1990 and 2010 decades

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Camila S Ferreira ◽  
Catarina M Azeredo ◽  
Ana Elisa M Rinaldi
Keyword(s):  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Social Inequality ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Weighted Least Squares ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Simultaneous Decrease

Abstract Objective: To analyse trends of social inequality in breastfeeding and infant formula (IF) use in Latin America between 1990 and 2010 decades. Design: Time-series cross-sectional study with data from Demographic and Health Surveys. We described the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), breastfeeding between 6 and 12 months (BF6-12) and IF for infants under 6 months (IF < 6) and between 6 and 12 months (IF6-12). Social inequalities were assessed using the slope index of inequality (SII) and concentration index (CIX). Trends in the prevalence of breastfeeding, IF and index of social inequality were analysed by a linear regression model with weighted least squares variance. Setting: Bolivia, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Haiti and Peru. Participants: 51·358 alive infants younger than 12 months. Results: Five countries showed an increasing trend for EBF and BF6-12, four increased for IF < 6 and six for IF6-12. Simultaneous decrease in IF < 6 (Colombia: −0·3/year; Haiti: −0·02/year) and increase in EBF (Colombia: +2·0/year; Haiti: +1·9/year) were observed only in two countries. EBF prevalence was high in the lowest income quintiles in five countries, and IF prevalence was high in the highest income quintiles in all countries and over the decades. For BF6-12, a decrease in inequality (prevalence increased in the highest quintile) was observed in Guatemala (SII1995 = −0·42; SII2015 = −0·28) and the Dominican Republic (SII1996 = −0·54; SII2013 = −0·26). Guatemala was the only country showing a decrease in inequality for BF (SII = −0·005; CIX = −0·0035) and an increase for IF (SII = 0·022; CIX = 0·01). Conclusions: The inequality in BF and IF remained over time. However, inequality in IF < 6 has decreased because low-income infants have increased use and high-income infants have decreased.

scholarly journals Police Stop and Frisk and the Impact of Race: A Focal Concerns Theory Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 230
Author(s):  
Anthony Vito ◽  
George Higgins ◽  
Gennaro Vito
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Stop And Frisk ◽  
Focal Concerns ◽  
Police Decision Making ◽  
Reasonable Suspicion ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Verbal Threat ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Focal Concerns Theory

The findings of this study outline the racial differences in stop and frisk decisions by Illinois officers in consent searches and those based upon reasonable suspicion within the context of the elements of focal concerns theory. The analysis for this study was performed using propensity score matching (PSM) and allowed the researchers to create a quasi-experimental design to examine the race of the citizen and police decision making. According to our analysis of official Illinois law enforcement data, Black citizens, particularly males, were less likely to give their consent to a stop and frisk search. Black male citizens were also more likely to be stopped and searched due to an assessment of reasonable suspicion by the officer. Elements of focal concerns theory were also factors in pedestrian stops under conditions of consent and reasonable suspicion. Citizens judged as blameworthy were more likely to be stopped and frisked under conditions of consent and reasonable suspicion. The effect of a verbal threat and the officer’s prior knowledge about the citizen had even more significant impacts.

scholarly journals Applicability of Warren Buffett's investment criteria in equity securities trading on the Quito Stock Exchange, Ecuador / Aplicabilidade dos critérios de investimento de Warren Buffett em ações negociadas na Bolsa de Valores de Quito, Equador

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 96990-97007
Author(s):  
Mikel Ugando Peñate ◽  
Andrés Wladimir Herrera Manosalvas
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Financial Education ◽  
The Other ◽  
Good Corporate Governance ◽  
Governance Practices ◽  
Securities Trading ◽  
The City ◽  
A Company ◽  
Latin American Countries

The Quito Stock Exchange (QSE) through its objective of offering security to investors, has reflected an act based on good corporate governance practices, however, 2% of amounts correspond to shares that are traded nationally, being Ecuador one of the Latin American countries with the lowest amounts traded compared to 8% of GDP. The objective of the investigation is framed in determining if the investment criteria of Warren Buffett have applicability in the negotiations of actions in the QSE, added to this the presumed existence of aversion to risk on the part of the investor, but also the ignorance of the movement of market and securities transactions, with a population that possibly lacks financial education and does not have benchmarks to invest in a seemingly unknown market. The fields of inquiry that have been defined have to do with the buffettology that involves the investment techniques and criteria that have made Buffett the most famous investor worldwide and, on the other hand, the equity certificates of or documents that represent a Part of ownership of the assets of a company that in the future allows you to enjoy the derived benefits. In conclusion, the criteria are partially applicable in an average 72.23% within companies that could be very close to being excellent, with economic, legal and operational barriers that hold back the development of the stock market in the city of Quito.

State Musical Populisms

2020 ◽  
pp. 98-138
Author(s):  
Pablo Palomino
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Music Education ◽  
Latin American ◽  
State Building ◽  
The State ◽  
Comparative History ◽  
Cultural Activism ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Masses

This chapter shows the emergence of a regional sense of Latin America as part of the musical pedagogy of the nationalist states at the peak of the state-building efforts to organize, through a variety of instruments of cultural activism, what at the time were called “the masses.” It analyzes particularly the cases of Brazil, Mexico, and Argentina—the three largest countries of the time in population and economic development—from the 1910s through the 1950s. It proposes a comparative history of Latin American musical populisms, focusing in particular on policies of music education, broadcasting, censorship, and experiences of state-sponsored collective singing.

scholarly journals P749 Epidemiological and clinical characterisation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Latin America and the Caribbean: The EPI-LATAM IBD study from the Pan American Crohn’s colitis organisation

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S599-S600 ◽  
Author(s):  
J K Yamamoto-Furusho ◽  
N N Parra-Holguín ◽  
E Grupo-Colombiano ◽  
F Bosques-Padilla ◽  
G Veitia-Velásquez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Steroid Resistance ◽  
Extraintestinal Manifestations ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics ◽  
Latin American And Caribbean

Abstract Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is currently recognised as a global health problem, since its incidence and prevalence have increased significantly worldwide in recent years. Studies in Latin America are only limited to reporting incidence and prevalence, so our main objective is to report the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of IBD in Latin American and Caribbean countries. Methods This is a multicentre cohort study in which 8 Latin American and Caribbean countries were included: Colombia, Cuba, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Uruguay and Venezuela during the period from August 2017 to October 2019. Two study groups were conducted by geographic region due to their ethnicity, Group 1) Caribbean: Cuba, Puerto Rico and Dominican Republic, Group 2) Latin America: Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela and Peru. Statistical analysis was performed with the statistical programme SPSS v.24. A value of p &lt;0.05 was taken as significant. Results This study included a total of 4216 IBD patients from 8 countries. The CD was more frequent than UC in the following countries: Puerto Rico with 68.5%, Dominican Republic 56.3% and Peru with 53.1%, while in the rest of the countries the frequency of UC predominated, in Colombia by 79.2%, Venezuela in 78.4%, Cuba in 69.9% and Mexico in 75.8%. The Caribbean countries had a significantly higher frequency in the fistulising phenotype in CD with 65.1% (p = 0.0001), steroid dependence in 11.51% (pp = 0.002), steroid resistance in 28.5% (pp = 0.0001), thiopurine intolerance in 1.40% (p = 0.0002), extraintestinal manifestations in 55.91% (p = 0.0001), IBD surgeries in 32.10% (p = 0.0001) and family history of IBD reported a frequency of 15.60% (p = 0.0001). For Latin America, the frequency of pancolitis was more frequent in 48.21% (p = 0001) in patients with UC. The factors associated with the use of biological therapy were: fistulising phenotype in CD, steroid resistance, thiopurine intolerance, presence of extraintestinal manifestations and IBD-related surgeries. There is an increased frequency in the diagnosis of IBD in the last two decades (2000–2019), being 7.5 times for UC and 12.5 times for CD as show in Figure 1. Conclusion This is the first large and multicentre study in Latin America and the Caribbean which showed significant increase in the diagnosis of IBD in the last two decades as well as the differences in clinical and epidemiological characteristics between both regions.

Multiracial Identification and Racial Gaps: A Work in Progress

2018 ◽  
Vol 677 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenifer L. Bratter
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Outcomes ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Prior Work ◽  
Racial Stratification ◽  
Work In Progress ◽  
Race Inequality ◽  
Racial Gaps ◽  
The U.S

For nearly 20 years, the U.S. Census has allowed respondents to report multiple races, offering new opportunities to assess the well-being of multiracial groups. Multiple-race reporting provides much-needed nuance for assessing the racial stratification of social outcomes as the distinctions between racial groups is less clear. Here, I explore the promises and the pitfalls of working with multiple-race data in studies of race inequality. I begin with a discussion of prior work using multiple-race data, showing how they inform our understanding of race-based patterns, and also consider issues raised by the conceptual and methodological fuzziness inherent in using multiple-race responses. I then provide a brief picture of current racial differences in adult poverty rates for single- and multiple-race groups, revealing that some multiracial groups experience parity with single-race groups while others occupy a space in between. While these patterns are meaningful, multiple interpretations are possible given the nature of multiple-race data.

Sueños de Béisbol: Hopes, Experiences, and Expectations of Professional Baseball Players in the Dominican Republic

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Leonardo Ruiz ◽  
Judy L. Van Raalte ◽  
Thaddeus France ◽  
Al Petitpas
Keyword(s):  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Sport Psychology ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Major League Baseball ◽  
Professional Baseball ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Youth Baseball ◽  
Perceptions And Expectations

More than 1,400 Latin American professional baseball players, age 16-21, are employed by 30 Major League Baseball (MLB) academies in the Dominican Republic. The popular press has highlighted scandals related to professional youth baseball player recruitment, selection, and exploitation in the academies, but little attention has been given to the academy experiences of youth baseball players from the perspective of the players themselves. For this research, 11 professional baseball players residing at an MLB Academy in the Dominican Republic participated in semi-structured interviews. Players described their transitions into the baseball academy system, their experiences in the academy, and their perceptions and expectations upon leaving or being released from the academy. Themes that emerged from the data included athletes’ hopes and dreams, stress, faith, and career transitions. Clinical implications of these findings for sport psychology practitioners are discussed.

scholarly journals Are teachers techno-optimists or techno-pessimists? A pilot comparative among teachers in Bolivia, Brazil, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Finland, Poland, Turkey, and Uruguay

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Łukasz Tomczyk ◽  
Vladimir Costas Jáuregui ◽  
Cibelle Albuquerque de La Higuera Amato ◽  
Darwin Muñoz ◽  
Magali Arteaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Media ◽  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Latin American ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Digital Competence ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
E Learning ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The aim of the article is to highlight the key elements related to the implementation of new technologies in education from the perspective of the opinions and experiences of educators in the field in Bolivia, Brazil, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Finland, Poland, Turkey, and Uruguay. The text compares issues related to attitudes towards the use of new media in education, experiences with different forms of e-learning, and the level of restrictions on the use of smartphones in school. These variables are juxtaposed with the self-assessment of digital competence and how cyberspace is used. The survey was conducted using a standardised survey questionnaire translated into the relevant national languages in the first half of 2019, and involved a sample of 873 teachers representing eight countries. On the basis of the pilot studies it was noted that: 1) Teachers from LAC and EU like to use digital media - this is a constant trend independent of geographical location; 2) Teachers note that new technologies are not always better than analogue didactic aids; 3) Teachers from selected countries (the Dominican Republic, Brazil, Turkey, and Uruguay) have much greater techno-optimism in themselves than teachers from Bolivia, Poland, Finland and Turkey in terms of the impact of ICT on student motivation and engagement; 4) In all countries teachers prefer free online courses (the different forms of e-learning are used most often by those in the Dominican Republic, and the least often in Bolivia and Poland); 5) In each country teachers who highly value their own digital competences and have a positive attitude towards new media use ICT much more actively; 6) There is also a global trend in that the extensive use of cyberspace (typical e-services) appears in combination with the extensive use of various forms of e-learning; 7) Teachers from Ecuador are most likely to want to ban the use of smartphones in schools. The most liberal approach in this respect is taken by the Uruguayans; 8) The knowledge of the conditions related to restricting the use of smartphones goes beyond the analyses related to the style of use and attitude towards new media. This article is the result of pilot studies conducted within the framework of the SMART ECOSYSTEM FOR LEARNING AND INCLUSION project carried out in selected Latin American, Caribbean (LAC) and European (EU) countries.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document