MO595FREQUENCY OF INTAKE OF DIETARY FIBER SOURCES NOT ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERKALEMIA IN HEMODIALYS PATIENTS IN A MULTICENTER STUDY

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafaela G Dos Santos ◽  
Juliana Malinovski ◽  
Natália Scatone ◽  
Jorgiane De Oliveira ◽  
Andrea Sczip ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Serum Potassium ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background and Aims Patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) treatment usually have a low intake of food groups rich in dietary fiber to avoid hyperkalemia. However, dietary potassium is not associated with serum potassium or hyperkalemia in recent studies, and higher intake of fiber food groups such as fruits and vegetables is associated with lower mortality and other complications in HD populations. This multicenter cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the frequency of intake of dietary fiber sources, its determinants, and the relationship with hyperkalemia in HD patients. Method Prevalent HD patients from four dialysis clinics in Southern Brazil were invited to participate (at least 80% of eligible patients from each clinic). Patients were interviewed by the researchers and answered a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) with the main dietary fiber sources (fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains cereals and seeds) with seven frequency possibilities (from never to more than twice a day). To estimate the weekly frequency of intake, answers were transformed into a score. Every score point corresponded to one time per week (ex.: score 7 = seven times per week). The sum of the five scores was calculated to determine the total score. Demographical and laboratory data were obtained from medical records. Univariate analysis was used to assess total score associations, and the variables with P<0.20 were included in the regression analysis model. Results 305 HD patients were included (male: 51%; age: 52.2 ± 14.7 years old; HD vintage: 46 (19 – 82) months; hyperkalemia: 29%). Median (interquartile) FFQ scores were: fruits: 6 (2-14); vegetables: 6 (3-10); legumes: 3 (1-7); whole-grain: 0 (0-1) and seeds: 0 (0-0). Total score was 19 (14-28) and correlated with age (r=0.15; P=0.01), HD vintage (r=-0.22; P=<0.001) and body mass index (BMI) (r=0.15; P=0.007). Patients with diabetes had a higher total score (22 (15-31) versus 18 (13-27) P=0.03). Only the vegetables score correlated with serum potassium (r=0.17; P=0.03) and no difference was found between dietary fiber food groups scores and total score with hyperkalemia. The linear regression analysis model also included gender and education (years at school) (all with P<0.20 in the univariate analysis). The independent predictors of dietary fiber total score were age (OR=0.1 (95%IC 0.01-0.20);P=0.04), HD vintage (month) (OR=-0.03 (95%IC -0.06 - -0.01);P=0.02) and years at school (OR=0.27 (95%IC 0.85-0.46);P=0.005). Conclusion The usual frequency of intake of fiber sources was low, and its independent determinants were age, HD vintage and education. The lack of association with hyperkalemia suggests that other dietary sources and clinical factors should be considered to manage hyperkalemia in this population.

scholarly journals P1479HIGHER FREQUENCY OF FRUIT INTAKE IS ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER RISK OF CONSTIPATION IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS - A MULTI-CENTRE STUDY

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (Supplement_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafaela G Dos Santos ◽  
Juliana Malinovski ◽  
Natália Scatone ◽  
Jorgiane De Oliveira ◽  
Andrea Sczip ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disorder ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Fruit Intake ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Multi Centre Study

Abstract Background and Aims Constipation is a multifactorial gastrointestinal disorder commonly found in hemodialysis (HD) patients. In this multi-centre cross-sectional study, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence and factors associated with constipation, including the frequency of dietary fiber sources intake. Method Prevalent HD patients from four dialysis clinics in Southern Brazil were invited to participate (at least 80% of eligible patients from each clinic). Patients were interviewed by the researchers and answered a questionnaire that comprised ROMA III criteria questions to assess constipation status, use of medications and life habits. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) with the main dietary fiber sources (fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains cereals and seeds) was applied with seven frequency possibilities (from never to more than twice a day). To estimate the weekly frequency of intake, answers were transformed into a score. Every score point corresponded to one time per week (ex.: score 7 = seven times per week). Demographical and laboratory data were obtained from medical records. Univariate analysis was used to compare participants according to constipation status and variables with P<0.20 were included in the regression analysis model. Results 305 HD patients were included (male: 51%; age: 52.2 ± 14.7 years old; HD vintage: 46 (19 – 82) months). Ninety-three participants had constipation (30.5%). Median (interquartile) FFQ scores were: fruits: 6 (2-14); vegetables: 6 (3-10); legumes: 3 (1-7); whole-grain: 0 (0-1) and seeds: 0 (0-0). In univariate analysis, participants with constipation were significantly older (55.1 ± 14.8 versus 51.0 ± 14.5 years old; P=0.02), had lower literacy (5 (5-11) versus 8 (4-13) years at school; P=0.007), higher prevalence of diabetes (41 versus 23%; P=0.002) and lower total beverage intake (15 (12-20) versus 17 (12-24) ml/kg/day; P=0.04). The logistic regression analysis model also included body mass index; wheelchair need; sedentarism; fruits score and seeds score (all with P<0.20 in the univariate analysis).The independent predictors of constipation were diabetes (OR=1.96 (95%IC 1.07-3.6);P=0.03) and fruits intake score (OR=0.95 (95%IC 0.91-0.99);P=0.04) Conclusion Almost one-third of participants had constipation, and usual intake of fiber food sources was low. The independent determinants of constipation were diabetes and a lower frequency of fruit intake. Nutritional counselling to increase fiber intake sources can potentially decrease the prevalence of constipation of this population.

scholarly journals Association Between Patient Activation and Medication Adherence in Patients With Stroke: A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weijing Sui ◽  
Li-hong Wan
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Medication Adherence ◽  
Influencing Factor ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Patient Activation ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Improve Medication Adherence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Low Level

Background: Medication adherence is key to secondary prevention in patients with stroke. Poor medication adherence can lead to recurrence, disability, or even death in stroke survivors. Patient activation is associated with increased healthy behaviors and improved clinical outcomes in many chronic diseases. However, the association between patient activation and medication adherence in patients with stroke remains unclear.Objective: The study aimed to explore the influence of patient activation on the medication adherence of patients with stroke and to analyze the reasons for medication nonadherence.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional design with convenience sampling was used in this study. A total of 119 patients with stroke were recruited from a tertiary hospital in Guangzhou. A social-demographic and clinical data form, a self-developed medication adherence questionnaire, and the 13-item Patient Activation Measure (PAM-13) were used. Univariate analysis and multiple linear regression analysis with dummy variables were conducted to investigate the associations between medication adherence and patient activation. Data were analyzed with IBM® SPSS® version 25.0.Results: The mean PAM-13 score in patients with stroke was 51.56 ± 12.58. A low level of patient activation was reported by up to 66.4% of the patients. The self-reported medication adherence questionnaire score was 5.59 ± 1.52. A low level of medication adherence was reported by up to 59.7% of the patients, while a moderate level was reported by 34.4%, and a high level was reported by only 5.9%. In the multiple stepwise regression analysis, patient activation was found to be an independent influencing factor of medication adherence in patients with stroke (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Medication adherence was poor in patients in Guangzhou, China, following an ischemic stroke. Patient activation as the independent influencing factor identified in this study will support healthcare givers to develop the tailored intervention to improve medication adherence among patients with stroke in China.

Cross-Sectional Examination of Homocysteine Levels with Sarcopenia and Its Components in Memory Clinic Outpatients

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Yosuke Yamada ◽  
Hiroyuki Umegaki ◽  
Fumie Kinoshita ◽  
Chi Hsien Huang ◽  
Taiki Sugimoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Memory Clinic ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background: Homocysteine is a common risk factor for cognitive impairment and sarcopenia. However, very few studies have shown an association between sarcopenia and serum homocysteine levels after adjustment for cognitive function. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between homocysteine and sarcopenia in memory clinic patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study investigated outpatients in a memory clinic. We enrolled 1,774 participants (≥65 years old) with measured skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), hand grip strength (HGS), and homocysteine. All participants had undergone cognitive assessments and were diagnosed with dementia, mild cognitive impairment, or normal cognition. Patient characteristics were compared according to sarcopenia presence, SMI level, or HGS. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the association of homocysteine with sarcopenia, low SMI, or low HGS. Next, linear regression analysis was performed using HGS as a continuous variable. Results: Logistic regression analysis showed that low HGS was significantly associated with homocysteine levels (p = 0.002), but sarcopenia and low SMI were not. In linear regression analysis, HGS was negatively associated with homocysteine levels after adjustment for Mini-Mental State Examination score (β= –2.790, p <  0.001) or clinical diagnosis of dementia (β= –3.145, p <  0.001). These results were similar for men and women. Conclusion: Our results showed a negative association between homocysteine and HGS after adjustment for cognitive function. Our findings strengthen the assumed association between homocysteine and HGS. Further research is needed to determine whether lower homocysteine levels lead to prevent muscle weakness.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic and Geographic Pattern of Food Consumption and Dietary Diversity among Children Aged 6–23 Months Old in Ghana

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 603
Author(s):  
Isaac Anane ◽  
Fengying Nie ◽  
Jiaqi Huang
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Child Nutrition ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dairy Consumption

Dietary inadequacy is a major challenge among young children in Ghana. Nutritional policies are required for optimum child nutrition and development. This study explored food consumption and dietary diversity by socioeconomic status and geographical location among children aged 6–23 months in Ghana. We used the latest national representative, cross-sectional data from the Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS-2014). A total of 887 children aged 6–23 months were used in the final analysis. The survey collected data on children’s food consumption through their mothers in the 24 h recall method. Multiple logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between socioeconomic status and geographical location with food consumption and adequate dietary diversity after adjusting for control variables. The study revealed an association between specific food item consumption, food groups, and dietary diversity by socioeconomic and geographic characteristics. However, dairy consumption increased faster than other nutritional foods when socioeconomic status increased. Furthermore, the study revealed that children’s chances of consuming particular food items and food groups differed across Ghana’s 10 regions. The average probabilities of consuming adequate dietary diversity between the Greater Accra region and Ashanti region were 43% vs. 8% (p < 0.001). Consumption of grains, root, and tubers were relatively higher but low for Vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables and legumes and nuts for children aged 6–23 months in Ghana. Overall, the mean dietary diversity score was low (3.39; 95% CI: 3.30–3.49) out of eight food groups, and the prevalence of adequate dietary diversity was 22% only. There is a need for policy interventions to ensure appropriate dietary practices to promote healthy growth of children.

scholarly journals Syrian mothers, why to accept or to refuse HPV vaccine for their teen girls

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
Mohammed Al Saad ◽  
Saad Ahmed Ali Jadoo
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Hpv Vaccine ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gynecological Examination

Background: Cervical cancer (CC) ranks the eighth most frequent cancer among Syrian women with crude incidence rates 1.4 per 100, 000 populations per year. This study aimed to test the acceptance of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine among mothers of schoolgirls in sixth-grade class. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted through a structured and self-administrated questionnaire. A total of 400 Syrian mothers of schoolgirls were selected randomly by the cluster sampling method in Aleppo city, Syria, in 2011. Significant variables from univariate analysis were included in an enter technique multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: The response rate was 86%. If the vaccine was free, 282 (81.7%) mothers would accept the vaccine for themselves and 236 (68.4%) for their daughters, respectively. However, the acceptance rate grossly decreased to 24.6% and 15.1%, respectively, if the vaccine was not provided free. The high cost of the HPV vaccine and lack of knowledge were the significant barriers for mothers' acceptance of the HPV vaccine. Protection of daughters and the trust with health authority were the main encouraging reasons to accept the HPV vaccine. Findings from logistic regression analysis revealed that the employed mothers (odds ratio = 2.4; 95% CI: 1.3–4.4), with a positive history of gynecological examination (OR = 2.1; 95% CI: 1.6–2.9) and having sound knowledge (OR = 2.4; 95% CI: 1.0–5.7) are independent factors related to the acceptance of the HPV vaccine for their daughters. Conclusion: The results from this study suggest that mothers from different cultural backgrounds, including Syrian mothers, are holding different beliefs on privacy and health that may affect their willingness to accept the HPV vaccine.

scholarly journals Oxidative stress and gut-derived lipopolysaccharides in children affected by Paediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal infections.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Loffredo ◽  
Alberto Spalice ◽  
Francesca Salvatori ◽  
De Castro Giovanna ◽  
Cristiana Alessia Guido ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Prostaglandin F2α ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Tic Disorders ◽  
Streptococcal Infections ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background: pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections syndrome (PANDAS) identifies patients with acute onset of obsessive-compulsive and tic disorders. The objective of this study was to assess NOX2 levels, as well as serum 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (iso-PGF2α) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from Gram-negative bacteria in the gut of patients with PANDAS. Methods: a cross sectional study was performed to compare serum levels of soluble NOX2-dp (sNOX-2-dp), isoprostanes and LPS in 60 consecutive subjects, including 30 children affected by PANDAS and 30 controls (CT) matched for age and gender. Serum zonulin was used to assess gut permeability. Results: compared with CT, PANDAS children had higher values of sNOX-2-dp, 8-iso-PGF2-alpha and LPS. Simple linear regression analysis showed that sNOX2-dp was significantly correlated with serum LPS (Rs=0.359; p=0.005), zonulin (Rs=0.444; p<0.001) and iso-PGF2α (Rs=0.704; p<0.001). LPS significantly correlated with serum zonulin (Rs=0.610; p<0.001), and iso-PGF2α (Rs=0.591; p=0.001). A multiple linear regression analysis was performed to define the independent predictors of sNOX-2-dp. Isoprostanes and zonulin emerged as the only independent predictive variables associated with sNOX2-dp (R2=68%). Conclusion: this study provides evidences that children affected by PANDAS have high circulating levels of sNOX2-dp, isoprostanes and of LPS that could be potentially implicated in the process of neuroinflammation.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF COMPANY VALUE, LEVERAGE, AND COMPANY SIZE ON PROFIT PERSISTENCE IN JAKARTA ISLAMIC INDEX (JII) LISTED COMPANIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Budi Prasetyo ◽  
Satiti Utami ◽  
Alwazir Abdusshomad ◽  
Mukti Wijaya ◽  
Nawang Kalbuana
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Firm Value ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Earnings Persistence ◽  
Company Size ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Company Value

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Company Value, Leverage, and Company Size on Earnings Persistence in Companies Listed in the Jakarta Islamic Index (JII). Data obtained from the page www.idnfinancial.com. The data in this study are secondary data. The approach used in this research is a quantitative approach. Sampling technique using purposive sampling technique and data analysis using multiple linear regression analysis. Samples that fit the criteria were obtained by 23 companies during the 2015-2019 observation period. Then the data were analyzed using the SPSS data regression analysis model.26.0 The results showed that firm value had no significant effect on earnings persistence, leverage and firm size had a significant effect on earnings persistence on companies listed on the Jakarta Islamic Index (JII) for the 2015-2019 period.

Socio-economic and cultural disparities in diet among adolescents and young adults: a systematic review

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 843-860 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucille Desbouys ◽  
Caroline Méjean ◽  
Stefaan De Henauw ◽  
Katia Castetbon
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Adolescents And Young Adults ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Sweetened Beverages

AbstractObjective:To explore dietary differences according to socio-economic and sociocultural characteristics of adolescents and young adults.Design:A systematic review was conducted.Setting:The main search source was MEDLINE, consulted between January 2012 and March 2017. Quality of selected studies was assessed based on dietary measurement method, sample selection, socio-economic indicator choice and statistical modelling.Participants:Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, assessing relationships between socio-economic status and dietary intake (patterns, scores and food groups) in the 10- to 40-year-old general population of high-income countries, were selected.Results:Among the 7250 reports identified, forty were selected, seventeen of which were of high quality; their conclusions, related only to adolescents, were combined and presented. The most favourable dietary patterns, higher dietary scores, greater consumption of fruits, vegetables and dairy products, and lower consumption of sugary sweetened beverages and energy-dense foods, were associated with better parental socio-economic status, particularly in terms of higher education. Migrant status was associated with plant-based patterns, greater consumption of fruits and vegetables and of sugary sweetened beverages and energy-dense foods. For the other food groups, and for young adults, very few high-quality studies were found.Conclusions:The socio-economic gradient in adolescent diets requires confirmation by higher-grade studies of a wider set of food groups and must be extended to young adult populations. Future nutritional interventions should involve the most vulnerable adolescent populations, taking account of socio-economic status and migration.

scholarly journals Correlations of apathy with clinical symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease and olfactory dysfunctions: a cross-sectional study

BMC Neurology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu-yang Yu ◽  
Teng-hong Lian ◽  
Peng Guo ◽  
Li-xia Li ◽  
Du-yu Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Activity Of Daily Living ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background Apathy is one of the most common symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), however, correlations of apathy with demographic variables, cognitive functions, neuropsychiatric symptoms, activity of daily living and olfactory functions in AD patients are still lacking comprehensive investigations. Methods This is a cross-sectional study. Total 124 typical AD patients were consecutively recruited from April 2014 to April 2017. In 124 AD patients, 47 cases (37.9%) were male and 77 cases were female; patients’ age were 43–93 years with an average of 68 years. Patients were divided into AD with apathy (AD-A) and AD with no apathy (AD-NA) groups according to the score of Modified Apathy Evaluation Scale, then were evaluated cognitive functions, neuropsychiatric symptoms and activity of daily living, and tested olfactory functions. Above variables were compared between AD-A and AD-NA groups. Further correlation analyses and linear regression analysis were performed between apathy and above variables. Results Compared with AD-NA group, global cognitive level, verbal memory, verbal fluency and activity of daily living were significantly compromised in AD-A group (P < 0.002); depression and agitation were severely displayed in AD-A group (P < 0.002). Apathy was negatively correlated with global cognitive function, verbal memory, verbal fluency and activity of daily living (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference of olfactory functions between the two groups (P > 0.002), and correlations between apathy and olfactory threshold, olfactory identification and global olfactory function were significant (P < 0.05) but quite weak (|r| < 0.3). Further linear regression analysis showed that only verbal fluency and instrumental activities of daily living were independently associated with apathy. Conclusions Independent correlations among apathy, verbal fluency and instrumental activities of daily living in AD patients might be related to the common brain area involved in their pathogeneses.

scholarly journals Hospitalization costs among immobile patients with hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke in China: a multicenter cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongpeng Liu ◽  
Chen Zhu ◽  
Jing Cao ◽  
Jing Jiao ◽  
Baoyun Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Hospital Charges ◽  
Hospital Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Hospitalization Costs

Abstract Background In this study, we aimed to analyze the hospitalization costs for immobile patients with hemorrhagic stroke (IHS) or ischemic stroke (IIS) in China and to determine the factors associated with hospitalization costs. Methods We evaluated patients with IHS and IIS hospitalized between November 2015 and July 2016 in six provinces or municipality cities of China. Linear regression analysis was used to examine the association with hospitalization costs and predictors. Results In total, 1573 patients with IHS and 3143 with IIS were enrolled and analyzed. For IHS and IIS, the average length of stay (LoS) was 17.40 ± 12.3 and 14.47 ± 11.55 days. The duration of immobility was 12.11 ± 9.98 and 7.36 ± 9.77 days, respectively. Median hospitalization costs were RMB 47000.68 (interquartile range 19,827.37, 91,877.09) for IHS and RMB 16578.44 (IQR 7020.13, 36,357.65) for IIS. In both IHS and IIS groups, medicine fees accounted for more than one-third of hospitalization costs. Materials fees and medical service fees accounted for the second and third largest proportions of hospital charges in both groups. Linear regression analysis showed that LoS, hospital level, and previous surgery were key determinants of hospitalization costs in all immobile patients with stroke. Subgroup analysis indicated that hospital level was highly correlated with hospitalization costs for IHS whereas pneumonia and deep vein thrombosis were key factors associated with hospitalization costs for IIS. Conclusions We found that hospitalization costs were notably higher in IHS than IIS, and medicine fees accounted for the largest proportion of hospitalization costs in both patient groups, perhaps because most patients ended up with complications such as pneumonia thereby requiring more medications. LoS and hospital level may greatly affect hospitalization costs. Increasing the reimbursement ratio of medical insurance for patients with IHS is recommended. Decreasing medicine fees and LoS, preventing complications, and improving treatment capability may help to reduce the economic burden of stroke in China.

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