A short introductory note about neuroprogression in psychiatry

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Guilherme Streb ◽  
Michael Berk ◽  
Flávio Kapczinski
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Introductory Note ◽  
Made In

This chapter shows how the field of neuroprogression and staging has evident conceptual and historical connections with past clinical and research efforts made in Europe during the first half of the nineteenth century. ‘Psychiatrie’ was a new branch of medicine trying to find and define disorders within the psychic, symptomatic, and behavioural realms. Disorders, and boundaries between them, were still largely unknown, as well as the course of clinical presentation. As early as 1850, theory and research pointed to some unifying perspectives with characteristic ‘evolving deterioration in transformation’. Some classical descriptions of ‘stages’ and ‘phases’ of disease bear clear resemblance to current staging models. ‘Phrenalgie’ and ‘Seelenschmerz’, for example, correspond essentially to the current definitions of ‘initial vulnerability’ or ‘increased risk’. Relating severity of presentation and intensity of recurrence to bad prognosis became clear and opened empirical ways to understand pathophysiology, reframed nowadays under the ideas of neuroprogression and staging.

scholarly journals To Document The Clinical Presentation and Outcome of Open Neural Tube Defect at Teaching Hospital, Dera Ghazi Khan

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
IQBAL AHMAD ◽  
MALIK LIAQAT ALI JALAL ◽  
TEHMINA NAWAZ ◽  
SAMIA SAEED
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Prenatal Diagnosis ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Neural Tube Defects ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Csf Leak ◽  
Ultra Sound ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Made In

Objectives: To study clinical presentation and to determine outcome of open Neural Tube Defects at ourrespected institution. We took a review of all cases of open neural tube defects seen at the Neurosurgery Unit of hospital in the last years to document their medical patterns, assess their neonatal outcome.Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 74 patients, admitted to the Department ofNeurosurgery, D. G. Khan Medical College and Hospital, Dera Ghazi Khan. The procedure for history takingand clinical examination was completed to measure Folic Acid Intake in first trimester, ultra sound abdomen,pre-natal diagnosis, hydrocephalous, CSF leak from swelling, sphincter involvement, weakness of lower limb,previous baby affected, type & location of open neural tube defects along the cranio-vertebral axis. Spine X-rays,neurosonograms, MRIs were carried out to find associated irregularities and complications if exist.Results: Out of 74 children born with open neural tube defects, 9 (12%) mothers received antenatal care only, 7(9%) get folic acid regularly. Prenatal diagnosis was made in 11 (14.8%) mothers whose antenatal abdominalultrasound was done. The most common type of myelomeningocele was lumbosacral 58 (79%). Forty-four(59.4%) babies have hydrocephalous while five babies were microcephaly. Increased risk of rupturedmyelomeningocele was linked with vaginal delivery. Sphincter disturbance and limb paralysis was present in 35(47%) and 32 (43.7%) of babies respectively. The mortality was in 12% patients.Conclusion: We suggest that efforts should be made in this respect to prenatal diagnosis of such lesions to getbetter neonatal outcome

An Overview of Dementias

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 75-84
Author(s):  
Venkata Vijaya K. Dalai ◽  
Jason E. Childress ◽  
Paul E Schulz
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Great Variability ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
The Common ◽  
Neurodegenerative Dementias ◽  
Made In

Dementia is a major public health concern that afflicts an estimated 24.3 million people worldwide. Great strides are being made in order to better diagnose, prevent, and treat these disorders. Dementia is associated with multiple complications, some of which can be life-threatening, such as dysphagia. There is great variability between dementias in terms of when dysphagia and other swallowing disorders occur. In order to prepare the reader for the other articles in this publication discussing swallowing issues in depth, the authors of this article will provide a brief overview of the prevalence, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, current treatment options, and implications for eating for the common forms of neurodegenerative dementias.

Inflammatory Markers Associated With Diabetes Mellitus – Old and New Players

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emir Muzurović ◽  
Zoja Stanković ◽  
Zlata Kovačević ◽  
Benida Šahmanović Škrijelj ◽  
Dimitri P Mikhailidis
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Type 2 Dm ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Made In

: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic and complex metabolic disorder, and also an important cause of cardiovascular (CV) diseases (CVDs). Subclinical inflammation, observed in patients with type 2 DM (T2DM), cannot be considered the sole or primary cause of T2DM in the absence of classical risk factors, but it represents an important mechanism that serves as a bridge between primary causes of T2DM and its manifestation. Progress has been made in the identification of effective strategies to prevent or delay the onset of T2DM. It is important to identify those at increased risk for DM by using specific biomarkers. Inflammatory markers correlate with insulin resistance (IR) and glycoregulation in patients with DM. Also, several inflammatory markers have been shown to be useful in assessing the risk of developing DM and its complications. However, the intertwining of pathophysiological processes and the not-quite-specificity of inflammatory markers for certain clinical entities limits their practical use. In this review we consider the advantages and disadvantages of various inflammatory biomarkers of DM that have been investigated to date as well as possible future directions. Key features of such biomarkers should be high specificity, non-invasiveness and cost-effectiveness.

scholarly journals Epilepsy in Down Syndrome: A Highly Prevalent Comorbidity

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 2776
Author(s):  
Miren Altuna ◽  
Sandra Giménez ◽  
Juan Fortea
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Functional Outcomes ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Myoclonic Epilepsy ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Number Of Individuals

Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have an increased risk for epilepsy during the whole lifespan, but especially after age 40 years. The increase in the number of individuals with DS living into late middle age due to improved health care is resulting in an increase in epilepsy prevalence in this population. However, these epileptic seizures are probably underdiagnosed and inadequately treated. This late onset epilepsy is linked to the development of symptomatic Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is the main comorbidity in adults with DS with a cumulative incidence of more than 90% of adults by the seventh decade. More than 50% of patients with DS and AD dementia will most likely develop epilepsy, which in this context has a specific clinical presentation in the form of generalized myoclonic epilepsy. This epilepsy, named late onset myoclonic epilepsy (LOMEDS) affects the quality of life, might be associated with worse cognitive and functional outcomes in patients with AD dementia and has an impact on mortality. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge about the clinical and electrophysiological characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of epileptic seizures in the DS population, with a special emphasis on LOMEDS. Raised awareness and a better understanding of epilepsy in DS from families, caregivers and clinicians could enable earlier diagnoses and better treatments for individuals with DS.

scholarly journals Evaluating of the association between ABO blood groups and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Iraqi patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali H. Ad’hiah ◽  
Risala H. Allami ◽  
Raghdan H. Mohsin ◽  
Maha H. Abdullah ◽  
Ali J. R. AL-Sa’ady ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Groups ◽  
Abo Blood Groups ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Fluorescence Probing ◽  
Group A ◽  
Risk Of Disease ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Polymorphic System ◽  
Made In

Abstract Background Susceptibility to the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has recently been associated with ABO blood groups in patients of different ethnicities. This study sought to understand the genetic association of this polymorphic system with risk of disease in Iraqi patients. Two outcomes of COVID-19, recovery and death, were also explored. ABO blood groups were determined in 300 hospitalized COVID-19 Iraqi patients (159 under therapy, 104 recovered, and 37 deceased) and 595 healthy blood donors. The detection kit for 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) RNA (PCR-Fluorescence Probing) was used in the diagnosis of disease. Results Mean age was significantly increased in patients compared to controls (49.8 ± 11.7 vs. 28.9 ± 6.6 years; p < 0.001). A similar observation was made in recovered (42.1 ± 10.4 vs. 28.9 ± 6.6 years; p < 0.001) and deceased (53.6 ± 9.7 vs. 28.9 ± 6.6 years; p < 0.001) cases. The mean age was also significantly increased in deceased cases compared to recovered cases (53.6 ± 9.7 vs. 42.1 ± 10.4 years; p < 0.001). There were gender-dependent differences in COVID-19 prevalence. The percentage of COVID-19 was higher in males than in females (all cases: 59.7 vs. 40.3%; recovered cases: 55.8 vs. 44.2%). Such male-gender preponderance was more pronounced in deceased cases (67.6 vs. 32.4%). Logistic regression analysis revealed that groups AB and B + AB were significantly associated with increased risk to develop COVID-19 (OR = 3.10; 95% CI 1.59–6.05; pc = 0.007 and OR = 2.16; 95% CI 1.28–3.63; pc = 0.028, respectively). No ABO-associated risk was observed in recovered cases. On the contrary, groups A (OR = 14.60; 95% CI 2.85–74.88; pc = 0.007), AB (OR = 12.92; 95% CI 2.11–79.29; pc = 0.042), A + AB (OR = 14.67; 95% CI 2.98–72.33; pc = 0.007), and A + B + AB (OR = 9.67; 95% CI 2.02–46.24; pc = 0.035) were associated with increased risk of death in deceased cases. Conclusions The findings of this study suggest that group AB may be a susceptibility biomarker for COVID-19, while group A may be associated with increased risk of death.

Postscript: prescribing for acute diarrhea (30 December 1983, p 101–4)

1984 ◽  
Vol 22 (16) ◽  
pp. 64-64
Keyword(s):  
Acute Diarrhea ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Teaching Tool ◽  
London School ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Basic Information ◽  
Professional Health ◽  
And Control ◽  
Made In

A CHART – Most of the points made in our article are also summarised in an information chart “Coping with Diarrhoea”, produced last year by the Ross Institute. It is intended as a teaching tool for professional health workers involved in the clinical management of diarrhoea, and gives basic information on clinical presentation, treatment, epidemiology and control of the most common agents of diarrhoea. A second chart summarises scientific knowledge of the major infectious agents of diarrhoea, and is intended for reference. The charts can be obtained from Miss S. O’Driscoll, Ross Institute, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT (cost £1 for the first and £2 for the second chart).

scholarly journals Non-traumatic Tension Gastrothorax: A Potential Mimicker of Tension Pneumothorax

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Jonathan D. Pierce ◽  
Neal R. Shah ◽  
Ata A. Rahnemai-Azar ◽  
Amit Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Tension Pneumothorax ◽  
Accurate Diagnosis ◽  
Imaging Features ◽  
Elderly Female ◽  
Hemodynamic Compromise ◽  
Mediastinal Shift ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Tension Gastrothorax

Tension gastrothorax is a rare, life-threatening clinical condition caused by intrathoracic herniation of the stomach through a diaphragmatic defect which becomes increasingly distended over time. If not recognized promptly, this can rapidly progress to respiratory distress, mediastinal shift, and hemodynamic compromise. Initial clinical presentation and imaging findings closely mirror those of tension pneumothorax, confounding diagnosis and potentially leading to unnecessary interventions with increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Here, we present a case of an elderly female who presented with a non-traumatic tension gastrothorax and a review of key imaging features and strategies to aid in recognition and accurate diagnosis of this emergent clinical entity.

HOW TO FEED THE INFANT WHEN BREAST MILK WAS NOT AVAILABLE, ACCORDING TO SIR ARTHUR CLARKE, M.D., WRITING IN 1828

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 589-589
Author(s):  
T. E. C.
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Soft Water ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Boiling Water ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Practical Guide ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Made In

One of the best known books written for mothers in the early part of the nineteenth century was Sir Arthur Clark's: The Young Mother's Assistant; or a Practical Guide for the Prevention and Treatment of the Diseases of Infants and Children. If breast milk should not be available, Sir Arthur recommended the following: Should an infant, from accidental or other circumstances, be deprived of its food from the breast of its mother or nurse, an artificial substitute for it must be supplied; and it is evident that in this case the closer we can imitate nature the better. For this purpose a suckling bottle should be procured, the mouth of which should be as wide as that of an eight-ounce viol, [sic] which is to be stopped with sponge, covered with gauze, and made in size and shape to resemble a nipple. The following preparation is most suitable for an infant, as it comes nearest in quality to the mother's milk, and may be sucked through the sponge. On a small quantity of a crum [sic] of bread pour some boiling water; after soaking for about ten minutes, press it, and throw the water away, (this process purifies the bread from alum or any other saline substance which it may have contained); then boil it in as much soft water as will dissolve the bread and make a decoction of the consistence of barley water: to a sufficient quantity of this decoction, about a fifth part of fresh cow's milk is to be added, and sweetened with the best soft sugar.

scholarly journals Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis as Cause of Central Diabetes Insipidus: Case Report

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (01) ◽  
pp. 76-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Nascimento ◽  
Manoel Teixeira ◽  
Eberval Figueiredo
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Insipidus ◽  
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Bone Lesion ◽  
Langerhans Cell ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Axis ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Single Bone ◽  
Made In

AbstractLangerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disease of the monocyte-macrophage system, characterized by the aberrant proliferation of specific dendritic cells. The clinical presentation ranges from a single bone lesion to widespread multiorgan involvement. This disease is usually considered to be a disease of childhood; however, the diagnosis is frequently made in adulthood. The course of the disease is fairly unpredictable and varies from spontaneous resolution to progress into a debilitating form, which compromises the vital functions with occasional fatal consequences. Langerhans cell histiocytosis exhibits a predilection for the hypothalamic-pituitary-axis, with diabetes insipidus being the most common endocrine consequence related to the disease, which may be prior to diagnosis or develop at any time during the course of the disease. The diagnosis of LCH should be based on histologic and immunophenotypic examination of a lesional biopsy, although other testing may be done, depending on the symptoms. There is no established, widely agreed-upon treatment of LCH, in general. The treatment depends upon the individual patient and the extent and areas of involvement. The present article aims to describe the case of a 26-year-old male patient whose symptoms started with a headache and occipital bone lesion that progressed later with diabetes insipidus.

Molecular genetic pathways in Parkinson's disease: a review

2005 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shushant Jain ◽  
Nicholas W. Wood ◽  
Daniel G. Healy
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Mendelian Genetics ◽  
Susceptibility Factors ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Major Progress ◽  
Made In

Major progress has been made in the last decade in understanding the genetic basis of PD (Parkinson's disease) with five genes unequivocally associated with disease. As a result, multiple pathways have been implicated in the pathogenesis of PD, including proteasome impairment and mitochondrial dysfunction. Although Mendelian genetics has been successful in establishing a genetic predisposition for familial PD, this has not been reiterated in the sporadic form. In fact no genetic factors have been unequivocally associated with increased risk for sporadic PD. The difficulty in identifying susceptibility factors in PD has not only been because of numerous underpowered studies, but we have been unable to dissect out the genetic component in a multifactorial disease. This review aims to summarize the genetic findings within PD.

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