Conclusion

2019 ◽  
pp. 217-228
Author(s):  
Richard Togman
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
The State ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Insight Into

Chapter 11 concludes the book and reflects on the lessons that can be learned from a holistic overview of the past three hundred years of governments’ attempts to manipulate the fertility of their populations. Reiterating the fundamentally discursive nature of the meaning of birth, fertility, and population growth to our societies allows for reflective insight into the nature of state attempts to manipulate the decision by millions of individuals about whether to reproduce. The global comparative perspective in both time and space, the identification and typologization of the five main discursive frames, and the rooting of the analysis in the discursive terrain allow the major questions of who, what, when, where, and why regarding government efforts to control the reproductive powers of the population and the creation of a sexual duty to the state to be answered.

Solidarity under siege: The crimmigration of activism(s) and protest against border control in Spain

2019 ◽  
pp. 147737081988290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana López-Sala ◽  
Iker Barbero
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Immigrant Rights ◽  
Criminal Sanctions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Southern Border ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Police Control ◽  
Practical Impact ◽  
Insight Into

Over the past two decades, the creation of the European border regime has increasingly sparked acts of protest and resistance by immigrants and led to the creation of initiatives to defend immigrant rights. This activism has provoked many European states to formalize what is known in the literature as ‘crimes of solidarity’ in their legal systems. Taking the Spanish case as an example, the objective of this article is to analyse the ‘crimmigration’ of protest and activism defending the rights of irregular immigrants at Europe’s southern border. This analysis describes the development and implementation of the repressive tactics employed by the state against activists, including forms of police control of protests, informal and formal dissuasion techniques, and the use of administrative and criminal sanctions. This work provides valuable insight into the practical impact of these crimmigration processes, particularly how they have affected activists, social organizations and immigrants, as well as how they have extended beyond the territory of the state (externalizing punishment).

Executive–Legislative Relations, Party Defections, and Lower Level Administrative Unit Proliferation: Evidence From Kenya

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 1595-1631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mai Hassan ◽  
Ryan Sheely
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Administrative Reform ◽  
The State ◽  
Executive Power ◽  
The Past ◽  
Administrative Unit ◽  
Legislative Support ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Administrative Units

Over the past 25 years, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of subnational administrative units within developing countries. Existing literature argues that presidents create new units to deliver patronage to citizens. But proliferation at lower tiers of the state, that are too administratively distant from the president to credibly serve as patronage, does not follow this logic. We build from the premise that the creation of a new lower level unit comes with the appointment of a local administrator who develops a neopatrimonial relationship with the legislator whose constituency subsumes their jurisdiction. Presidents leverage this neopatrimonial relationship and create lower level units for copartisan legislators to ensure legislative support and prevent party defections. We find evidence supporting this argument using new data from Kenya. These findings illuminate how leaders can use administrative reform to undermine legislative checks against executive power.

The Journey in Animated Cinema - between Escape and Return

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-195
Author(s):  
Radostina Neykova
Keyword(s):  
Specific Time ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Horizontal Movement ◽  
The Past ◽  
Specific Direction ◽  
The Creation

The journey in the animation cinema can be in many aspects - from fully real tracking of movement in space, through vertical or horizontal movement in the past, present and future, with or without a specific direction, to physical or psychological escape and / or return after time.The text analyzes the specifics of travel, escape and return in key examples of modern animation cinema.In animation, screen movement takes place in a specific space and for a specific time. And the first signal association for avoidance, for travel is precisely movement, movement in time and space. Of course, in animation cinema the movement is absolutely free and unlimited and can vary from fidelity to nature to abstraction and absurdity, it can manifest itself in a new quality of cinema - in the metaphorical image, in the creation of its own system of signs and symbols.The journey in the animation cinema can be in many aspects - from fully real tracking of movement in space, through vertical or horizontal movement in the past, present and future, with or without a specific direction, to physical or psychological escape and / or return after time. The text analyzes the specifics of travel, escape and return in key examples of modern animation cinema. In animation, screen movement takes place in a specific space and for a specific time. And the first signal association for avoidance, for travel is precisely movement, movement in time and space. Of course, in animation cinema the movement is absolutely free and unlimited and can vary from fidelity to nature to abstraction and absurdity, it can manifest itself in a new quality of cinema - in the metaphorical image, in the creation of its own system of signs and symbols.

Population Issues and Reproductive Politics

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rickie Solinger
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Reproductive Politics ◽  
The Past ◽  
United States Today ◽  
The Us

What is the state of population growth in the United States today, and how is it affected by immigration? According to the 2010 census, the US population has grown 9.7 percent (adding about 27 million people, including about 13 million immigrants) during the past...

Archives as Fields of Heritage-Making in Istanbul's Historic Peninsula

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-387
Author(s):  
Pinar Aykaç
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Archival Research ◽  
Significant Component ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
The Past ◽  
State Actors ◽  
State Archives ◽  
Heritage Discourse ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Heritage-making is a process of valorization carried out using complex exchanges, contestations, and negotiations between various actors. State actors attempt, through various strategies, to employ heritage-making in order to construct a unified heritage discourse and avoid multivocality. One of these strategies is the control of state archives, an approach that seeks to dictate what is accessible and inaccessible and thus to dominate conceptualizations of heritage. This paper discusses how research in state archives sheds light on heritage-making in Istanbul's historic peninsula and how the state's tendency to restrain access reflects the contested nature of Istanbul's heritage. The restriction or denial of archival access becomes a significant component of heritage-making in Turkey, shaped not only by the past but also by the present. Therefore, archives and the practice of archival research become both a tool for the researcher and at the same time a subject worthy of research in and of itself. This paper argues that the attitudes of state institutions and the discourses they adopt in restraining access to archives are in fact objects of enquiry in the understanding of the precise boundaries of their scope of authority and, as such, can provide further insight into the fragmented nature of the state and state archives.

Poland’s Security Policy. Experiences and Recommendations

2019 ◽  
Vol 697 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-97
Author(s):  
Tomasz Kośmider
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
Security System ◽  
Years Of Experience ◽  
The Past ◽  
Historical Justice ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation

The processes of development and functioning of the State in the context of its security certainly have to be considered not only in a multisectoral perspective, but also in the perspective of the so-called “longevity,” the effects of which are perceived in a broader sense. Capturing the essence of the described phenomena, the regularities of which have a universal dimension, is crucial for research. It is impossible to envisage a future, also in terms of security, without dialogue with the past. The history of Poland does not coincide with a simple series of events substantiating contemporary conditions or confirming confidence in the victory of historical justice. In this context, the question of historical conclusions regarding the “nature” of the Polish state and its future remains relevant. The assessment of strategic directions of the Polish security policy, seen through the prism of rich (over a thousand) years of experience proves that the creation of new assumptions of the national security system without considering the conclusions drawn from history may constitute a deficient concept, comprising incomplete or even erroneous recommendations.

The Soldier Image and State-Building in Modern China, 1924-1945

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Xu
Keyword(s):  
State Building ◽  
The State ◽  
Modern China ◽  
Political Strategy ◽  
Military Academy ◽  
Cultural Event ◽  
Start Up ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Insight Into

Yan Xu’s book The Soldier Image and State-Building in Modern China, 1924–1945 focuses on the connection between soldiers, urban publics, and party governments of wartime China in an effort to provide a nuanced analysis of the complicated state-society relations. Xu structured this work in a way that united the chapters through the multiple soldier figures in China and the imagery cast upon them due to wars. Xu scrutinizes how political, social, and literary perspectives influenced the rhetoric and ideal of the soldier figure. Xu’s book works chronologically from the initial start-up of the prestigious Whampoa Military Academy in the 1920s, to the issue and revision of compulsory conscription laws in the 1930s, to the urban intellectuals and professionals serving and writing about the soldiers during the Second Sino-Japanese War, to the students conscripted into the army during the later years of the war. Xu integrates the party struggles into the analysis of wartime China by devoting the last chapter to the creation of the soldier image by the Chinese Communists. Xu highlights how crucial the construction of the discourse on the soldier image was to the state-building processes for both Chinese Nationalists and Communists. The Soldier Image and State-Building in Modern China, 1924–1945, fosters insight into the 1920s-40s of modern China that uncovers how war operates as a cultural event rather than simply one utilized for political strategy.

scholarly journals Hydroformylation

ChemTexts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Baoxin Zhang ◽  
Dilver Peña Fuentes ◽  
Armin Börner
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Organic Ligands ◽  
Fine Chemicals ◽  
Fischer Tropsch ◽  
The Past ◽  
Bulk Chemicals ◽  
Catalyzed Reactions ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractHydroformylation is one of the most important homogeneously catalyzed reactions on an industrial scale. The manufacture of bulk chemicals clearly dominates. Large cobalt- and rhodium-based processes are mature technologies that have been developed over the past 80 years. Meanwhile, the potential of hydroformylation for the production of fine chemicals (perfumes, pharmaceuticals) has also been recognized. This review gives insight into the state-of-the-art of the reaction and its development. It commences with some remarks on the accidental discovery by the German chemist Otto Roelen within the historical and personal framework of the Fischer–Tropsch process, followed by the mechanistic basics of the catalytic cycle, metals used for the catalyst as well as their organic ligands. In addition, the stability of ligands and catalysts is addressed. The huge potential of this transformation is demonstrated using a variety of substrates. Finally, the use of some surrogates for syngas is discussed.

scholarly journals Od sporu do księgozbioru, czyli o posekularyzacyjnej genezie i rozwoju idei gromadzenia literatury fachowej w dawnym Archiwum Państwowym we Wrocławiu Staatsarchiv Breslau do 1945 roku

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 161-178
Author(s):  
Bożena Kumor-Gomułka
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
Free Access ◽  
World War ◽  
German State ◽  
Library Collection ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Creation ◽  
State Archives ◽  
Second World

OD SPORU DO KSIĘGOZBIORU, CZYLI O POSEKULARYZACYJNEJ GENEZIE I ROZWOJU IDEI GROMADZENIA LITERATURY FACHOWEJ W DAWNYM ARCHIWUM PAŃSTWOWYM WE WROCŁAWIU STAATSARCHIV BRESLAU DO 1945 ROKUTrudności w utworzeniu biblioteki archiwalnej w pierwszych latach istnienia Archiwum na skutek sporów między archiwistą J.G.G. Büschingiem a dyrektorem Centralnej Biblioteki Śląskiej J.G. Schneiderem. Pierwsze nabytki biblioteczne. Działalność Wilhelma Wattenbacha. Nabytki, organizacja i pomieszczenia biblioteki archiwalnej do 1945 roku.FROM A DISPUTE TO A BOOK COLLECTION, I.E. ON THE POST-SECULARISATION ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE IDEA OF COLLECTING THE SPECIALIST LITERATURE IN THE FORMER STATE ARCHIVES IN WROCŁAW STAATSARCHIV BRESLAU UNTIL 1945Specialist literature collected from the first few decades of the existence of the State Archives in Wrocław was a form of specialist aid, with time becoming a collection complementing archive materials. The idea to compile the first independent collection emerged from a conflict between the first archivist, Johann Gustav Gottlieb Büsching and the director, from 1812, of the Central Silesian Library, located in the same building on the Sand Island, Johann Gottlob Schneider, an advocate of abolishing the existing privilege of free access of archivists to the library. The process of amassing archive literature was developed on a broader scale after Schneider’s death in 1822. Among the first publications acquired by the director of the then Royal Silesian Provincial Archives later State Archives, Gustav Adolf Harald Stenzel, were Johann Sinapius’ Schlesische Curiositäten and Friedrich Vater’s Repertorium der preussischen schlesischen Verfassung. Another source for obtaining specialist literature was regular donations from the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Considerablesupport for the creation of a typical archive library came from the director, from 1852, of thePrussian State Archives, Karl Wilhelm von Lancizolle, author of the first guidelines on collecting archive specialist literature. Soon another director of the Wrocław institution, Wilhelm Wattenbach, compiled a separate catalogue of acquisitions for the library collection. Eventually, the book collection of the former Staatsarchiv Breslau grew to about 30,000 volumes and contained all the most significant Silesian-themed works from the past. This made the Wrocław archive library ranked sixth among the forty libraries functioning in German state archives. However, the collection was lost when the Archives building in Tiergartenstrasse 13 was destroyed in 1945. Efforts to organise again specialist, Polish State Archives in Wrocław from scratch were undertaken already in the first few years after the second world war and have continued to this day.

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