scholarly journals CBMT-45. SEX-SPECIFIC METABOLIC ADAPTIONS IN GLIOBLASTOMA

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supplement_6) ◽  
pp. vi42-vi43
Author(s):  
Jasmin Sponagel ◽  
Shanshan Zhang ◽  
Prakash Chinnaiyan ◽  
Joshua Rubin ◽  
Joseph Ippolito
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Metabolic Reprogramming ◽  
Mitochondrial Activity ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Glutamine Deprivation ◽  
Novel Treatment Strategies

Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive brain tumor in adults. GBM occurs more commonly in males, but female patients survive significantly longer. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie those sex differences could support novel treatment strategies. In this regard, we found that male and female GBM patient samples differ in their metabolite abundance and that male patients exhibit a significantly higher abundance of TCA cycle metabolites. We confirmed those findings in a murine model of GBM, which has previously yielded important insights into sexual dimorphism in GBM. Strikingly, sex differences in TCA cycle flux were entirely driven by glutamine flux, not glucose flux, suggesting a sex-specific role for glutamine in GBM. Metabolic manipulation through glutamine deprivation resulted in a greater growth inhibition in male GBM cells. Glutamine itself can be utilized for anabolic reactions or it can be converted to glutamate by glutaminase. Only male GBM cells were sensitive to pharmacological glutaminase inhibition with BPTES or CB-839, suggesting that male GBM cells are glutamate dependent while female GBM cells are not. Concordantly, we found significantly higher glutaminase levels in male GBM cells. Furthermore, we found that numerous metabolites (including NADH, ATP, and glutathione) involved in cellular processes downstream of glutamate were more abundant in male GBM cells. In contrast, female GBM cells were resistant to low glutamine conditions and glutaminase inhibitors unless glutamine-synthase activity was disrupted, suggesting that glutamine synthesis might play a more prominent role in female GBM. Together, these data indicate that male and female GBM differ in their metabolic adaptions. Male GBM utilize glutamate to fuel the TCA cycle and mitochondrial activity while female GBM synthesize and utilize glutamine itself. This sexual dimorphism in metabolic reprogramming reveals novel sex specific metabolic targets for GBM and underlines the importance of considering sex in metabolic targeting approaches.

scholarly journals TAMI-37. SEX DIFFERENCES IN REDOX STATE UNDERLIE GLUTAMINE DEPENDENCY IN MALE GLIOBLASTOMA

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. ii221-ii221
Author(s):  
Jasmin Sponagel ◽  
Shanshan Zhang ◽  
Jill Jones ◽  
Prakash Chinnaiyan ◽  
Joshua Rubin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Redox State ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Primary Brain Tumor ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements

Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor in adults. GBM occurs more commonly in males but female patients survive significantly longer. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying this clinical sex disparity could support novel treatment strategies to improve outcomes for GBM patients. In this regard, we found that male and female GBM patient tissues differ in their metabolite profiles and that male GBM exhibit a higher abundance of amino acid metabolites. We confirmed these findings in a murine model of GBM. Furthermore, we found that male GBM cells are more sensitive to amino acid deprivation. This male-specific dependency on amino acids is almost entirely driven by amino acids involved in the synthesis of the antioxidant glutathione. Glutaminase 1 (GLS1) mediates the conversion from glutamine to glutamate, a crucial component of glutathione. We found that male GBM cells are more sensitive to GLS1 inhibition with the clinical inhibitor CB-839. This correlated with significantly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) in male GBM. We further confirmed sex differences in redox state through pharmacological depletion of glutathione, which resulted in a significant increase in ROS and cell death in male GBM cells. Moreover, assays of glutathione oxidation demonstrated that male GBM cells exist in a chronically oxidized state. Finally, we found that mitochondrial structure and function, including TCA cycle flux, NADH levels, and antioxidant activity, differ between male and female GBM cells. Together, these data suggest that (1) male and female GBM differ in their amino acid requirements, (2) male GBM are more dependent on glutamine to regulate ROS levels, and (3) sex differences in mitochondrial physiology may result in ROS accumulation and increased susceptibility to drugs targeting the redox state in male GBM. Our data reveal novel metabolic targets for GBM and underline the importance of considering sex in metabolic targeting approaches.

scholarly journals FSMP-19. SEX DIFFERENCES IN REDOX REGULATION UNDERLIE GLUTAMINE DEPENDENCY IN MALE GLIOBLASTOMA

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. i19-i20
Author(s):  
Jasmin Sponagel ◽  
Shanshan Zhang ◽  
Cheryl Frankfater ◽  
Jill Jones ◽  
Din Selmanovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Redox Regulation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Primary Brain Tumor ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Glutathione Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements

Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor in adults. GBM occurs more commonly in males but female patients survive significantly longer. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying this clinical sex disparity could support novel treatment strategies to improve outcomes for GBM patients. In this regard, we found that male and female GBM patient tissues differ in their metabolite profiles and that male GBM exhibit a higher abundance of amino acid metabolites. We confirmed these findings in a murine model of GBM. Furthermore, we found that male GBM cells are more sensitive to amino acid deprivation. This male-specific dependency on amino acids is almost entirely driven by amino acids involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulation and glutathione synthesis. We found that male GBM cells are more sensitive to depletion of glutathione, which resulted in a significant increase in ROS and cell death in male GBM cells. Moreover, assays of glutathione oxidation demonstrated that male GBM cells exist in a chronically oxidized state. GLS1 mediates the conversion from glutamine to glutamate, a crucial component of glutathione. We found that male GBM cells are more sensitive to GLS1 inhibition with the clinical inhibitor CB-839. This correlated with significantly increased ROS and glutathione levels as well as significantly decreased TCA cycle metabolites in male GBM. Lastly, we found that the TCA cycle metabolite α-ketoglutarate rescues the effects of CB-839 in male GBM cells. Together, these data suggest that (1) male and female GBM differ in their amino acid requirements, (2) male GBM are more dependent on glutathione to regulate ROS levels, and (3) male GBM increase glutathione synthesis at the expense of TCA cycle metabolites upon GLS1 inhibition, suggesting an increased susceptibility to drugs targeting the glutamate/glutathione axis in male GBM. Our data underline the importance of considering sex in metabolic targeting approaches.

scholarly journals TBIO-01. SEX DIFFERENCES IN REDOX STATE UNDERLIE GLUTAMINE DEPENDENCY IN MALE GLIOBLASTOMA

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. iii467-iii467
Author(s):  
Jasmin Sponagel ◽  
Shanshan Zhang ◽  
Prakash Chinnaiyan ◽  
Joshua Rubin ◽  
Joseph Ippolito
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Redox State ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Crucial Component ◽  
Acid Metabolites ◽  
Novel Treatment Strategies ◽  
Glutaminase 1 ◽  
Metabolite Abundance

Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive brain tumor in children and adults. It occurs more commonly in males, but female patients survive significantly longer. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie those sex differences could support novel treatment strategies. In this regard, we found that male and female GBM patient samples differ in their metabolite abundance and that males exhibit a significantly higher abundance of amino acid metabolites. We confirmed those findings in a murine model of GBM, which has previously yielded important insights into sexual dimorphism in GBM. Furthermore, we found that male GBM cell cultures are significantly more sensitive to amino acid deprivation, which was almost entirely driven by amino acids involved in the synthesis of the antioxidant glutathione. Glutaminase 1 (GLS1) mediates the conversion from glutamine to glutamate, a crucial component of glutathione. We found that male GBM cells exhibited higher levels of GLS1, suggesting they are more dependent on glutamate. Indeed, we found that male GBM cells are more sensitive to pharmacological GLS1 inhibition with the clinical inhibitor CB-839. This correlated with significantly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) in males compared to females. We further confirmed sex differences in redox state through pharmacological depletion of glutathione that resulted in a significant increase in ROS and cell death in male GBM. Together, these data indicate that male GBM cells are more dependent on glutamine to regulate ROS levels. This reveals novel sex-specific metabolic targets for GBM and underlines the importance of considering sex in metabolic targeting approaches.

scholarly journals Molecular mechanisms underpinning sarcomas and implications for current and future therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Damerell ◽  
Michael S. Pepper ◽  
Sharon Prince
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Epithelial To Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Mesenchymal To Epithelial Transition ◽  
Cells Of Origin ◽  
Novel Treatment Strategies ◽  
Future Therapy

AbstractSarcomas are complex mesenchymal neoplasms with a poor prognosis. Their clinical management is highly challenging due to their heterogeneity and insensitivity to current treatments. Although there have been advances in understanding specific genomic alterations and genetic mutations driving sarcomagenesis, the underlying molecular mechanisms, which are likely to be unique for each sarcoma subtype, are not fully understood. This is in part due to a lack of consensus on the cells of origin, but there is now mounting evidence that they originate from mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs). To identify novel treatment strategies for sarcomas, research in recent years has adopted a mechanism-based search for molecular markers for targeted therapy which has included recapitulating sarcomagenesis using in vitro and in vivo MSC models. This review provides a comprehensive up to date overview of the molecular mechanisms that underpin sarcomagenesis, the contribution of MSCs to modelling sarcomagenesis in vivo, as well as novel topics such as the role of epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transition (EMT)/mesenchymal-to-epithelial-transition (MET) plasticity, exosomes, and microRNAs in sarcomagenesis. It also reviews current therapeutic options including ongoing pre-clinical and clinical studies for targeted sarcoma therapy and discusses new therapeutic avenues such as targeting recently identified molecular pathways and key transcription factors.

Sex differences in white adipose tissue expansion: emerging molecular mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 135 (24) ◽  
pp. 2691-2708
Author(s):  
Simon T. Bond ◽  
Anna C. Calkin ◽  
Brian G. Drew
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Gene Networks ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Tissue Expansion ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Genomic Association ◽  
Males And Females

Abstract The escalating prevalence of individuals becoming overweight and obese is a rapidly rising global health problem, placing an enormous burden on health and economic systems worldwide. Whilst obesity has well described lifestyle drivers, there is also a significant and poorly understood component that is regulated by genetics. Furthermore, there is clear evidence for sexual dimorphism in obesity, where overall risk, degree, subtype and potential complications arising from obesity all differ between males and females. The molecular mechanisms that dictate these sex differences remain mostly uncharacterised. Many studies have demonstrated that this dimorphism is unable to be solely explained by changes in hormones and their nuclear receptors alone, and instead manifests from coordinated and highly regulated gene networks, both during development and throughout life. As we acquire more knowledge in this area from approaches such as large-scale genomic association studies, the more we appreciate the true complexity and heterogeneity of obesity. Nevertheless, over the past two decades, researchers have made enormous progress in this field, and some consistent and robust mechanisms continue to be established. In this review, we will discuss some of the proposed mechanisms underlying sexual dimorphism in obesity, and discuss some of the key regulators that influence this phenomenon.

scholarly journals Myeloma Bone Disease: Update on Pathogenesis and Novel Treatment Strategies

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Vallet ◽  
Julia-Marie Filzmoser ◽  
Martin Pecherstorfer ◽  
Klaus Podar
Keyword(s):  
Bone Disease ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Bone Fractures ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Nf Kappa B ◽  
Skeletal Involvement ◽  
Myeloma Bone Disease ◽  
Skeletal Related Events ◽  
Novel Treatment Strategies

Bone disease, including osteolytic lesions and/or osteoporosis, is a common feature of multiple myeloma (MM). The consequences of skeletal involvement are severe pain, spinal cord compressions, and bone fractures, which have a dramatic impact on patients’ quality of life and, ultimately, survival. During the past few years, several landmark studies significantly enhanced our insight into MM bone disease (MBD) by identifying molecular mechanisms leading to increased bone resorption due to osteoclast activation, and decreased bone formation by osteoblast inhibition. Bisphosphonates were the mainstay to prevent skeletal-related events in MM for almost two decades. Excitingly, the most recent approval of the receptor activator of NF-kappa B ligand (RANKL) inhibitor, denosumab, expanded treatment options for MBD, for patients with compromised renal function, in particular. In addition, several other bone-targeting agents, including bone anabolic drugs, are currently in preclinical and early clinical assessment. This review summarizes our up-to-date knowledge on the pathogenesis of MBD and discusses novel state-of-the-art treatment strategies that are likely to enter clinical practice in the near future.

Skeletal Muscle Wasting: The Estrogen Side of Sexual Dimorphism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawna L. McMillin ◽  
Everett C. Minchew ◽  
Dawn A. Lowe ◽  
Espen E. Spangenburg
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Muscle Wasting ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Wasting ◽  
Muscle Biology ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Equal Efficacy

The importance of defining sex differences across various biological and physiological mechanisms is more pervasive now than it has been over the last 15-20 years. As the muscle biology field pushes to identify small molecules and interventions to prevent, attenuate or even reverse muscle wasting, we must consider the effect of sex as a biological variable. It should not be assumed that a therapeutic will affect males and females with equal efficacy or equivalent target affinities under conditions where muscle wasting is observed. With that said, it is not surprising to find that we have an unclear or even a poor understanding of the effects of sex or sex hormones on muscle wasting conditions. Although recent investigations are beginning to establish experimental approaches that will allow investigators to assess the impact of sex-specific hormones on muscle wasting, the field still has not established enough published scientific tools that will allow the field to rigorously address critical hypotheses. Thus, the purpose of this review is to assemble a current summary of knowledge in the area of sexual dimorphism driven by estrogens with an effort to provide insights to interested physiologists on necessary considerations when trying to assess models for potential sex differences in cellular and molecular mechanisms of muscle wasting.

Sex differences in lipid metabolism and metabolic disease risk

2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Sugiyama ◽  
Luis B. Agellon
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Disease ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Metabolic Complications ◽  
Metabolic Disease Risk ◽  
Organ Systems

The ability of nutrients to regulate specific metabolic pathways is often overshadowed by their role in basic sustenance. Consequently, the mechanisms whereby these nutrients protect against or promote a variety of acquired metabolic syndromes remains poorly understood. Premenopausal women are generally protected from the adverse effects of obesity despite having a greater proportion of body fat than men. Menopause is often associated with a transformation in body fat morphology and a gradual increase in the susceptibility to metabolic complications, eventually reaching the point where women and men are at equal risk. These phenomena are not explained solely by changes in food preference or nutrient intake suggesting an important role for the sex hormones in regulating the metabolic fate of nutrients and protecting against metabolic disease pathophysiology. Here, we discuss how differences in the acquisition, trafficking, and subceullular metabolism of fats and other lipid soluble nutrients in major organ systems can create overt sex-specific phenotypes, modulate metabolic disease risk, and contribute to the rise in obesity in the modern sedentary climate. Identifying the molecular mechanisms underpinning sex differences in fat metabolism requires the unravelling of the interactions among sex chromosome effects, the hormonal milieu, and diet composition. Understanding the mechanisms that give rise to sex differences in metabolism will help to rationalize treatment strategies for the management of sex-specific metabolic disease risk factors.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Effects of Curcumin—From Traditional Past to Present and Future Clinical Applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 3757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrice Bachmeier ◽  
Dieter Melchart
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Microbial Infection ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Novel Treatment Strategies

The efficacy of the plant-derived polyphenol curcumin, in various aspects of health and wellbeing, is matter of public interest. An internet search of the term “Curcumin” displays about 12 million hits. Among the multitudinous information presented on partly doubtful websites, there are reports attracting the reader with promises ranging from eternal youth to cures for incurable diseases. Unfortunately, many of these reports are not based on scientific evidence, but they feed the desideratum of the reader for a “miracle cure”. This circumstance makes it very difficult for researchers, who work in a scientifically sound and evidence-based manner on the therapeutic benefits (or side effects) of curcumin, to demarcate their results from sensational reports that circulate in the web and in other media. This is only one of many obstacles making it difficult to pave curcumin’s way into clinical application; others are its nonpatentability and low economic usability. A further impediment comes from scientists who never worked with curcumin or any other natural plant-derived compound in their own labs. They have never tested these compounds in any scientific assay, neither in vitro nor in vivo; however, they claim, in a sometimes polemic manner, that everything that has so far been published on curcumin’s molecular effects is based on artefacts. The here presented Special Issue comprises a collection of five scientifically sound articles and nine reviews reporting on the therapeutic benefits and the molecular mechanisms of curcumin or of chemically modified curcumin in various diseases ranging from malignant tumors to chronic diseases, microbial infection, and even neurodegenerative diseases. The excellent results of the scientific projects that underlie the five original papers give reason to hope that curcumin will be part of novel treatment strategies in the near future—either as monotherapy or in combination with other drugs or therapeutic applications.

scholarly journals Translational Research Studies Unraveling the Origins of Psoriatic Arthritis: Moving Beyond Skin and Joints

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janne W. Bolt ◽  
Chaja M. J. van Ansenwoude ◽  
Ihsan Hammoura ◽  
Marleen G. van de Sande ◽  
Lisa G. M. van Baarsen
Keyword(s):  
Psoriatic Arthritis ◽  
Translational Research ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Continuous Treatment ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
Novel Treatment Strategies

Patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) are suffering from a decreased quality of life despite currently available treatments. In the latest years, novel therapies targeting the IL-17/IL-23 and TNF pathways improved clinical outcome. Despite this, remission of disease is not achieved in a considerable group of patients, continuous treatment is very often required to reach clinical remission, and prevention of PsA in patients with psoriasis (PsO) is currently impossible. A better understanding of PsA pathogenesis is required to develop novel treatment strategies that target inflammation and destruction more effectively and at an early stage of the disease, or even before clinically manifest disease. The skin is considered as one of the sites of onset of immune activation, triggering the inflammatory cascade in PsA. PsO develops into PsA in 30% of the PsO patients. Influenced by environmental and genetic factors, the inflammatory process in the skin, entheses, and/or gut may evolve into synovial tissue inflammation, characterized by influx of immune cells. The exact role of the innate and adaptive immune cells in disease pathogenesis is not completely known. The involvement of activated IL-17A+ T cells could implicate early immunomodulatory events generated in lymphoid organs thereby shaping the pathogenic inflammatory response leading to disease. In this perspective article, we provide the reader with an overview of the current literature regarding the immunological changes observed during the earliest stages of PsA. Moreover, we will postulate future areas of translational research aimed at increasing our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms driving disease development, which will aid the identification of novel potential therapeutic targets to limit the progression of PsA.

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