Executive–Legislative Relations, Party Defections, and Lower Level Administrative Unit Proliferation: Evidence From Kenya

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 1595-1631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mai Hassan ◽  
Ryan Sheely
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Administrative Reform ◽  
The State ◽  
Executive Power ◽  
The Past ◽  
Administrative Unit ◽  
Legislative Support ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Administrative Units

Over the past 25 years, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of subnational administrative units within developing countries. Existing literature argues that presidents create new units to deliver patronage to citizens. But proliferation at lower tiers of the state, that are too administratively distant from the president to credibly serve as patronage, does not follow this logic. We build from the premise that the creation of a new lower level unit comes with the appointment of a local administrator who develops a neopatrimonial relationship with the legislator whose constituency subsumes their jurisdiction. Presidents leverage this neopatrimonial relationship and create lower level units for copartisan legislators to ensure legislative support and prevent party defections. We find evidence supporting this argument using new data from Kenya. These findings illuminate how leaders can use administrative reform to undermine legislative checks against executive power.

Conclusion

2019 ◽  
pp. 217-228
Author(s):  
Richard Togman
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
The State ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Insight Into

Chapter 11 concludes the book and reflects on the lessons that can be learned from a holistic overview of the past three hundred years of governments’ attempts to manipulate the fertility of their populations. Reiterating the fundamentally discursive nature of the meaning of birth, fertility, and population growth to our societies allows for reflective insight into the nature of state attempts to manipulate the decision by millions of individuals about whether to reproduce. The global comparative perspective in both time and space, the identification and typologization of the five main discursive frames, and the rooting of the analysis in the discursive terrain allow the major questions of who, what, when, where, and why regarding government efforts to control the reproductive powers of the population and the creation of a sexual duty to the state to be answered.

Poland’s Security Policy. Experiences and Recommendations

2019 ◽  
Vol 697 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-97
Author(s):  
Tomasz Kośmider
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
Security System ◽  
Years Of Experience ◽  
The Past ◽  
Historical Justice ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation

The processes of development and functioning of the State in the context of its security certainly have to be considered not only in a multisectoral perspective, but also in the perspective of the so-called “longevity,” the effects of which are perceived in a broader sense. Capturing the essence of the described phenomena, the regularities of which have a universal dimension, is crucial for research. It is impossible to envisage a future, also in terms of security, without dialogue with the past. The history of Poland does not coincide with a simple series of events substantiating contemporary conditions or confirming confidence in the victory of historical justice. In this context, the question of historical conclusions regarding the “nature” of the Polish state and its future remains relevant. The assessment of strategic directions of the Polish security policy, seen through the prism of rich (over a thousand) years of experience proves that the creation of new assumptions of the national security system without considering the conclusions drawn from history may constitute a deficient concept, comprising incomplete or even erroneous recommendations.

scholarly journals A EVOLUÇÃO DA MALHA MUNICIPAL DO ESTADO DO PARANÁ E AS PROPOSIÇÕES RECENTES

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (16) ◽  
pp. 11268
Author(s):  
Idair Augusto Zinke
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Local Politics ◽  
The State ◽  
Population Index ◽  
Federal Constitution ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Administrative Units

THE EVOLUTION OF THE MUNICIPAL NETWORK OF THE STATE OF PARANÁ AND THE RECENT PROPOSITIONSLA EVOLUCIÓN DE LA MALLA MUNICIPAL DEL ESTADO DEL PARANÁ Y LAS PROPUESTAS RECIENTESO presente artigo aborda a evolução da malha municipal no estado do Paraná a partir da criação de novos municípios, destacando os processos constitucionais e os elementos estimuladores que ocasionaram na atual configuração territorial. Além disso, tendo em vista as recentes proposições sobre a temática no Brasil e no Paraná, apresentam-se também os PLS recentes sobre a temática e a sugestão do Tribunal de Contas do estado do Paraná – TCE-PR para a fusão de municípios com baixo índice populacional, demonstrando as potencialidades caso estas proposições se efetivassem. Desta forma, pode-se afirmar que a divisão do território paranaense em unidades político-administrativas está vinculada a própria formação histórico-geográfica do estado e, mais recentemente, ao que se refere aos municípios pequenos, a Constituição Federal de 1988 que promoveu a criação de municípios com baixo índice populacional no interior do estado. No tocante as proposições recentes, em especial ao estudo para fusão de municípios do TCE-PR, apresenta-se a percepção da política local em municípios pequenos do estado do Paraná, demonstrando resistência à proposta. Todavia, os PLS e a proposta do TCE-PR permanecem apenas como proposições e o Brasil necessita de regulamentações para a fusão, incorporação e criação de municípios em todos os estados da federação.Palavras-chave: Emancipações; Município; Projetos recentes.ABSTRACT The present article approaches the evolution of the municipal network in the state of Paraná, starting from the creation of new municipalities, highlighting the constitutional processes and the stimulating elements that have caused in the current territorial configuration. In addition, in view of the recent proposals on the subject in Brazil and Paraná, we also present the recent PLS on the subject and the suggestion of the Court of Auditors of the state of Paraná - TCE-PR for the merger of municipalities with low population index, demonstrating the potentialities if these propositions become effective. In this way, it can be affirmed that the division of Paraná's territory into political-administrative units is linked to the state's own historical-geographical formation and, more recently, to what refers to small municipalities, the 1988 Federal Constitution that promoted creation of municipalities with low population index in the interior of the country. With regard to the recent proposals, especially to the study for the merger of municipalities of the TCE-PR, the perception of local politics in small municipalities of the state of Paraná is presented, demonstrating resistance to the proposal. However, the PLS and the TCE-PR proposal remain only propositions and Brazil needs regulations for the merger, incorporation and creation of municipalities in all states of the federation.Keywords: Emancipations; County; Recent Projects.RESUMENEl presente artículo aborda la evolución de la malla municipal en el estado de Paraná a partir de la creación de nuevos municipios, destacando los procesos constitucionales y los elementos estimuladores que ocasionaron en la actual configuración territorial. Además, teniendo en vista las recientes proposiciones sobre la temática en Brasil y en el Paraná, se presentan también los PLS recientes sobre la temática y la sugerencia del Tribunal de Cuentas del estado de Paraná - TCE-PR para la fusión de municipios con bajo índice poblacional, demostrando las potencialidades si estas proposiciones se efectúen. De esta forma, se puede afirmar que la división del territorio paranaense en unidades político-administrativas está vinculada a la propia formación histórico-geográfica del estado y, más recientemente, al que se refiere a los municipios pequeños, la Constitución Federal de 1988 que promovió la la creación de municipios con bajo índice poblacional en el interior del país. En cuanto a las propuestas recientes, en especial al estudio para fusión de municipios del TCE-PR, se presenta la percepción de la política local en municipios pequeños del estado de Paraná, demostrando resistencia a la propuesta. Sin embargo, los PLS y la propuesta del TCE-PR permanecen sólo como proposiciones y Brasil necesita de regulaciones para la fusión, incorporación y creación de municipios en todos los estados de la federación.Palabras clave: Emancipaciones; Municipio; Proyectos Recientes.

scholarly journals Od sporu do księgozbioru, czyli o posekularyzacyjnej genezie i rozwoju idei gromadzenia literatury fachowej w dawnym Archiwum Państwowym we Wrocławiu Staatsarchiv Breslau do 1945 roku

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 161-178
Author(s):  
Bożena Kumor-Gomułka
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
Free Access ◽  
World War ◽  
German State ◽  
Library Collection ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Creation ◽  
State Archives ◽  
Second World

OD SPORU DO KSIĘGOZBIORU, CZYLI O POSEKULARYZACYJNEJ GENEZIE I ROZWOJU IDEI GROMADZENIA LITERATURY FACHOWEJ W DAWNYM ARCHIWUM PAŃSTWOWYM WE WROCŁAWIU STAATSARCHIV BRESLAU DO 1945 ROKUTrudności w utworzeniu biblioteki archiwalnej w pierwszych latach istnienia Archiwum na skutek sporów między archiwistą J.G.G. Büschingiem a dyrektorem Centralnej Biblioteki Śląskiej J.G. Schneiderem. Pierwsze nabytki biblioteczne. Działalność Wilhelma Wattenbacha. Nabytki, organizacja i pomieszczenia biblioteki archiwalnej do 1945 roku.FROM A DISPUTE TO A BOOK COLLECTION, I.E. ON THE POST-SECULARISATION ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE IDEA OF COLLECTING THE SPECIALIST LITERATURE IN THE FORMER STATE ARCHIVES IN WROCŁAW STAATSARCHIV BRESLAU UNTIL 1945Specialist literature collected from the first few decades of the existence of the State Archives in Wrocław was a form of specialist aid, with time becoming a collection complementing archive materials. The idea to compile the first independent collection emerged from a conflict between the first archivist, Johann Gustav Gottlieb Büsching and the director, from 1812, of the Central Silesian Library, located in the same building on the Sand Island, Johann Gottlob Schneider, an advocate of abolishing the existing privilege of free access of archivists to the library. The process of amassing archive literature was developed on a broader scale after Schneider’s death in 1822. Among the first publications acquired by the director of the then Royal Silesian Provincial Archives later State Archives, Gustav Adolf Harald Stenzel, were Johann Sinapius’ Schlesische Curiositäten and Friedrich Vater’s Repertorium der preussischen schlesischen Verfassung. Another source for obtaining specialist literature was regular donations from the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Considerablesupport for the creation of a typical archive library came from the director, from 1852, of thePrussian State Archives, Karl Wilhelm von Lancizolle, author of the first guidelines on collecting archive specialist literature. Soon another director of the Wrocław institution, Wilhelm Wattenbach, compiled a separate catalogue of acquisitions for the library collection. Eventually, the book collection of the former Staatsarchiv Breslau grew to about 30,000 volumes and contained all the most significant Silesian-themed works from the past. This made the Wrocław archive library ranked sixth among the forty libraries functioning in German state archives. However, the collection was lost when the Archives building in Tiergartenstrasse 13 was destroyed in 1945. Efforts to organise again specialist, Polish State Archives in Wrocław from scratch were undertaken already in the first few years after the second world war and have continued to this day.

Trends in Administrative Reform in Brazil

1969 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Third World ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Administrative Reform ◽  
The State ◽  
National Plan ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
The Third World ◽  
Almost All

In almost all the developing countries ‘planning’ has become the open sesame to an industrial future. Private enterprise, it has been argued, is either incapable or unwilling to provide the investment necessary to develop the world, and therefore the task must be carried out by the state, acting through a wide variety of ministries, nationalized corporations, and ‘mixed’ businesses in which the state is the main shareholder. But making a plan is not the same thing as carrying it out, as most of the nations of the Third World have discovered to their cost. A new and highly sophisticated administrative structure will be necessary to carry out the national plan, and the existing government systems, which are mostly based on foundations laid when the responsibilities of the central government were very much smaller, are mostly inadequate. This dilemma can be seen most obviously in the case of Brazil, where a strenuous and partially successful effort has been made to reform the administration and to fit it for its new tasks. What lessons can be learnt from the successes and failures of the administrative reform in Brazil?

Solidarity under siege: The crimmigration of activism(s) and protest against border control in Spain

2019 ◽  
pp. 147737081988290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana López-Sala ◽  
Iker Barbero
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Immigrant Rights ◽  
Criminal Sanctions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Southern Border ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Police Control ◽  
Practical Impact ◽  
Insight Into

Over the past two decades, the creation of the European border regime has increasingly sparked acts of protest and resistance by immigrants and led to the creation of initiatives to defend immigrant rights. This activism has provoked many European states to formalize what is known in the literature as ‘crimes of solidarity’ in their legal systems. Taking the Spanish case as an example, the objective of this article is to analyse the ‘crimmigration’ of protest and activism defending the rights of irregular immigrants at Europe’s southern border. This analysis describes the development and implementation of the repressive tactics employed by the state against activists, including forms of police control of protests, informal and formal dissuasion techniques, and the use of administrative and criminal sanctions. This work provides valuable insight into the practical impact of these crimmigration processes, particularly how they have affected activists, social organizations and immigrants, as well as how they have extended beyond the territory of the state (externalizing punishment).

scholarly journals BANOVINAS – ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS OF KING ALEXANDER I KARAĐORĐEVIĆ AND HIS PERSONAL REGIME

2020 ◽  
pp. 232-253
Author(s):  
PREDRAG M. VAJAGIĆ
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
Administrative System ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Administrative Units ◽  
Kingdom Of Yugoslavia ◽  
Second World

One of the main consequences of the King Alexander I Karađorđević’s personal regime was an administrative rearrangement of the state that formed new administrative units called banovinas. Historiography to date has not shed much light on the circumstances under which the banovinas were formed. Studies show that this issue occupied much of the attention of the king and his court, and that the best experts were engaged. At the beginning of the dictatorship, banovinas and their bans were used as a means through which the proclaimed ideology of Yugoslavism would come into being in the form of a single Yugoslav nation. The starting point was to remove national and historical borders between Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which were regarded as the culprits behind divisions within the population. Presenting federalization as derived through banovinas as administrative units served to conceal their true function in the process of building a unified state. Following the death of King Alexander I Karađorđević, there was an abundance of support for the idea of banovinas as administrative units and as part of the foundation of the Yugoslav state. After only ten years, the borders of the banovinas, as defined by the September constitution, were changed due to the creation of the Banovina of Croatia. This act annulled all the principles of the 1929 administrative rearrangement. The further fate of the banovinas was determined by the Second World War, in which the Kingdom of Yugoslavia as a state disappeared. Based on an analysis of available archival material, periodicals, memoirs of contemporaries and historiographical publications, the intention of this study is to show how the banovinas, as new administrative units, were used to serve the king’s personal dictatorship. Opinions of the Banovinas as parts of the administrative system are mostly negative. However, in a broader context, they brought progress and prosperity to certain areas of the state.

scholarly journals How to Suceed in Convincing Municipalities to build Astronomy Centres: the experience of Campinas Region

1998 ◽  
Vol 162 ◽  
pp. 191-196
Author(s):  
A.L.K. Bretones ◽  
P.S. Bretones
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The City

The objective of this work is to make known the astronomical activities in the region of Campinas, the process of developing municipal cooperation and the general conclusions that reflect this process.This research has been done by means of interviews with people related to the creation of astronomical centers in the region of the city of Campinas that is located in the state of São Paulo in Brasil (Fig. 1 and 2).The conditions studied are related with this region but many ideas could be used in developing countries or others.

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