scholarly journals Ingredients for solar-like systems: protostar IRAS 16293-2422 B versus comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

2019 ◽  
Vol 490 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria N Drozdovskaya ◽  
Ewine F van Dishoeck ◽  
Martin Rubin ◽  
Jes K Jørgensen ◽  
Kathrin Altwegg
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Composition ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
In Situ Monitoring ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Low Mass ◽  
Line Survey ◽  
First Time ◽  
Comet 67P

ABSTRACT Our modern day Solar System has 4.6 × 109 yr of evolution behind it with just a few relics of its birth conditions remaining. Comets are thought to be some of the most pristine tracers of the initial ingredients that were combined to produce the Earth and the other planets. Other low-mass protostars may be analogous to our proto-Sun and hence, could be used to study the building blocks necessary to form Solar-like systems. This study tests this idea on the basis of new high sensitivity, high spatial resolution ALMA data on the protoplanetary disc-scales (∼70 au) of IRAS 16293-2422 and the bulk composition of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, as determined for the first time with the unique in situ monitoring carried out by Rosetta. The comparative analysis of the observations from the Protostellar Interferometric Line Survey (PILS) and the measurements made with Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA) shows that the relative abundances of CHO-, N-, and S-bearing molecules correlate, with some scatter, between protostellar and cometary data. A tentative correlation is seen for the first time for P- and Cl-bearing compounds. The results imply that the volatile composition of cometesimals and planetesimals is partially inherited from the pre- and protostellar phases of evolution.

scholarly journals The chemical connection between 67P/C-G and IRAS 16293-2422

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (S332) ◽  
pp. 196-201
Author(s):  
Maria Nikolayevna Drozdovskaya ◽  
Ewine F. van Dishoeck ◽  
Martin Rubin ◽  
Jes Kristian Jørgensen ◽  
Kathrin Altwegg
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Solar System ◽  
Chemical Evolution ◽  
Protoplanetary Disks ◽  
In Situ Measurements ◽  
Isotopic Ratios ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Low Mass ◽  
Comet 67P

AbstractThe chemical evolution of a star- and planet-forming system begins in the prestellar phase and proceeds across the subsequent evolutionary phases. The chemical trail from cores to protoplanetary disks to planetary embryos can be studied by comparing distant young protostars and comets in our Solar System. One particularly chemically rich system that is thought to be analogous to our own is the low-mass IRAS 16293-2422. ALMA-PILS observations have made the study of chemistry on the disk scales (<100 AU) of this system possible. Under the assumption that comets are pristine tracers of the outer parts of the innate protosolar disk, it is possible to compare the composition of our infant Solar System to that of IRAS 16293-2422. The Rosetta mission has yielded a wealth of unique in situ measurements on comet 67P/C-G, making it the best probe to date. Herein, the initial comparisons in terms of the chemical composition and isotopic ratios are summarized. Much work is still to be carried out in the future as the analysis of both of these data sets is still ongoing.

scholarly journals Determining the origin of the building blocks of the Ice Giants based on analogue measurements from comets

2019 ◽  
Vol 491 (1) ◽  
pp. 488-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
K E Mandt ◽  
O Mousis ◽  
S Treat
Keyword(s):  
Noble Gas ◽  
Giant Planet ◽  
Solid Material ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Isotopic Ratios ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Formation Conditions ◽  
Comet 67P

ABSTRACT The abundances of the heavy elements and isotopic ratios in the present atmospheres of the giant planets can be used to trace the composition of volatiles that were present in the icy solid material that contributed to their formation. The first definitive measurements of noble gas abundances and isotope ratios at comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (67P/C–G) were recently published by Marty et al. (2017) and Rubin et al. (2018, 2019). The implications of these abundances for the formation conditions of the 67P/C–G building blocks were then evaluated by Mousis et al. (2018a). We add here an analysis of the implications of these results for understanding the formation conditions of the building blocks of the Ice Giants and discuss how future measurements of Ice Giant atmospheric composition can be interpreted. We first evaluate the best approach for comparing comet observations with giant planet composition, and then determine what would be the current composition of the Ice Giant atmospheres based on four potential sources for their building blocks. We provide four scenarios for the origin of the Ice Giants building blocks based on four primary constraints for building block composition: (1) the bulk abundance of carbon relative to nitrogen, (2) noble gas abundances relative to carbon and nitrogen, (3) abundance ratios Kr/Ar and Xe/Ar, and (4) Xe isotopic ratios. In situ measurements of these quantities by a Galileo-like entry probe in the atmosphere(s) of Uranus and/or Neptune should place important constraints on the formation conditions of the Ice Giants.

Combinatorial optimization of atomically controlled growth for oxide films by the carrousel type laser molecular beam epitaxy

2001 ◽  
Vol 700 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Takahashi ◽  
Y. Matsumoto ◽  
H. Koinuma ◽  
M. Lippmaa ◽  
M. Kawasaki
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Beam ◽  
Ybco Film ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
High Energy ◽  
In Situ Monitoring ◽  
Laser Deposition ◽  
Crystal Habit ◽  
Laser Focusing ◽  
The One

AbstractA new combinatorial pulsed laser deposition system has been developed for rapid optimization of epitaxial growth process by using a carrousel type masking plate. Under in-situ monitoring of growing surface with reflection high energy electron diffraction, eight films with different compositions or preparation parameters can be fabricated on a single substrate. By using this system, we have succeeded in the one lot optimization of YBa2Cu3O7-d(YBCO), PrGaO3, SrO and BaO film growths on the B-site (TiO2) terminated SrTiO3(001) substrates. Key results from these experiments include the high sensitivity of YBCO film crystallinity to the laser focusing as well as of growth behavior of epitaxial SrO and BaO films to the crystal habit with the underlying atomic layers.

DNA Detection Using SiC Nanowire Based Transistor

2016 ◽  
Vol 858 ◽  
pp. 1006-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwige Bano ◽  
Louis Fradetal ◽  
Valérie Stambouli ◽  
Giovanni Attolini
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Nanowires ◽  
Field Effect Transistor ◽  
Direct Detection ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Nanoelectronic Devices ◽  
Chemical Inertness ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses ◽  
Effect Transistor ◽  
First Time

The fast and direct detection of small quantities of biomolecules improves early medical diagnosis of certain serious diseases as cancers and can be used to detect in situ the presence of pathogenic viruses or GMOs for food industry, protection environmental and bio-defense. Numerous research projects are conducted on nanoelectronic devices that can perform such detection with high sensitivity using nanostructures. Currently, these devices are made from Silicon nanowires [1]. For these applications, Silicon Carbide (SiC) material can advantageously replace Silicon as this semiconductor is now known to be biocompatible and to show a high chemical inertness [2]. Here, we present the electrical detection of DNA using a SiC Nanowire Field Effect Transistor (NWFET). The NWFETs are fabricated and then functionalized with DNA molecules. Between each step of the functionalization process, I-V characteristic measurements are performed. Comparative and simultaneous measurements are carried out on two SiC NWFETs: one is the sensor and the second one is used as a reference. Some interesting properties of the sensor are studied for the first time which opens the way to future developments of SiC nanowire based sensors.

The Linhuaigang Main Dam Openings Vertical Interlocking Block Revetment Design and Calculation

2012 ◽  
Vol 212-213 ◽  
pp. 846-852
Author(s):  
Zhong Yang ◽  
Gui Sheng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Flood Control ◽  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Concrete Block ◽  
Earth Dam ◽  
High Wind ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Water Conservancy ◽  
Large Water ◽  
First Time

The design “non-rope opening vertical interlock block” is used in the main dam of Linhuaigang Project for the first time in China. The opening of the block can effectively reduce the uplift pressure induced by waves. The vertical interlock can make block interlock three- dimensionally so as to enhance the integrity of the block and improve the anti-wave performance. The design can not only improve the protection of the main dam slope under long blowing distance and high wind and waves, but also save the use of stone and construction investment as well as protect the environment. Openings vertical interlock concrete block between the rigid in-situ concrete slope and the flexible dry stone slope, not only avoid the shortcomings of in-situ concrete slope suited to soft ground deformation, but also resist the larger storms owing to the better integrity than dry stone pitching ,from the interlocked effect between the blocks. Compared with the entity block, opening vertical interlock block thickness is reduced greatly. The earth dam project of Lin Huai Gang flood control project applied openings vertical interlock block successfully in water conservancy projects .The project has the pioneering position in the use in the wave elements of reservoirs, lakes and the other large water conservancy revetment constructions.

scholarly journals The Plasma Spectroscopic Study of Dergaon Meteorite, India

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 984
Author(s):  
Abhishek K. Rai ◽  
Jayanta K. Pati ◽  
Christian G. Parigger ◽  
Sonali Dubey ◽  
Awadhesh K. Rai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Analysis ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
Spectral Signatures ◽  
Planetary Evolution ◽  
Breakdown Spectroscopy ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Laser Induced Breakdown ◽  
First Time ◽  
Dergaon Meteorite

Meteorites are the recoverable portions of asteroids that reach the surface of the Earth. Meteorites are rare extraterrestrial objects studied extensively to improve our understanding of planetary evolution. In this work, we used calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (CF-LIBS) to evaluate the quantitative elemental and molecular analyses of the Dergaon meteorite, a H 4-5 chondrite fall sample from Assam, India. Spectral signatures of H, N, O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, andIrweredetected. Along with the atomic emission, this work reports the molecular emission from FeO molecules. The concentration of the measured elements obtained using CF-LIBS is in close agreement with earlier reports. The elements H, N, and O and their concentrations are estimated by using CF-LIBS for the first time. This study applies laser spectroscopy to establish the presence of Ni, Cr, Co, and Ir in meteorites. The elemental analysis forms the basis for the establishment of the potential molecular composition of the Dergaon meteorite. Moreover, the elemental analysis approach bodes well for in-situ analyses of extraterrestrial objects including applications in planetary rover missions.

scholarly journals Interior Models of Icy Satellites and Prospects of Investigation

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (S263) ◽  
pp. 113-120
Author(s):  
Frank Sohl
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Bulk Composition ◽  
In Situ Monitoring ◽  
Outer Planet ◽  
Interior Structure ◽  
Icy Satellites ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Low Altitude ◽  
Tidal Heating

AbstractThe state of knowledge about the structure and composition of icy satellite interiors has been significantly extended by combining direct measurements from spacecraft, laboratory experiments, and theoretical modeling. Interior models of icy bodies will certainly benefit from future missions to the outer solar system, providing new and improved constraints on the surface chemistry, bulk composition and degree of internal differentiation, possible heterogeneities in radial mass distribution, the presence and extent of liquid reservoirs, and the amount of tidal heating for each target body. Here we summarize geophysical constraints on the interior structure and composition of selected Jovian and Saturnian icy satellites and investigate conditions under which potentially habitable liquid water reservoirs could be maintained. Future geophysical exploration which includes gravitational and magnetic field sounding from low-altitude orbit and close flyby, combined with altimetry data and in-situ monitoring of tidally-induced surface distortion and time-variable magnetic fields, would impose important constraints on the interiors of outer planet satellites.

scholarly journals High sensitivity rate-integrating hemispherical resonator gyroscope with dead area compensation for damping asymmetry

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanliang Zhao ◽  
Hao Yang ◽  
Fucheng Liu ◽  
Yan Su ◽  
Chong Li
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Range ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Angle Measurement ◽  
Compensation Method ◽  
High Symmetry ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Hemispherical Resonator ◽  
Area Problem ◽  
Sensitivity Rate ◽  
First Time

AbstractThe rate-integrating gyroscope (RIG) operation is considered as the next generation architecture for hemispherical resonator gyroscopes (HRGs) with advantages of direct angle measurement and unlimited dynamic range. However, this RIG operation requires high symmetry for the HRG device and the damping mismatch of the two gyroscopic modes will result in a dead area problem. This work analyzes the error mechanism of the damping asymmetry induced dead area and proposed a novel virtual procession compensation method for HRG RIG. The simulation proves the existence of the dead area as the theory predicted. More importantly, the experimental HRG RIG platform with the proposed compensation method can significantly expand the dynamic range with accurate angle measurement and overcome the problem of dead area. The earth rotation is accurate measured which is the first time that captured by a RIG scheme as a state-of-the-art result.

scholarly journals The Entangled Conductive Structure of CB/PA6/PP MFCs and Their Electromechanical Properties

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 961
Author(s):  
Yu Wang ◽  
Song Liu ◽  
Huihao Zhu ◽  
Huajian Ji ◽  
Guo Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Process ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Conductive Polymer ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Polyamide 6 ◽  
Electromechanical Properties ◽  
Microfibrillar Composites ◽  
First Time ◽  
Selective Accumulation

In this work, carbon black (CB)/polyamide 6 (PA6)/polypropylene (PP) microfibrillar composites (MFCs) were fabricated through an extrusion (hot stretching) heat treatment process. The CB-coated conductive PA6 microfibrils with high aspect ratio were in situ generated as a result of the selective accumulation of CB at the interface. At the proper temperature, a 3D entangled conductive structure was constructed in the PP matrix, due to topological entanglement between these conductive microfibrils. This unique conductive structure provided the PP composites with a low electrical conductivity percolation threshold. Moreover, the electromechanical properties of conductive MFCs were investigated for the first time. A great stability, a high sensitivity and a nice reproducibility were achieved simultaneously for CB/PA6/PP MFCs. This work provides a universal and low-cost method for the conductive polymer composites’ (CPCs) fabrication as sensing materials.

scholarly journals In situ observations of stratospheric HCl using three-mirror integrated cavity output spectroscopy

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 3597-3613
Author(s):  
Jordan Wilkerson ◽  
David S. Sayres ◽  
Jessica B. Smith ◽  
Norton Allen ◽  
Marco Rivero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Ozone Layer ◽  
Satellite Measurements ◽  
Earth Observing System ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Cavity Output ◽  
In Situ Observations ◽  
Catalytic Processes ◽  
First Time

Abstract. Stratospheric HCl observations are an important diagnostic for the evaluation of catalytic processes that impact the ozone layer. We report here in situ balloon-borne observations of HCl employing an off-axis integrated cavity output spectrometer (OA-ICOS) fitted with a reinjection mirror. Laboratory assessments demonstrated that the spectrometer has a 90 % response time of 10 s to changes in HCl and a 30 s precision of 26 pptv. The instrument was deployed alongside an ozone instrument in August 2018 on a balloon-borne descent between 20–80 hPa (29–18 km altitude). The observations agreed with nearby satellite measurements made by the Earth Observing System Microwave Limb Sounder within 10 % on average. This is the first time that stratospheric measurements of HCl have been made with ICOS and the first time any cavity-enhanced HCl instrument has been tested in flight.

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