scholarly journals miR156-targeted SPL10 controls Arabidopsis root meristem activity and root-derived de novo shoot regeneration via cytokinin responses

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 934-950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Hernán Barrera-Rojas ◽  
Gabriel Henrique Braga Rocha ◽  
Laura Polverari ◽  
Diego Armando Pinheiro Brito ◽  
Diego Silva Batista ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Regeneration ◽  
Root Meristem ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Arabidopsis Root ◽  
Squamosa Promoter Binding Protein ◽  
Spl Genes ◽  
Dependent Pathway

Abstract Root growth is modulated by different factors, including phytohormones, transcription factors, and microRNAs (miRNAs). MicroRNA156 and its targets, the SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) genes, define an age-dependent pathway that controls several developmental processes, including lateral root emergence. However, it remains unclear whether miR156-regulated SPLs control root meristem activity and root-derived de novo shoot regeneration. Here, we show that MIR156 and SPL genes have opposing expression patterns during the progression of primary root (PR) growth in Arabidopsis, suggesting that age cues may modulate root development. Plants with high miR156 levels display reduced meristem size, resulting in shorter primary root (PRs). Conversely, plants with reduced miR156 levels show higher meristem activity. Importantly, loss of function of SPL10 decreases meristem activity, while SPL10 de-repression increases it. Meristem activity is regulated by SPL10 probably through the reduction of cytokinin responses, via the modulation of type-B ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR1(ARR1) expression. We also show that SPL10 de-repression in the PRs abolishes de novo shoot regenerative capacity by attenuating cytokinin responses. Our results reveal a cooperative regulation of root meristem activity and root-derived de novo shoot regeneration by integrating age cues with cytokinin responses via miR156-targeted SPL10.

scholarly journals Roles of the GA-mediated SPL Gene Family and miR156 in the Floral Development of Chinese Chestnut (Castanea mollissima)

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 1577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guosong Chen ◽  
Jingtong Li ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
Qing Zhang ◽  
Yuerong Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Target Genes ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Squamosa Promoter Binding Protein ◽  
Spl Genes ◽  
Castanea Mollissima

Chestnut (Castanea mollissima) is a deciduous tree species with major economic and ecological value that is widely used in the study of floral development in woody plants due its monoecious and out-of-proportion characteristics. Squamosa promoter-binding protein-like (SPL) is a plant-specific transcription factor that plays an important role in floral development. In this study, a total of 18 SPL genes were identified in the chestnut genome, of which 10 SPL genes have complementary regions of CmmiR156. An analysis of the phylogenetic tree of the squamosa promoter-binding protein (SBP) domains of the SPL genes of Arabidopsis thaliana, Populus trichocarpa, and C. mollissima divided these SPL genes into eight groups. The evolutionary relationship between poplar and chestnut in the same group was similar. A structural analysis of the protein-coding regions (CDSs) showed that the domains have the main function of SBP domains and that other domains also play an important role in determining gene function. The expression patterns of CmmiR156 and CmSPLs in different floral organs of chestnut were analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR. Some CmSPLs with similar structural patterns showed similar expression patterns, indicating that the gene structures determine the synergy of the gene functions. The application of gibberellin (GA) and its inhibitor (Paclobutrazol, PP333) to chestnut trees revealed that these exert a significant effect on the number and length of the male and female chestnut flowers. GA treatment significantly increased CmmiR156 expression and thus significantly decreased the expression of its target gene, CmSPL6/CmSPL9/CmSPL16, during floral bud development. This finding indicates that GA might indirectly affect the expression of some of the SPL target genes through miR156. In addition, RNA ligase-mediated rapid amplification of the 5′ cDNA ends (RLM-RACE) experiments revealed that CmmiR156 cleaves CmSPL9 and CmSPL16 at the 10th and 12th bases of the complementary region. These results laid an important foundation for further study of the biological function of CmSPLs in the floral development of C. mollissima.

scholarly journals SOX2 Plays a Critical Role in the Pituitary, Forebrain, and Eye during Human Embryonic Development

2008 ◽  
Vol 93 (5) ◽  
pp. 1865-1873 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Kelberman ◽  
Sandra C. P. de Castro ◽  
Shuwen Huang ◽  
John A. Crolla ◽  
Rodger Palmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
De Novo Mutations ◽  
Direct Role

Abstract Context: Heterozygous, de novo mutations in the transcription factor SOX2 are associated with bilateral anophthalmia or severe microphthalmia and hypopituitarism. Variable additional abnormalities include defects of the corpus callosum and hippocampus. Objective: We have ascertained a further three patients with severe eye defects and pituitary abnormalities who were screened for mutations in SOX2. To provide further evidence of a direct role for SOX2 in hypothalamo-pituitary development, we have studied the expression of the gene in human embryonic tissues. Results: All three patients harbored heterozygous SOX2 mutations: a deletion encompassing the entire gene, an intragenic deletion (c.70_89del), and a novel nonsense mutation (p.Q61X) within the DNA binding domain that results in impaired transactivation. We also show that human SOX2 can inhibit β-catenin-driven reporter gene expression in vitro, whereas mutant SOX2 proteins are unable to repress efficiently this activity. Furthermore, we show that SOX2 is expressed throughout the human brain, including the developing hypothalamus, as well as Rathke’s pouch, the developing anterior pituitary, and the eye. Conclusions: Patients with SOX2 mutations often manifest the unusual phenotype of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, with sparing of other pituitary hormones despite anterior pituitary hypoplasia. SOX2 expression patterns in human embryonic development support a direct involvement of the protein during development of tissues affected in these individuals. Given the critical role of Wnt-signaling in the development of most of these tissues, our data suggest that a failure to repress the Wnt-β-catenin pathway could be one of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms associated with loss-of-function mutations in SOX2.

scholarly journals Varying intolerance of gene pathways to mutational classes explain genetic convergence across neuropsychiatric disorders

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahar Shohat ◽  
Eyal Ben-David ◽  
Sagiv Shifman
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Missense Mutations ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Brain Gene Expression

AbstractGenetic susceptibility to Intellectual disability (ID), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia (SCZ) often arises from mutations in the same genes, suggesting that they share common mechanisms. We studied genes with de novo mutations in the three disorders and genes implicated by SCZ genome-wide association study (GWAS). Using biological annotations and brain gene expression, we show that mutation class explains enrichment patterns more than specific disorder. Genes with loss of function mutations and genes with missense mutations were enriched with different pathways, shared with genes intolerant to mutations. Specific gene expression patterns were found for each disorder. ID genes were preferentially expressed in fetal cortex, ASD genes also in fetal cerebellum and striatum, and genes associated with SCZ were most significantly enriched in adolescent cortex. Our study suggests that convergence across neuropsychiatric disorders stems from vulnerable pathways to genetic variations, but spatiotemporal activity of genes contributes to specific phenotypes.

Mutations affecting the radial organisation of the Arabidopsis root display specific defects throughout the embryonic axis

Development ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Scheres ◽  
L. Di Laurenzio ◽  
V. Willemsen ◽  
M. T. Hauser ◽  
K. Janmaat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Root Meristem ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Embryonic Axis ◽  
Arabidopsis Root ◽  
Radial Pattern ◽  
Secondary Roots ◽  
Mature Root

The primary root of Arabidopsis thaliana has a remarkably uniform cellular organisation. The fixed radial pattern of cell types in the mature root arises from proliferative divisions within the root meristem. The root meristem, in turn, is laid down during embryogenesis. We have analysed six mutations causing alterations in the radial organisation of the root. Embryonic phenotypes resulting from wooden leg, gollum, pinocchio, scarecrow, shortroot and fass mutations are described. While mutations in the fass gene affect morphogenesis of all cells, the five other mutations cause alterations in specific layers. Wooden leg and gollum mutations interfere with the proper organisation of the vascular tissue. Shortroot, scarecrow and pinocchio affect the endodermis and cortex. The layer- specific phenotypes caused by all five mutations are also apparent in the hypocotyl. All these phenotypes originate from defects in the radial organisation of the embryonic axis. Secondary roots, which are formed post-embryonically, also display layer-specific phenotypes.

Ectopic expression of individual E(spl) genes has differential effects on different cell fate decisions and underscores the biphasic requirement for notch activity in wing margin establishment in Drosophila

Development ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 126 (10) ◽  
pp. 2205-2214 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Ligoxygakis ◽  
S.J. Bray ◽  
Y. Apidianakis ◽  
C. Delidakis
Keyword(s):  
Cell Fate ◽  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Wing Vein ◽  
Cell Fate Decisions ◽  
Notch Activity ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Spl Genes

A common consequence of Notch signalling in Drosophila is the transcriptional activation of seven Enhancer of split [E(spl)] genes, which encode a family of closely related basic-helix-loop-helix transcriptional repressors. Different E(spl) proteins can functionally substitute for each other, hampering loss-of-function genetic analysis and raising the question of whether any specialization exists within the family. We expressed each individual E(spl) gene using the GAL4-UAS system in order to analyse their effect in a number of cell fate decisions taking place in the wing imaginal disk. We focussed on sensory organ precursor determination, wing vein determination and wing pattern formation. All of the E(spl) proteins affect the first two processes in the same way, namely they antagonize neural precursor and vein fates. Yet, the efficacy of this antagonism is quite distinct: E(spl)mbeta has the strongest vein suppression effect, whereas E(spl)m8 and E(spl)m7 are the most active bristle suppressors. During wing patterning, Notch activity orchestrates a complex sequence of events that define the dorsoventral boundary of the wing. We have discerned two phases within this process based on the sensitivity of N loss-of-function phenotypes to concomitant expression of E(spl) genes. E(spl) proteins are initially involved in repression of the vg quadrant enhancer, whereas later they appear to relay the Notch signal that triggers activation of cut expression. Of the seven proteins, E(spl)mgamma is most active in both of these processes. In conclusion, E(spl) proteins have partially redundant functions, yet they have evolved distinct preferences in implementing different cell fate decisions, which closely match their individual normal expression patterns.

scholarly journals GhVTC1, the Key Gene for Ascorbate Biosynthesis in Gossypium hirsutum, Involves in Cell Elongation Under Control of Ethylene

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Song ◽  
Wang ◽  
Chen ◽  
Ma ◽  
Zuo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Growth ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Cell Elongation ◽  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Ethylene Signaling Pathway

L-Ascorbate (Asc) plays important roles in cell growth and plant development, and its de novo biosynthesis was catalyzed by the first rate-limiting enzyme VTC1. However, the function and regulatory mechanism of VTC1 involved in cell development is obscure in Gossypium hirsutum. Herein, the Asc content and AsA/DHA ratio were accumulated and closely linked with fiber development. The GhVTC1 encoded a typical VTC1 protein with functional conserved domains and expressed preferentially during fiber fast elongation stages. Functional complementary analysis of GhVTC1 in the loss-of-function Arabidopsis vtc1-1 mutants indicated that GhVTC1 is genetically functional to rescue the defects of mutants to normal or wild type (WT). The significant shortened primary root in vtc1-1 mutants was promoted to the regular length of WT by the ectopic expression of GhVTC1 in the mutants. Additionally, GhVTC1 expression was induced by ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), and the GhVTC1 promoter showed high activity and included two ethylene-responsive elements (ERE). Moreover, the 5’-truncted promoters containing the ERE exhibited increased activity by ACC treatment. Our results firstly report the cotton GhVTC1 function in promoting cell elongation at the cellular level, and serve as a foundation for further understanding the regulatory mechanism of Asc-mediated cell growth via the ethylene signaling pathway.

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the SPL gene family in woodland strawberry Fragaria vesca

Genome ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
pp. 675-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Song Xiong ◽  
Dan Zheng ◽  
Hong-Yu Zhu ◽  
Jian-Qiu Chen ◽  
Ran Na ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expression Analysis ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Fragaria Vesca ◽  
Woodland Strawberry ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Squamosa Promoter Binding Protein ◽  
Spl Genes ◽  
Localization Analysis

SQUAMOSA promoter-binding protein-like (SPL) is a class of plant-specific transcription factors that play critical roles in regulating plant growth and development. However, little systematic research on SPL genes has been conducted in strawberry. In this study, 14 SPL genes were identified in the genome of woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca), one of the model plants of the family Rosaceae. Chromosome localization analysis indicated that the 14 FvSPL genes were unevenly distributed on six chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the FvSPL proteins could be clustered into six groups (G1 to G6). Genes with similar structure were classified into the same group, implying their functional redundancy. In addition, nine out of the 14 FvSPL genes, belonging to G1, G2, and G5, were found to be the putative targets of FvmiR156 genes. Expression analysis indicated FvSPL genes exhibited highly diverse expression patterns in the tissues and organs examined. The transcript levels of most FvmiR156-targeted FvSPL genes in fruit were lower than those non-miR156-targeted genes. In addition, the expression of the FvmiR156-targeted FvSPL genes decreased during fruit ripening, whereas the expression of FvmiR156 genes increased in fruit during this process. The results provide a foundation for future functional analysis of FvSPL genes in strawberry growth and development.

scholarly journals A Global Proteomic Approach Sheds New Light on Potential Iron-Sulfur Client Proteins of the Chloroplastic Maturation Factor NFU3

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 8121
Author(s):  
Nathalie Berger ◽  
Florence Vignols ◽  
Brigitte Touraine ◽  
Maël Taupin-Broggini ◽  
Valérie Rofidal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Protein Localization ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Protein Accumulation ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Iron Sulfur ◽  
Proteomic Approach ◽  
Client Proteins ◽  
S Proteins

Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) proteins play critical functions in plants. Most Fe-S proteins are synthetized in the cytosol as apo-proteins and the subsequent Fe-S cluster incorporation relies on specific protein assembly machineries. They are notably formed by a scaffold complex, which serves for the de novo Fe-S cluster synthesis, and by transfer proteins that insure cluster delivery to apo-targets. However, scarce information is available about the maturation pathways of most plastidial Fe-S proteins and their specificities towards transfer proteins of the associated SUF machinery. To gain more insights into these steps, the expression and protein localization of the NFU1, NFU2, and NFU3 transfer proteins were analyzed in various Arabidopsis thaliana organs and tissues showing quite similar expression patterns. In addition, quantitative proteomic analysis of an nfu3 loss-of-function mutant allowed to propose novel potential client proteins for NFU3 and to show that the protein accumulation profiles and thus metabolic adjustments differ substantially from those established in the nfu2 mutant. By clarifying the respective roles of the three plastidial NFU paralogs, these data allow better delineating the maturation process of plastidial Fe-S proteins.

scholarly journals Identification of Shoot Differentiation-Related Genes in Populus euphratica Oliv.

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1034
Author(s):  
Fu ◽  
Dong ◽  
Tan ◽  
Yin ◽  
Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Regeneration ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Populus Euphratica ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Regeneration Capacity ◽  
Shoot Differentiation ◽  
Regeneration Mechanism ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interaction

De novo shoot regeneration is one of the important manifestations of cell totipotency in organogenesis, which reflects a survival strategy organism evolved when facing natural selection. Compared with tissue regeneration, and somatic embryogenesis, de novo shoot regeneration denotes a shoot regeneration process directly from detatched or injured tissues of plant. Studies on plant shoot regeneration had identified key genes mediating shoot regeneration. However, knowledge was derived from Arabidopsis; the regeneration capacity is hugely distinct among species. To achieve a comprehensive understanding of the shoot regeneration mechanism from tree species, we select four genetic lines of Populus euphratica from a natural population to be sequenced at transcriptome level. On the basis of the large difference of differentiation capacity, between the highly differentiated (HD) and low differentiated (LD) groups, the analysis of differential expression identified 4920 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which were revealed in five groups of expression patterns by clustering analysis. Enrichment showed crucial pathways involved in regulation of regeneration difference, including “plant hormone signal transduction”, “cell differentiation”, "cellular response to auxin stimulus", and “auxin-activated signaling pathway”. The expression of nine genes reported to be associated with shoot regeneration was validated using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). For the specificity of regeneration mechanism with P. euphratica, large amount of DEGs involved in "plant-pathogen interaction", ubiquitin-26S proteosome mediated proteolysis pathway, stress-responsive DEGs, and senescence-associated DEGs were summarized to possibly account for the differentiation difference with distinct genotypes of P. euphratica. The result in this study helps screening of key regulators in mediating the shoot differentiation. The transcriptomic characteristic in P. euphratica further enhances our understanding of key processes affecting the regeneration capacity of de novo shoots among distinct species.

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