Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
James F. Childress
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Public Culture ◽  
Health It ◽  
Professional Discourse ◽  
Task Forces ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Bioethical Issues

The introduction characterizes “doing public bioethics” as analyzing and assessing actual and proposed public policies regarding biomedicine, healthcare, and public health. It may include attention to public discourse and public culture, and to professional discourse and practice, as ways to influence public policy or as an end in and of itself. “Public bioethics” also refers to commissions, councils, task forces, and the like, that are governmentally established, sponsored, or funded for the purpose of deliberating collectively about bioethical issues, again with a primary goal of recommending public policies. In addition to examining different types of public bioethics bodies, the introduction provides an overview of the volume and its chapters along with an indication of their context and origins, including the author’s experiences on public bioethics bodies.

Public Bioethics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James F. Childress
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
National Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Health Ethics ◽  
Task Forces ◽  
Health Ethics ◽  
Bioethical Issues ◽  
Policies And Practices

Doing public bioethics involves analyzing and assessing actual and proposed public policies regarding biomedicine, healthcare, and public health. “Public bioethics” also refers to commissions, councils, task forces, and the like, that are governmentally established, sponsored, or funded for the purpose of deliberating collectively about bioethical issues, again with a primary goal of recommending public policies. Most chapters in this book grow out of, some reflect on, and all are profoundly shaped by the author’s experiences as a participant in several public bioethics bodies, especially at the national level in the United States. The processes of publicly deliberating in such bodies about bioethical issues and appropriate policies and of publicly justifying collective recommendations have profoundly shaped this book. After examining respect for autonomy—both thin and thick conceptions—and paternalistic policies and practices, as well as the tensions between particular case judgments and general principles and rules, this book next examines the appropriate role of religious convictions in public bioethics and in public policy and in conscientious claims to exemptions from expectations to provide certain health-related services. The third section of the book focuses on public policies and practices in organ transplantation, particularly difficulties in determining death, in obtaining first-person consent for deceased organ donation, and in fairly allocating donated organs. The final section maps the terrain of public health ethics, argues for a presumptivist approach to justifying public health interventions that infringe civil liberties, proposes a framework of triage for public health crises, and recasts John Stuart Mill’s misunderstood legacy for public health ethics.

Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
James Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Health Policy ◽  
Medical Ethics ◽  
Public Health Policy ◽  
Ethical Reflection ◽  
Health It ◽  
Philosophical Reflection ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter introduces the book’s main themes. It explains why public health policy matters, and why public policy requires ethical and philosophical reflection. It introduces debates around the definition of disease and illness, and debates about the definition of public health. It examines why public health was initially largely excluded from the purview of medical ethics and bioethics in the 1960s and following decades, and some of the drivers behind the rise of ethical reflection on public health since 2000. It also briefly introduces the structure of the rest of the book.

Healthy Public Policy in Canada: A Survey of Ontario Health Professionals

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Labonte
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Health Promotion ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Child Poverty ◽  
World Health ◽  
Single Issue ◽  
Healthy Public Policy ◽  
Public Health Workers

“Healthy public policy” has become a catchphrase of the “new” health promotion. The concept, however, remains vague and lacking in practice. A survey of Ontario public health workers was conducted in June 1988, using the World Health Organization's Second Health Promotion Conference Declaration on Healthy Public Policy as a source of policy statements and action areas. Results are constrained by a low response rate (22.5%, N = 180), but indicate a high degree of support for healthy public policy concepts by senior level public health workers. Social environment policy issues (notably child poverty and unaffordable housing) are highest ranked priority issues, although physical environment (pollution) ranked most important when respondents were asked to choose a single issue. Lifestyle health issues are relatively low-ranked, although they remain priorities for action by respondents and their employers. The Canadian and Ontario Public Health Associations are thought to have the best analyses of healthy public policies, but are not seen as prominent policy actors. Government and media are considered weakest in their analysis of healthy public policy. Respondents' comments indicate a willingness to strengthen their role, and that of their health associations, in advocacy for healthy public policies.

scholarly journals Requestioning the Indonesia Government's Public Policy Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Black Box Analysis for the Period of January–July 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dumilah Ayuningtyas ◽  
Hayyan Ul Haq ◽  
Raden Roro Mega Utami ◽  
Sevina Susilia
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Black Box ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Policy System ◽  
Spark Counter ◽  
Strategic Policy ◽  
Single Data

Objectives: Indonesia responded the COVID-19 pandemic slowly these last months. The recent reports shown that the rate performance of Indonesian government in handling COVID-19 posits at the 4th worst all over the world. Meanwhile, through responsive, strict, and strategic policy, some Asia countries pushed the elimination case by doing lockdown. This paper questioned how government respond this pandemic, tried to track down the unresponsive and slow decisions, and analyze them comprehensively trough policy system framework. Moreover, we also considered a few feasible and strategic recommendations to accelerate the pandemic responding.Methods: To visualize the anatomy of problems in handling these pandemic responses, this work applied Easton's black box analysis in formulating and introducing public policy. The black box analysis would help us to portray and understood the interests, rationalities, and priorities behind introducing public policies which was implemented to handle this health problem. Besides, the policy triangle framework was used to analyze how environment influenced key actor in making decision.Results: This analysis study discovered the conflict interests in formulating and implementing public policy in handling COVID-19. The public policies are negotiated, discussed, and formulated under black box that ignore transparency, and other good governance principles. Consequently, the substance of public policy represents a certain interest of policy makers, that may conflict with the others and often contradict to the constitutional-based public interests, that is public health. It was impacted the emergence of messy and uncoordinated institutions that implement the conflicted policies. Undeniably, this situation may spark counter-productive ways, attitudes, and actions of people in responding those ambiguous policies. Therefore, this work recommended revising the coherences norms and public policies; reforming the ministry of health in public health's paradigm context; and improving the integration and coordination of cross related institutions, creating a single data on public health, and changing a new paradigm of people, including improving collective awareness in responding and handling COVID-19 appropriately.

Healthy Public Policy

Public Health ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Harris ◽  
Marilyn Wise
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Public Health Practice ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Healthy Public Policy ◽  
The Social

Healthy public policy (HPP) became an important idea in the 1980s. The concept can be traced primarily to Nancy Milio, who produced a now hard-to-find book, Promoting Health through Public Policy (Philadelphia: Davis, 1981), and was subsequently cemented in the WHO’s Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion as a strategy to use in promoting, protecting, and maintaining the health of populations. HPP is not, however, a modern phenomenon. Historically HPP was embedded in the 16th-century Poor Laws and passed through to 19th- and early-20th-century public health activity and legislation. Across this history is the recognition that improving public health requires addressing the social and economic (and environmental) conditions created by public policy. It follows, as explained by many, that public health practice is inherently political. This bibliography introduces the large literature that falls under the broad pantheon of HPP. Definitions, as this bibliography will show, do matter. Central is the often underrealized truth that “healthy public policy” fundamentally concerns how public policy influences the health of populations. This, in turn, necessitates that HPP practice is interdisciplinary. For knowledge, this means much of the theory and evidence underpinning HPP is to be found in other disciplines that have public policy at their core, political science being the most obvious (public administration another). It is through HPP that societies in general and public health researchers and practitioners in particular seek to create social and economic and environmental conditions for whole populations. Attention thus moves “upstream” to policies and institutions rather than “downstream” to behaviors or health services. Not all healthy public policy is generated with the intention to influence population health directly. Nor are all public policies that impact on the health of populations generated by the health sector, although many are. A core goal of HPP is reducing inequities in health. These inequities are what the 2008 WHO Commission on the Social Determinants of Health named as a “toxic mix of poor social policies, unfair economic arrangements and bad politics.” Just as policy actors are responsible for policies that have created inequalities, so too are they responsible for developing and implementing policies in that overcome the unfair and unjust distribution of the resources necessary for good health and well-being. Public policies are formed through “contests for power” between the various actors involved in policy-making in part because they are value-laden. The choices actors make are influenced by powerful structures and ideas that are not always explicit. HPP, therefore, can never be “atheoretical” just as it cannot be divorced from a normative position (what is believed “should” happen) concerned with changing political conditions for the betterment of the health of the population in general and disadvantaged in particular. In recent years there has been some confusion (see Oxford Bibliographies article Health in All Policies) whether HiAP replaces HPP as a concept and method. This article errs on the side of history by suggesting HiAP, with intersectoral action, is one recent strategy to achieve HPP.

Public Health and Politics: Using the Tax Code to Expand Advocacy

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (S1) ◽  
pp. 24-27
Author(s):  
Eric Gorovitz
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Policy Outcomes ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Tax Exempt ◽  
Policy Engagement

Protecting the public's health has always been an inherently political endeavor. The field of public health, however, is conspicuously and persistently absent from sustained, sophisticated engagement in political processes, particularly elections, that determine policy outcomes. This results, in large part, from widespread misunderstanding of rules governing how, and how much, public advocates working in tax-exempt organizations can participate in public policy development.This article briefly summarizes the rules governing public policy engagement by exempt organizations. It then describes different types of exempt organizations, and how they can work together to expand engagement. Next, it identifies several key mechanisms of policy development that public health advocates could influence. Finally, it suggests some methods of applying the tax rules to increase participation in these arenas.

scholarly journals The National Collaborating Centre for Healthy Public Policy in times of COVID-19: Building skills to “Build Back Better”

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (04) ◽  
pp. 232-236
Author(s):  
Olivier Bellefleur ◽  
Marianne Jacques
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Knowledge Synthesis ◽  
Healthy Public Policy ◽  
Future Work

This article, the second in a series on the six National Collaborating Centres for Public Health, focuses on the National Collaborating Centre for Healthy Public Policy (NCCHPP), a centre of expertise, and knowledge synthesis and sharing that supports public health actors in Canada in their efforts to develop and promote healthy public policy. The article briefly describes the NCCHPP’s mandate and programming, noting some of the resources that are particularly relevant in the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) context. It then discusses how the NCCHPP’s programming has been adapted to meet the changing needs of public health actors throughout the pandemic. These needs have been strongly tied to decisions aimed at containing the spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and mitigating its immediate impacts in various societal sectors since the beginning of the crisis. Needs have also gradually emerged related to how public health is expected to help inform the development of public policies that will allow us to “build back better” societies as we recover from the pandemic. The article concludes by discussing the orientation of the NCCHPP’s future work as we emerge from the COVID-19 crisis.

Philosophy for Public Health and Public Policy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Complex Systems ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
Systems Science ◽  
Health It ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Novel Theory ◽  
Complex Systems Science

This book provides a novel theory of the philosophy of public health and public policy. It is addressed both to philosophers and to policymakers, inviting policymakers to rethink the nature of public policy, and philosophers to rethink the nature of philosophy. The book is divided into three parts. Part I argues that a number of popular philosophical tools such as thought experiments are poorly calibrated for providing guidance to policymakers. It advances a new approach to philosophy, which draws both on pragmatism and on complex systems science. Part II examines the role of ethical values in public health. It argues that certain commonly expressed worries about public health paternalism are much less convincing than is often thought. It further argues that individuals have a right to public health. If a state does not take easy steps to reduce risks to health, then it will often violate individuals’ right to public health, and should be criticized as a Neglectful State. Part III integrates the complex systems analysis developed in Part I with the ethical framework developed in Part II. It examines three spheres in which public health policy needs to make choices—responsibility, equality, and networks, focusing on three challenges: (1) how to make use of judgements of responsibility, and whom to hold responsible; (2) how to specify the goal of health equity and how to pursue it and (3) the implications of the fact that most health risks are contagious or can be amplified by socially mediated networks of causes.

Design as an Agent for Public Policy Innovation

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico VAZ ◽  
Sharon PRENDEVILLE
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Policy Innovation ◽  
Design Methods ◽  
Policy Effectiveness ◽  
The Public ◽  
Dependent Activity ◽  
Effectiveness And Efficiency ◽  
Context Dependent

Described as units developing public policies in a design-oriented manner, Policy Labs are tasked to innovate to gain in policy effectiveness and efficiency. However, as public policymaking is a context-dependent activity, the way in which these novel organisations operate significantly differs. This study discusses the emergence of design approaches for policy innovation. The purpose is to map how Policy Labs in Europe introduce design approaches at distinct stages of the policymaking cycle. For this study, 30 organisations in Europe operating at various levels of government were surveyed. Based on the public policymaking process model, it investigates which design methods are Policy Labs deploying to innovate public policies. The study exposed a gap in the awareness of the utilised methods' nature. It also showed that the use of design methods is of less importance than the introduction of design mindsets for public policy innovation, namely ‘user-centredness’, ‘co-creation’, and ‘exploration’.

Incidence of Staphylococcus aureus and its Enterotoxins in Chicken Meat and its Products

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Isolation Technique ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Unsaturated Fat ◽  
Permissible Limits ◽  
Production Activity ◽  
Different Types

Chicken meat are being widely consumed as they contain high protein and a healthier unsaturated fat type. Chicken burger represent a consumer palatable chicken product. Both chicken and its products are liable to different types of contamination during their preparation and processing. Contamination by S. aureus and its enterotoxins poses a major public health hazard to chicken meat consumes. During this study 100 different samples of chicken fillet, deboned thigh, wing, mechanically deboned meat (MDM) and chicken burger (20 each) was collected from market and investigated for their S. aureus count and ability of the isolated strains to produce enterotoxins using conventional plating and isolation technique as well as using SET-RPLA toxin detection kit. Results revealed that mean values of S. aureus count in all samples exceeded the permissible limits and hence being unacceptable. MDM isolated exhibited staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) production of three different types SEA, SEC and SED. Meanwhile chicken burger S. aureus isolates produced only SEA and SEC enterotoxins. While isolated S. aureus from chicken fillet and deboned thigh didn’t exhibit any enterotoxin production activity. It’s recommended to follow the hygienic practices during different processing stages to avoid the risk of S. aureus and its enterotoxins.

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