Human Security

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Zyla
Keyword(s):  
Human Security ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Health Security ◽  
Broad Definition ◽  
Political Security ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level

The term “human security” was first employed in the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Human Development Report (HDR) of 1994, which argued for a “people-centric” concept of security and against the dichotomy of “freedom from want” and “freedom from fear.” This new understanding of security replaced the traditional focus of conflict between states, protection of state borders, and military solutions to security problems. It also recognized the interdependence between security and development. The HDR proposed a broad, multidimensional conceptualization of human security comprising economic security, food security, health security, environmental security, personal security, community security, and political security. Since then, human security has become an all-encompassing emancipatory concept of security at the individual (rather than state) level, addressing the many causes of human vulnerability including armed conflict, human rights violations, environmental challenges, and resource deprivation. It thus changed the security discourse and opened the “black box” of states. In 1999, Japan established the UN Trust Fund for Human Security to operationalize the human security concept. Later, Canada joined the initiative and helped to establish the Human Security Network and, in 2000, the independent Commission on Human Security (CHS) to address questions like the root causes of conflicts and the human protection and development of people. The CHS’s mantra was that states must produce sustainable economic growth and target the very poor through providing education, health services, and employment. Unsurprisingly, this broad definition of human security produced a backlash since it challenged the relative importance of “freedom from fear” and “freedom from want.” Some asserted that the human security approach lacked conceptual rigor and was difficult to operationalize. In 2003, the CHS published their report, Human Security Now: Protecting and Empowering People, which reaffirmed the broad definition of human security. In 2004, a Human Security Unit was created in the UN Secretariat of the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. The same year, the UN Secretary-General convened the High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, which highlighted the interconnected and diverse threats to human security and called upon the international community to address them. A significant debate at the academic and policy levels ensued, discussing the viability of the concept as well as its political relevance. However, many UN member states, especially the so-called major powers (e.g., the United States), only played lip service to what was becoming an emerging norm in international security affairs.

scholarly journals PECULIARITIES OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT IN CYBER DEFENSE

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (10) ◽  
pp. 45-53
Author(s):  
Andrii Andreichenko ◽  
Stanislav Нorbachenko ◽  
Oleh Dykyi
Keyword(s):  
Project Management ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Project Activity ◽  
Resource Requirements ◽  
Initiation Stage ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level

The article provides a conceptual assessment of the existing definition of the term "project" and improved its management interpretation. The main essential characteristics of the project are formulated, the corresponding categorical device is given, which allows to systematize the project activity and adapt it to different objects of the application. In particular, an attempt was made to clarify the definition of the project in cybersecurity and cyberdefense. The processes influencing project activity at the level of the state, regions, and separate enterprises are defined. It is proved that although the problems of cybersecurity are gradually shifting to the state level in the context of national security, project activities in this area occur primarily at the level of the individual business. The peculiarities of cybersecurity projects such as increased level of state influence, the complexity of the initiation stage, critical implementation deadlines, significant budget differentiation, unlimited number of possible participants, high level of personalization, difficulty in calculating efficiency indicators are highlighted. The key tasks of project management in cybersecurity are defined: formulation of the main goal of the project and ranking of its goals, determination of necessary volumes and sources of financing, assessment of project risks, selection of project executors, scheduling of project implementation, resource requirements, control, etc. Proposals for optimizing project management processes in the field of cybersecurity have been formed. Emphasis is placed on the prospects of using consistent project management methods, due to simplified communication with customers, the ability to divide the process of implementing cybersecurity systems into certain stages, as well as to introduce an effective monitoring and control mechanism at these stages.

scholarly journals Human security as biosecurity

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Craig Albert ◽  
Amado Baez ◽  
Joshua Rutland
Keyword(s):  
International Security ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Human Security ◽  
The United States ◽  
Security Threat ◽  
Global Security ◽  
Case Study Analysis ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Research within security studies has struggled to determine whether infectious disease (ID) represents an existential threat to national and international security. With the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), it is imperative to reexamine the relationship between ID and global security. This article addresses the specific threat to security from COVID-19, asking, “Is COVID-19 a threat to national and international security?” To investigate this question, this article uses two theoretical approaches: human security and biosecurity. It argues that COVID-19 is a threat to global security by the ontological crisis posed to individuals through human security theory and through high politics, as evidenced by biosecurity. By viewing security threats through the lens of the individual and the state, it becomes clear that ID should be considered an international security threat. This article examines the relevant literature and applies the theoretical framework to a case study analysis focused on the United States.

scholarly journals President Donald Trump as global health’s displacement activity

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Harman ◽  
Sara E. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Human Security ◽  
Global Health Governance ◽  
Global Health Security ◽  
Donald Trump ◽  
Health Governance ◽  
Health Security ◽  
Displacement Activity ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractThe United States presidential election of Donald Trump in 2016 was observed by global health commentators as posing dire consequences for the progress made in global health outcomes, governance, and financing. This article shares these concerns, however, we present a more nuanced picture of the global health governance progress narrative pre-Trump. We argue that Trump’s presidency is a displacement activity to which global health’s pre-existing inequalities and problems of global health security, financing, and reproductive health can be attributed. Unfettered access to sexual and reproductive rights, sustained financing of health system strengthening initiatives, affordable medicines and vaccines, and a human security-centred definition of global health security were already problematic shortfalls for global health governance. Trump no doubt exacerbates these concerns, however, to blame his presidency for failings in these areas ignores the issues that have been endemic to global health governance prior to his presidency. Instead of using Trump as a displacement activity, his presidency could be an opportunity to confront dependency on US financing model, the lack of a human-security centred definition of global health security, and the norm of restricting reproductive health. It is such engagement and confrontation with these issues that could see Trump’s presidency as being a catalyst for change rather than displacement as a means of preserving the uncomfortable status quo in global health. We make this argument by focusing on three specific areas of US-led global health governance: reproductive health and the ‘global gag rule’, health financing and the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), and pandemic preparedness and global health security.

scholarly journals Insects and Their Products as a Potential Source of Food, Feed and Economic Security: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-80
Author(s):  
S. A Dattijo
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Global Commerce ◽  
Small Scale Farmers ◽  
High Level

Due to many ways by which they are exploited, insects and their products could be a very big business. They are sold for agricultural protection, crop pollination, as well as human, livestock and pet nutrition. In addition, their products are sold for pharmaceuticals, health, and the implements for research, art works and a host of other uses. This review focused on commercialization of insects and their products with a view of sharing existing knowledge on global commerce of various insects and their products. Available literature revealed that there was an increase in demand for edible insects in the United States of America and prices were as high as $150 kg-1. Similarly, between 2010 and 2015, animal feed market in the United Kingdom grew at 3.5% annually and is currently worth £5 billion. Because of its scarcity, high demand, and recognition of its healing properties, royal jelly, one of the most sought after from bee products commands astronomical price internationally. In addition, no any other industry could generate high level of employment as sericulture, especially in rural areas where it takes 11 workdays to produce a Kg of raw silk. The contribution insects and their products can give to improve the economy of a developing country such as Nigeria is considerable, but underestimated or neglected. Insects are unlikely to make a major contribution in the near future, but the idea that they are potential source of overcoming the economic problems is not as farfetched as it seemed. Therefore, there is the need to adopt an added value approach to insects and their products and sensitize as well as encourage small-scale farmers, who are disadvantaged in international market participation due to lack of access to information, services, technology or the capacity, to produce larger volumes of quality insect products.

scholarly journals MANAGEMENT OF FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE ENTERPRISE (ON THE EXAMPLE OF ALTAIR + LLC)

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (87) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonid Katranzhy ◽  
◽  
Kateryna Novik ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Huge Number ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
High Level ◽  
Important System

The theoretical bases of essence of management of financial and economic safety of the enterprise are investigated. It is noted that in the scientific literature there is a huge number of opinions on the essence of the concept of financial and economic security, which is quite new in domestic economics. It is established that financial and economic security is an important system for ensuring the resilience of the enterprise to the changing external environment, and therefore consists of many effectively interconnected elements. The high level of financial and economic security of the enterprise is due only to a well-thought-out concept that operates at a particular enterprise and includes means, measures and methods to ensure financial stability and economic development of the enterprise. The process of managing the financial and economic security of the enterprise is divided into several successive stages: clear definition of the interests of the enterprise, forecasting possible threats, assessing the level of financial and economic security of the enterprise and comparing it with the normative, budgeting of financial and economic security, feedback in the implementation of measures by adjusting them. It is revealed that the integrated approach in the assessment of the level of financial and economic security of the enterprise is the most acceptable for domestic enterprises due to the coverage of a large number of important performance indicators in one integrated indicator. We have improved the method of assessing the level of financial and economic security of the enterprise, proposed by scientists N.V. Bondarchuk and M. Humenchuk, in accordance with the specifics of the activities of Altair + LLC. Along with the financial gaps, which these scientists propose to analyze in the process of assessing the financial and economic security of the enterprise, we proposed to analyze the technical, organizational, personnel and integration characteristics. It has been proved that the improved methodology is effective and allows to objectively assess the financial and economic security of Altair + LLC, as well as to identify reserves for improving the company.

scholarly journals The Oppressed, the Suspect, and the Citizen: Subjectivity in Competing Accounts of Political Violence

2001 ◽  
Vol 26 (01) ◽  
pp. 63-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Bibler Coutin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Central America ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
The United States ◽  
Liberal Theory ◽  
Legal Action ◽  
Asylum Law ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

By juxtaposing religious, legal, and victims'accounts of political violence, this essay identifies and critiques assumptions about agency, the individual, and the state that derive from liberal theory and that underlie U.S. asylum law. In the United States, asylum is available to aliens whose gooernments fail to protect them from persecution on the basis of their race, religion, political opinion, nationality, or social group membership. Salvadoran and Guatemalan immigrants have challenged this definition of persecution with their two-decade-long struggle for asylum in the United States. During the 1980s, U.S. religious advocates and solidarity workers took legal action on behalf of what they characterized as victims of oppression in Central America. The asylum claims narrated by the beneficiaries of these legal efforts suggest that repessiwe pactices rendered entire populations politically suspect. To prevail in immigration court, however, victims had to prove that they were individually targeted because of being somehow “different” from the population at large. In other words, to obtain asylum, persecution victims had to explain how and why their actions had placed them at risk, even though persecution obscured the reasons that particular individuals were targeted and thus rendered all politically suspect.

scholarly journals The Partisan Mask: Political Orientation, Collectivism, and Religiosity Predict Mask Use During COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hohjin Im ◽  
Peiyi Wang ◽  
Chuansheng Chen
Keyword(s):  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
Third Party ◽  
The Us ◽  
Political Conservatism ◽  
Strong Correlate ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Socioeconomic And Demographic Factors

In the United States, the COVID-19 pandemic became an unconventional vehicle to advance partisan rhetoric and antagonism. Using data available at the individual- (Study 1; N = 4,220), county- (Study 2; n = 3,046), and state-level (n = 49), we found that partisanship and political orientation was a robust and strong correlate of mask use. Political conservatism and Republican partisanship were related to downplaying the severity of COVID-19 and perceiving masks as being ineffective that, in turn, were related to lower mask use. In contrast, we found that counties with majority Democrat partisanship reported greater mask use, controlling for various socioeconomic and demographic factors. Lastly, states with strong cultural collectivism reported greater mask use while those with strong religiosity reported the opposite. States with greater Democrat partisanship and strong cultural collectivism subsequently reported lower COVID-19 deaths, mediated by greater mask use and lower COVID-19 cases, in the five months following the second wave of COVID-19 in the US during the Summer of 2020. Nonetheless, more than the majority for Democrats (91.58%), Republicans (77.52%), and third-party members (82.48%) reported using masks. Implications for findings are discussed.

scholarly journals PENDAMPINGAN MASYARAKAT BERBASIS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT) PADA PIMPINAN RANTING MUHAMMADIYAH BANGUNJIWO BARAT DI TENGAH PERSAINGAN MASYARAKAT EKONOMI ASEAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Ali Maksum ◽  
Oki Wijaya
Keyword(s):  
Community Service ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Human Security ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Religious Community ◽  
Economic Sector ◽  
Health Security ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Asean Economic Community ◽  
Medium Enterprises

This community service aims to facilitate the economic sector for religious community organizations, especially towards the PRM Bangunjiwo Barat in the midst of competition from the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC). This community service is important because the Indonesian people generally lack awareness of the MEA. Empowerment in the economic sector, especially those based on micro, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) is very important when the flow of global capitalism into Indonesia is boundless and unstoppable. This is in line with the transformation of the theory of International Relations (IR) from traditional issues and high politics to issues based on non-traditional and community-based low politics, especially issues of development and human security. Human security issues include health security, food security, economic security, and others. The results of this community service have succeeded in facilitating partners and it is hoped that after the service they can increase their capacity in facing global competition, especially the AEC. Several important agendas were successfully implemented in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic, for example video editing workshops, product photos, introduction to e-commerce including helping register products in the Grab-food application, and philanthropic activities

How Social Anxiety and Reduced Self-Efficacy Induce Smartphone Addiction in Materialistic People

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Kang Lee ◽  
Chun-Tuan Chang ◽  
Zhao-Hong Cheng ◽  
You Lin
Keyword(s):  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Smartphone Addiction ◽  
Mediating Effects ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Research Stream ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level

Recent research has suggested that materialism influences consumers’ usage of technological communication devices, especially smartphones. The current study contributes to this evolving research stream by examining more closely the dynamics of mechanisms that might potentially cause smartphone addiction. We propose self-efficacy and social anxiety as two underlying mechanisms and further test whether their mediating effects are consistent across people with differing levels of power distance belief (PDB). We also examine the moderating role of PDB at the cultural level (Study 1: China vs. the United States) and at the individual level (Study 2: Taiwan). The empirical data are analyzed using the parallel multiple mediator model proposed by Hayes. The results confirm that these two mediators explain the relationship between materialism and smartphone addiction. The mediating effects are stronger for people with a high level of PDB than for their counterparts with low PDB. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Human Security

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Newman
Keyword(s):  
Security Policy ◽  
Security Analysis ◽  
Human Security ◽  
Security Studies ◽  
Ethical Orientation ◽  
Critical Security Studies ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Negative Rights ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

Human security suggests that security policy and security analysis, if they are to be effective and legitimate, must focus on the individual as the referent and primary beneficiary. In broad terms, human security is “freedom from want” and “freedom from fear:” positive and negative rights as they relate to threats to core individual needs. Human security is normative; it argues that there is an ethical responsibility to (re)orient security around the individual in line with internationally recognized standards of human rights and governance. Much human security scholarship is therefore explicitly or implicitly underpinned by a solidarist commitment to moral obligation, and some are cosmopolitan in ethical orientation. However, there is no uncontested definition of, or approach to, human security, though theorists generally start with human security challenges to orthodox neorealist conceptions of international security. Nontraditional and critical security studies (which are distinct from human security scholarship) also challenges the neorealist orthodoxy as a starting point, although generally from a more sophisticated theoretical standpoint than found in the human security literature. Critical security studies can be conceived broadly to embrace a number of different nontraditional approaches which challenge conventional (military, state-centric) approaches to security studies and security policy. Human security has generally not been treated seriously within these academic security studies debates, and it has not contributed much either.

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