The Instrumentalization of Ethnic Conflict by the State

2018 ◽  
pp. 217-232
Author(s):  
Chirine Mohséni
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Conflict ◽  
Government Intervention ◽  
The State ◽  
Ethnic Violence ◽  
Iranian Revolution ◽  
Old Regime ◽  
Ethnic Tensions ◽  
Iranian State ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

This chapter examines the ethnic tensions between Kurds and Azeris in and around the city of Naqadeh in Western Azerbaijan shortly after the Iranian Revolution. Favored by the Iranian state, the Azeris held dominant social and political positions in comparison to the Kurds, adding to the tensions between these populations. The shift to violence is the result of several elements: first, the collapse of the old regime brought into question the hitherto legitimate ethnic hierarchy. Being Shi'ite became a key element in the relationship with the state and Sunni Kurds were marginalized. Second, Kurdish political demands were a source of concern for the region's Azeri population. Finally, the new government, freshly installed, had yet to establish its authority over Kurdish areas. Ethnic violence among different groups only served to justify government intervention and strengthen state influence.

Review of A. B. Nikolaev, Revoliutsiia i vlast’: How Has Nikolaev Changed the Interpretation of the February Revolution?

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsuyoshi Hasegawa
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
The State ◽  
Old Regime ◽  
The West ◽  
The Military ◽  
Military Units ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
The Revolution

A.B. Nikolaev’s book has not received much attention either in the West or in Russia, but it is an important book that has significantly changed our understanding the February Revolution of 1917. Nikolaev’s meticulously researched monograph, based on a wide array of new sources, challenges the previously dominant interpretation that the Provisional Committee of the State Duma (Duma Committee) was forced to seize power only to stem the tide of the insurgency from below. He argues that the Duma Committee was from its inception clear about its intention to overthrow the old regime and to create a new power to replace it even before the Petrograd Soviet was formed. The Duma Committee played a crucial role in prompting military units to take the side of the revolution, in steering the insurgents to the State Duma, in creating the Military Commission to organize insurgents to occupy strategic positions in the city, in taking over the food supply commission to feed the insurgents, in attacking and destroying the tsarist police, while preventing and suppressing potentially dangerous anarchical pogroms, and in taking control over the imperial bureaucracy. Nikolaev also raises an interesting question about the relationship between the Duma Committee, the State Duma and the Provisional Government by arguing that the Provisional Government made a hasty and cardinal mistake in cutting its relationship with the State Duma. This book is a landmark in the interpretation of the February Revolution, and especially of the role of the Duma liberals in the revolution.

Cultural Policies and the Islamic Republic: Cinema and Book Publication

1997 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sussan Siavoshi
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
Cultural Policies ◽  
State And Society ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran ◽  
The Government ◽  
Iranian State ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Book Publication

The evolution of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the dynamics of the relationship between the Iranian state and society can be explored by examining the postrevolutionary regime's policies toward intellectuals, particularly as expressed in its regulation of cinema and book publication. This relationship—at least in the period from the early 1980s to the early 1990s—was complex and nuanced. Factionalism within the regime provided an opportunity for intellectuals to engage the state in a process of negotiation and protest, cooperation and defiance, in pushing the boundaries of permitted self-expression. The degree of their success depended in part on which faction controlled the government and its regulatory agencies during particular phases in the evolution of the postrevolutionary regime.

scholarly journals My school is my nation project: paths for the construction of school identity

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (33) ◽  
pp. e16475
Author(s):  
Renata Pereira de Lacerda ◽  
Rosebelly Nunes Marques
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
Democratic Management ◽  
State Education ◽  
Integral Education ◽  
Democratic Rights ◽  
Education Network ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Positive Results

This study presents and discusses the actions for the implementation of a project. The project was started in a school unit in the State Education Network in the state of Sao Paulo in the Integral Education [PEI], located in the city of Piracicaba – SP, as a way to guarantee the expansion of democratic management within the school, The objective of this work was to present and discuss the relationship between the constitution of the project in a comprehensive way, with the results of the actions that have already been carried out at the school. The school’s documents were analyzed, as well as the legal documents and the relevant bibliography. These all have a purpose to theoretically support the project, giving it a well-founded basis for its implementation. The purpose is to expand the democratic rights within the unit to allow Class Assemblies, corroborating with the democratic management, which will provide the school with a path towards its own identity. Along with the studied literature, the school’s internal documents and the results of the actions already carried out at the school, all validate the project’s viability. There is legal support for its implementation by meeting these proposals. Positive results corroborated the continuity of the successful practices by the analysis of data and the actions already carried out at the school which gives the full implementation of the project.

Prologue

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Michael A. Gomez
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Political Power ◽  
The State ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
City State ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

This prologue provides an overview of the history of early and medieval West Africa. During this period, the rise of Islam, the relationship of women to political power, the growth and influence of the domestically enslaved, and the invention and evolution of empire were all unfolding. In contrast to notions of an early Africa timeless and unchanging in its social and cultural categories and conventions, here was a western Savannah and Sahel that from the third/ninth through the tenth/sixteenth centuries witnessed political innovation as well as the evolution of such mutually constitutive categories as race, slavery, ethnicity, caste, and gendered notions of power. By the period's end, these categories assume significations not unlike their more contemporary connotations. All of these transformations were engaged with the apparatus of the state and its progression from the city-state to the empire. The transition consistently featured minimalist notions of governance replicated by successive dynasties, providing a continuity of structure as a mechanism of legitimization. Replication had its limits, however, and would ultimately prove inadequate in addressing unforeseen challenges.

Rejection of Radical Nationalism in Wartime Yugoslavia: The Case of Tuzla (1990–1995)

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 55-69
Author(s):  
Goran Filic
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Ethnic Conflict ◽  
Political Leadership ◽  
Ethnic Violence ◽  
Former Yugoslavia ◽  
Municipal Elections ◽  
Causal Mechanisms ◽  
Path Dependent ◽  
The City ◽  
Radical Nationalism

The article identifies causal mechanisms that help explain why the city of Tuzla managed to reject and avoid inter-ethnic conflict and radical nationalism during the wars of the 1990s in the former Yugoslavia. Despite the overwhelming odds of being surrounded by vicious ethnic fighting and relentless nationalist attacks, the city of Tuzla protected and sustained peace in its borders. This research provides some explanations as to why Tuzla managed to survive radical nationalism and fragmentation during the disintegration of the former Yugoslavia. The article concludes that Tuzla's success was path dependent and its ability to reject violent nationalism revolved around Tuzla's identity of traditionally working class, anti-nationalist, anti-fascist forces around which Tuzla's citizens rallied. This helped elect the only non-ethnic political leadership in the country during the first multiparty municipal elections, and also actively protected citizens’ democratic choice against nationalist attempts to foster ethnic mobilisation and ethnic violence.

The Ethnic, Nationalist, and Religious Roots of Terrorism

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josephine Squires
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Conflict ◽  
Ethnic Violence ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Sovereign State ◽  
Minimum Requirement ◽  
Ethnic Tensions ◽  
Revolutionary Politics ◽  
Systemic Level ◽  
Terrorist Acts ◽  
Religious Terrorism

Terrorism has been described variously as a tactic and strategy, a crime and a holy duty, as well as a justified reaction to oppression and an inexcusable abomination. Nationalist terrorism is a form of terrorism motivated by nationalism. Nationalist terrorists seek to form self-determination in some form, which may range from gaining greater autonomy to establishing a completely independent, sovereign state. Nationalist terrorism is linked to a national, ethnic, religious, or other identifying group, and the feeling among members of that group that they are oppressed or denied rights, especially rights accorded to others. But while terrorism has more often been based on revolutionary politics, there has also been an increase in terrorist activity motivated by religion. Terrorist acts done in the name of religion typically aim to enforce a system of belief, viewpoint or opinion. The validity and scope of religious terrorism is limited to an individual’s view or a group’s view or interpretation of that belief system’s teachings. There are some researchers, however, who argue that religion should be considered only one incidental factor and that such terrorism is primarily geopolitical. Meanwhile, ethnic violence refers to violence expressly motivated by ethnic hatred and ethnic conflict. The minimum requirement for ethnic tensions to result in ethnic violence on a systemic level is a heterogeneous society and the lack of a power to prevent them from fighting.

Konsep Negara Hukum dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 235
Author(s):  
Sayid Anshar
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Muslim Intellectuals ◽  
The Moment ◽  
City State ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

<p><em>The concept of state in Islam only regulates principles or principles, among others, about leaders who must be honest, trustworthy, fair, transparent, and protect human rights (fitrah). Islam teaches and gives guidance in the life of the state. This means that the State must be built as a home to uphold justice in accordance with the rights that are basically owned by every citizen. The success of the Prophet Muhammad. Building a Muslim community in Medina by some Muslim intellectuals is called the City State.  The problem in this research is how the concept of the rule of law in the perspective of Islamic law. The method used in this research is descriptive research, descriptive research is intended to provide data as thorough as possible about an effort, symptoms, events and events that occur at the moment, and is deductive based on general theories applied to explain about a set of data, the relationship of a set of data with another set of data. In this study the method used is a normative juridical approach. The activities carried out are the inventory of legal materials, identification of legal materials, classification of legal materials, systematization of legal materials, and interpretation and construction of legal materials.  Based on the results of the study shows the concept of the State of Islamic Law Perspective with various scopes between the idea of state, Religion, State and law according to </em><em>Al-Quran</em> <em>and Hadith as well as the contribution of Islamic Law to the development of National Law.  </em></p>

Crossed Wires in the Motor City: A Genealogy and Analysis of the 1967 Riots and the 1968 Strike Wave in Detroit

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-192
Author(s):  
Duncan Tarr
Keyword(s):  
Auto Industry ◽  
The State ◽  
Black Workers ◽  
Global Moment ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Work Stoppages

AbstractIn the years 1967 and 1968 the city of Detroit was the site of two waves of rebellion. The riot of 1967 was one of the largest and most costly urban rebellions in U.S. history. And in the ashes of the ‘67 insurrection a wave of strikes began shutting down the sprawling factories of the auto industry. These strikes were organized by militant Black workers who later founded the League of Revolutionary Black Workers, an organization that characterized itself as the “ideological inheritor” of the riot. This article situates the League within the global moment of 1968, discusses the relationship of work stoppages to circulation struggles, and examines how the participants’ experience in riots, both on the streets of Detroit and in the prisons around the state, informed the praxis and politics of the League.

scholarly journals Use of fleuriet model for forecasting and evaluating municipal electoral results in a brazilian state

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edson Vinicius Pontes Bastos
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
The State ◽  
Financial Information ◽  
Financial Situation ◽  
Dummy Variable ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

Objective: Verify the relation between the variables in the Fleuriet model and the electoral result given by the exchange or maintenance of the party of the prefectures under analysis. Methodology: Through logistic regression it is possible to explain or predict the probability of the occurrence of the event under analysis, such event discussed here refers to the exchange of the party, which is a dummy variable that assumes a value of 1 when there is an exchange and zero otherwise, the method of estimation used to obtain the coefficients was based on maximum likelihood. Results: The relationship between the variables of the Fleuriet model and the electoral result given by the exchange or maintenance of the party in the prefectures of the group under analysis. Limitation or implication of the research: It is noteworthy that such research does not allow generalizations, being a study with reduced scope considering only the city halls of the State of Rio de Janeiro that have financial information disclosed. Originality: showing that city halls with better financial situation tend not to change the party, which was observed in the group under analysis considering the election event in 2020.

scholarly journals Inhabited Pasts: Monuments, Authority, and People in Delhi, 1912–1970s

2018 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 1013-1035
Author(s):  
Deborah Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Heritage Conservation ◽  
Urban Fabric ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Commercial Opportunity ◽  
Splendid Isolation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

This article considers the relationship between the official, legislated claims of heritage conservation in India and the wide range of episodic and transitory inhabitations that have animated and transformed the monumental remains of the city, or rather cities, of Delhi. Delhi presents a spectrum of monumental structures that appear variously to either exist in splendid isolation from the rush of everyday urban life or to peek out amidst a palimpsest of unplanned, urban fabric. The repeated attempts of the state archaeological authorities to disambiguate heritage from the quotidian life of the city was frustrated by bureaucratic lapses, casual social occupations, and deliberate challenges. The monuments offered structural and spatial canvases for lives within the city, providing shelter, solitude, and the possibility of privacy, as well as devotional and commercial opportunity. The dominant comportment of the city's monuments during the twentieth century was a hybrid monumentality, in which the jealous, legislated custody of the state became anxious, ossified, and ineffectual. An acknowledgement and acceptance of the hybridity of Delhi's monuments offers an opportunity to reorient understandings of urban heritage.

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