Schizophrenia

2012 ◽  
pp. 255-296
Author(s):  
Philip Cowen ◽  
Paul Harrison ◽  
Tom Burns
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Disease Classification ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Acute Schizophrenia ◽  
The Past ◽  
Concepts Of Disease

Chapter 11 discusses how, of all the major psychiatric syndromes, schizophrenia is the most difficult to define and describe. This partly reflects the fact that, over the past 100 years, widely divergent concepts have been held in different countries and by different psychiatrists. Although there is now a greater consensus, substantial uncertainties remain. Indeed, schizophrenia remains the best example of the fundamental issues with which psychiatry continues to grapple—concepts of disease, classification, and aetiology. Having noted the complexities, we start with an introduction to acute schizophrenia and chronic schizophrenia. The reader should bear in mind that these will be idealized descriptions and comparisons, but it is useful to oversimplify at first before introducing the controversial issues.

A Long Stagnation, or Capitalism without Growth

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louçã Francisco ◽  
Ash Michael
Keyword(s):  
Great Recession ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Economic Stability ◽  
Secular Stagnation ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Growth Prospects

Chapter 11 assesses the growth prospects of the world economy. The history of global economic doomsaying is traced briefly, a frequently reasonable position that has not done well with the facts for the past hundred years. Capitalism has been adept at escaping from the pit and pendulum. A set of global imbalances is then reviewed that are seen as posing a severe threat to global economic stability and certainly to the prospects for sustainable and equitable growth. The Great Recession following the Crash of 2007–8 might be “different this time.” Historical and contemporary fears of “secular stagnation” are discussed but the speculative nature of stagnationist assessments is acknowledged.

scholarly journals Entertaining eminence in the British Journal of Psychiatry

2003 ◽  
Vol 183 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Tyrer
Keyword(s):  
Medical Journal ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Scientific Journals ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
General Readership ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Internet Portals

The challenges for scientific journals at the beginning of 21st century are exciting but formidable. In addition to reporting faithfully new knowledge and new ideas, each journal, or at least all those aiming for a general readership, has to cater for a potentially huge lay readership waiting at the internet portals, a hungry press eager for juicy titbits, and core readers who, while impressed to some extent by weighty contributions to knowledge, are also looking for lighter material that is both informative and entertaining. In the past this type of content was frowned on as mere journalism, fluff of short-term appeal but no real substance. The lighter approach was pioneered by Michael O'Donnell as editor of World Medicine in the 1970s, who introduced a brand of racy articles, debates and controversial issues in a tone of amusing and irreverent iconoclasm. At this time it was dismissed as a comic by some of the learned journals but its popularity ensured that in subsequent years its critics quietly followed suit, as any current reader of the British Medical Journal and the Lancet will testify.

Conclusion

2019 ◽  
pp. 217-228
Author(s):  
Richard Togman
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
The State ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Insight Into

Chapter 11 concludes the book and reflects on the lessons that can be learned from a holistic overview of the past three hundred years of governments’ attempts to manipulate the fertility of their populations. Reiterating the fundamentally discursive nature of the meaning of birth, fertility, and population growth to our societies allows for reflective insight into the nature of state attempts to manipulate the decision by millions of individuals about whether to reproduce. The global comparative perspective in both time and space, the identification and typologization of the five main discursive frames, and the rooting of the analysis in the discursive terrain allow the major questions of who, what, when, where, and why regarding government efforts to control the reproductive powers of the population and the creation of a sexual duty to the state to be answered.

Mythological, Religious, and Philosophical Topoi in the Prose of Valerii Shevchuk

Slavic Review ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 905-913
Author(s):  
Marko Pavlyshyn
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Socialist Realist ◽  
The Status ◽  
Contemporary Reality ◽  
Party Congress

Liberalized cultural discussion in the Soviet Union after the Twenty-seventh Party Congress in 1985 was concerned in part with the nature of a literature that would be appropriate to the new ideals of openness and restructuring. In Ukraine, as elsewhere, the debate brought forth a list of imperatives that, without challenging the socialist realist principle that literature must serve overarching social and political goals, amounted to a formula for a new kind of literary engagement. Literature must “boldly intrude into contemporary reality,” it must defend the historical, cultural, linguistic, and ecological heritage and must unmask the crimes and abuses of the past and present. It must no longer be bland and inoffensive and must not avoid controversial issues or praise the status quo as a matter of course.

Gonadotrophin secretion abnormalities in chronic schizophrenia

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. N. Ferrier ◽  
P. M. Cotes ◽  
T. J. Crow ◽  
E. C. Johnstone
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Neuroleptic Medication ◽  
Acute Schizophrenia ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenic ◽  
Gonadotrophin Secretion ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Lh Secretion

SynopsisLH, FSH, PRL and testosterone were estimated by radioimmunoassay in serial venous samples from 20 male chronic schizophrenic patients, 17 age-matched controls, 3 patients in remission from acute schizophrenia, and in single samples from age–sex matched populations. LH and FSH, but not testosterone or PRL, were significantly reduced in patients with chronic schizophrenia. There was an associated reduction in the frequency, but not amplitude, of LH secretory episodes in patients with chronic schizophrenia. No abnormalities of LH secretion were detected in those patients in remission from acute schizophrenia. Fourteen of the chronic schizophrenic patients were retested at a later date with similar results, except in the case of the few patients who had been started on neuroleptic medication. Some relationships were established between hormonal secretion and the clinical features of these patients. The possible significance of these findings is discussed in the context of the complex control of gonadotrophin secretion from the anterior pituitary and the natural history and nature of chronic schizophrenia.

Eugenics in the United States

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy Kline
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Public Health Service ◽  
The United States ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
The Past ◽  
Complicated Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
Race Betterment ◽  
The U.S

This article provides an understanding of the history of the nature/nurture debate that was initially of great interest to both intellectual and social historians. It presents in-depth studies of influential organization and individuals and discusses two approaches introduced by the history of science to the study of eugenics. It links eugenic concerns about race betterment with concerns about Mexican immigration, arguing that in the early twentieth century, the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) and the Border Patrol shaped the complicated process of racialization on the U.S.-Mexican borderlands. This article argues that disability is a category of analysis as important as race, class, or gender in understanding the past. Eugenics is no longer a forgotten relic of the past, but a vibrant field that addresses controversial issues from a variety of fields and standpoints.

The Oxford Handbook of International Criminal Law

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
International Criminal Law ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Legal Scholarship ◽  
International Crimes ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Past ◽  
International Criminal Tribunals

In the past twenty years, international criminal law has become one of the main areas of international legal scholarship and practice. Most textbooks in the field describe the evolution of international criminal tribunals, the elements of the core international crimes, the applicable modes of liability and defences, and the role of states in prosecuting international crimes. This book, however, takes a theoretically informed and refreshingly critical look at the most controversial issues in international criminal law, challenging prevailing practices, orthodoxies, and received wisdoms. The book should fundamentally alter how international criminal law is understood.

scholarly journals Genetic Influences on Disease Subtypes

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 413-435
Author(s):  
Andy Dahl ◽  
Noah Zaitlen
Keyword(s):  
Gold Standard ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Disease Classification ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Primary Interest ◽  
The Past ◽  
Disease Biology ◽  
Fundamental Process ◽  
Medical Benefits ◽  
Disease Subtypes

Disease classification, or nosology, was historically driven by careful examination of clinical features of patients. As technologies to measure and understand human phenotypes advanced, so too did classifications of disease, and the advent of genetic data has led to a surge in genetic subtyping in the past decades. Although the fundamental process of refining disease definitions and subtypes is shared across diverse fields, each field is driven by its own goals and technological expertise, leading to inconsistent and conflicting definitions of disease subtypes. Here, we review several classical and recent subtypes and subtyping approaches and provide concrete definitions to delineate subtypes. In particular, we focus on subtypes with distinct causal disease biology, which are of primary interest to scientists, and subtypes with pragmatic medical benefits, which are of primary interest to physicians. We propose genetic heterogeneity as a gold standard for establishing biologically distinct subtypes of complex polygenic disease. We focus especially on methods to find and validate genetic subtypes, emphasizing common pitfalls and how to avoid them.

Debates and Controversies

2019 ◽  
pp. 101-123
Author(s):  
David M. Day ◽  
Margit Wiesner
Keyword(s):  
Model Building ◽  
Model Misspecification ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Class Enumeration ◽  
The Past ◽  
Statistical Criteria

In spite of the tremendous growth in trajectory research over the past 25 years, the trajectory methodology is not without controversy. Debates and controversies remain a central feature of the literature. This chapter presents an overview of the major controversial issues and provides guidelines and suggestions for moving the research forward with greater clarity and reduced confusion. This chapter also picks up on the discussion of model-building considerations introduced in Chapter 2. Specifically, issues pertaining to (a) statistical criteria for class enumeration; (b) distributional issues, model misspecification, and overextraction of trajectory classes; (c) dependency on antecedents and covariates; and (d) robustness or sensitivity of trajectory solutions in relation to various methodological factors are detailed.

Corporate Rescue and Reorganization

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Schillig
Keyword(s):  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Financial Institution ◽  
Investment Bank ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Us ◽  
Lehman Brothers ◽  
Bankruptcy Code ◽  
Corporate Rescue ◽  
Administration Procedure

The jurisdictions under consideration provide a range of options for effectuating corporate rescue or reorganization. Some of these procedures are long-standing and applicable across the board; others are new and financial institution-specific. In England and Wales, administration has been used successfully to restructure financial institutions in the past; the bank administration procedure is new and largely untested, whereas the investment bank special administration regime (SAR) has already been applied in several cases. Germany’s brand-new pre-insolvency procedures apply to credit institutions only, but do not look very promising when it comes to the restructuring of large, systemically important financial institutions. Chapter 11 of the US Bankruptcy Code is regarded as very effective. It was put to the test when Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy in the autumn of 2008. Many commentators believe that it has coped well. However, there is always room for improvement and an exciting reform debate is underway.

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