Capitalism, Socialism, and Technocracy

2019 ◽  
pp. 321-347
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Private Sphere ◽  
Wealth Redistribution ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Alternative Solutions

An alternative to the Hobson’s choice may be called “exitocracy.” In such a regime, exit would be preferred to voice when possible. This would enable people to experiment, as Dewey advocated, but without attempting to understand or predict the ideas and behavior of millions of anonymous others, as technocracy expects us to do. Exit is not a panacea for social problems, but it may be a superior remedy to those offered by technocracy, which make exacting epistemic demands. An exitocracy would facilitate exit by creating a robust private sphere, enabling capitalist competition to provide alternative solutions to people’s personally experienced problems, and an equally robust program of socialist wealth redistribution to enable people to pay for these solutions. Public goods, though, would still have to be provided in traditional technocratic fashion. This raises the question of whether the critique of technocracy is best seen as institutional or, instead, as cultural.

Institutions as Fields of Action

2018 ◽  
pp. 25-42
Author(s):  
Albert W. Dzur
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Political Culture ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Participatory Democracy ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
The Public ◽  
Critical Junctures ◽  
The Social

Institutions shape how citizens think about the social problems they handle, repelling public awareness and involvement by performing tasks in ways that neutralize the citizen’s role. Democratic professionals seek to change this dynamic by building access points and infusing citizen agency at critical junctures throughout major public institutions. The kind of citizen–professional collaborations democratic professionals aim to foster directly address the kinds of counter-democratic tendencies that reinforce callousness and make social problems difficult to handle. The motivations of democratic professionals can be understood through the theory of participatory democracy, which draws attention to the hazards representative governments create by thinking and acting for citizens. Participatory democrats acknowledge the difficulties of fostering civic agency in modernity and attempt to theorize how citizens can occupy a more active role in contemporary political culture and take up a civic responsibility for the public goods and social harms produced by their institutions.

scholarly journals Cesarean Section Due to Social Factors Affects Children's Psychology and Behavior: A Retrospective Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiu-Yu Shi ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
Wei-Na Zhang ◽  
Meng Zhao ◽  
Jun Ju ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Child Psychology ◽  
Medical Indications ◽  
And Behavior

Background: Cesarean section (CS) use has reached a frequency well-above what is expected on the basis of obstetric indications. The large increase in CS use, often for non-medical indications, is of concern given the risks for both women and children. Research about the influence of CS on children's behavior is not new, but most studies didn't differentiate CS due to social factors (such as fear of labor pain, auspicious dates, etc.) from CS with medical indications. Medical indications for CS include fetal distress and intrauterine hypoxia, which may also affect the mental and physical health of the children, thus be a confounding factor. In China, a significant proportion of women undergo CS because of social factors, which provides us a good model to study whether non-fetal triggered delivery will affect children's behavior. Thus, we assessed the impact of CS due to social factors on child psychology and behavior.Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study. Children were divided into three groups according to delivery mode: vaginal delivery (VD), CS with medical indications, and CS due to social factors (also called as elective cesarean section, ECS). Parents or guardians were required to complete four rating scales of Chinese version [Conners' Parent Rating Scale (CPRS), Child Behavior Checklist-Parent Form (CBCL-PF), Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham rating scale-Parent Form (SNAP-IV-PF), and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Parent Form (BRIEF-PF)] on psychological and behavioral problems regarding their children.Results: Among the 38,780 children aged 7–15 years, 29,103 (75.05%) were delivered by VD and 9,677 (24.95%) were delivered by CS (7,844 with medical indications; 1,833 by ECS). Ten covariates were found to significantly affect ECS. Four rating scales were used in this study: CPRS, CBCL-PF, SNAP-IV-PF, and BRIEF-PF. ECS affected child psychology and behavior in several aspects including inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, social problems, and executive dysfunction. Regarding to inattention, the ECS group had a higher SNAP-IV-PF inattention score (P = 0.03), compared with the VD group. Logistic multivariate stepwise regression analysis showed that in the ECS group, the ORs were 1.20 in the partially adjusted analyses of SNAP-IV-PF and CPRS. Regarding to social problems, ECS group had a higher CBCL-PF score for the social problems category compared with the VD group (P = 0.0001). Kruskal–Wallis rank sum tests showed that the ECS group had higher BRIEF-PF scores regarding Working Memory (P = 0.04), and Organize (P = 0.01) compared with the VD group.Conclusions: CS affected the offspring's psychology and behavior. After removing possible influence of medical indications, the effect of CS due to social factors on the offspring's psychology and behavior still exists.

Global Public Goods: A Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 488-545
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Buchholz ◽  
Todd Sandler
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
World Peace ◽  
Strategic Interactions ◽  
Global Public Goods ◽  
Novel Technologies ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Regional Public Goods ◽  
Empirical Tests ◽  
And Behavior

This survey investigates the increasing importance of global public goods (GPGs) in today’s interdependent world, driven by ever-growing, cross-border externalities and public good spillovers. Novel technologies, enhanced globalization, and population increases are among the main drivers of the rise of GPGs. Key GPGs include curbing climate change, instituting universal regulatory practices, eradicating infectious diseases, preserving world peace, discovering scientific breakthroughs, and limiting financial crises. The survey presents a compact theoretical foundation for GPGs, grounded in the provision of public goods. Because countries may be contributors or noncontributors to a particular GPG, coalition formation and behavior play a role, as do strategic interactions between a contributor coalition and other countries. In the survey, recurrent themes include strategic considerations, alternative institutional arrangements, GPGs’ defining properties, new actors’ roles, and collective action concerns. The four properties of GPGs—benefit non-rivalry, benefit non-excludability, aggregator technology, and spillover range—influence the GPGs’ supply prognoses and the need for and form of provision intervention, which may affect the requisite institutional changes. Three representative case studies illustrate how theoretical insights inform policy and empirical tests. Regional public goods are shown to involve a question of subsidiarity and different actors compared to GPGs. (JEL C71, C72, D62, D70, H41, Q54)

Teachers’ Expectations of Girls’ Classroom Performance and Behavior: Effects of Girls’ Race and Pubertal Timing

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 885-907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rona Carter ◽  
Faheemah N. Mustafaa ◽  
Seanna Leath
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Elementary School Teachers ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Pubertal Timing ◽  
Pubertal Development ◽  
Classroom Performance ◽  
School Teachers ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Pubertal Transition ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing

Experiencing an early pubertal transition has been shown to increase the risk for internalizing and externalizing outcomes among girls. It is less clear how the expectations of other individuals can be critical determinants of vulnerability for early developers. This study used an experimental design to examine whether the expectations of teachers might be influenced by girls’ pubertal timing (early, on-time, late) and race (Black, White). Elementary school teachers ( N = 220; Mage = 43 years; 91% female; 84% White) were randomly shown behavior vignettes consisting of drawings of girls in varying stages of pubertal development. They then rated each girl’s future academic/social functioning. Results demonstrated that teachers expected White and Black early developers to have more academic/social problems. Teachers also ascribed more academic/social problems to Black early developers relative to White early developers. The findings offer new insights into the synergistic linkages between pubertal timing and teachers’ expectations, with girls’ race accentuating this relationship.

Society 5.0: balancing of Industry 4.0, economic advancement and social problems

Kybernetes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vojko Potočan ◽  
Matjaž Mulej ◽  
Zlatko Nedelko
Keyword(s):  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Integral Model ◽  
Socially Responsible ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Reported Study ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Social Functionalism

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to report about research how Society 5.0 balances Industry 4.0, responsible economic development and resolution of social problems by advancement of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in organizations. Design/methodology/approach Drawing from organization, sustainable development and social functionalism theories, the authors designed an integral model of CSR in line with goals of a forward-looking and socially responsible society. This study includes analyzing of present governing principles, multidisciplinary and multifunctional consideration and developing of integral framework for CSR in organizations. Findings This study’s findings suggest incorporation of technology in models of CSR, a regionally grounded solving of individuals’ social problems and changing of CSR’s environmental, social and economic dimensions according to circumstances of Society 5.0. Practical implications This study has created guidance for improvement of CSR practice in organizations through its responsible operating and behavior grounded on the governing environmental and social circumstances in modern society. It also revealed new possibilities for interest-based usage of human-centered society among individuals and organizations. Originality/value The reported study proposed an integral model of CSR for solving the main social problems with usage of advanced technologies in responsible economic growth founded on circumstances of Society 5.0, previously not considered in literature.

scholarly journals The Concept of Development by Making Use of Waste Plastic Bottles in the Pojok Village in Central Java Province

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Community Participation ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Central Java ◽  
The People ◽  
Approach Method ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Village ◽  
Alternative Solutions ◽  
Central Java Province

This programs is an effort to utilize plastic bottle waste to become a container of viticulture planting media with external products in the form of a vertical garden and hanging plant garden. Starting from the abundance of used plastic bottles buried in the garbage bank of Pojok village and the existence of plant nurseries by the community and added enthusiasm and community participation in building the village. The object of this service was the people of Pojok village Central Java Province. This service program aims to increase public awareness in utilizing used plastic bottles that were previously only sold and as an effort to improve the agro-tourism opportunities. The method used in this activity is Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA). PRA is an approach method in the process of empowerment and increasing community participation. The Pojok village community will be actively involved in identifying problems, prioritizing the problems to be resolved, making alternative solutions to problems, planning and implementing programs. In addition, the community is also involved in program evaluation. The analytical method is to measure changes in the knowledge and behavior of the pretest and posttest design using the Wilcoxon test. At the end it can be concluded that the program can be the best solution in utilizing the former plastic bottles into a park as well as an effort to make people aware and motivate the people in Pojok Village to be more creative in using former plastic bottles.

scholarly journals Paradigma Filsafat Positivisme Hukum Di Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 322-341
Author(s):  
Ramlani Lina Sinaulan
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Philosophy Of Law ◽  
Distinctive Character ◽  
Positive Science ◽  
Legal Science ◽  
State And Society ◽  
Legal Opinions ◽  
Alternative Solutions

Abstract: The science of law has a unique and distinctive character where every country has its own peculiarities. The development of legal science is influenced by the views of the jurists. In issuing legal opinions, the jurists are often influenced by their education and scholarship that will always be subjective depending on the paradigm used. Nevertheless, Indonesia, through the fourth paragraph of the Preamble of the 1945 Constitution of RI affirmed that Pancasila is as a paradigm in all life of state and society. Pancasila is the only paradigm (philosophy) of law that is recognized in some legislations. Pancasila is one of the elements that characterize the uniqueness of the Indonesian state. As a positive science, the science of law contains a normative nature in practice based on social science strategy. So that, the science of law aims to providing alternative solutions to solve concrete social problems. The use of social science strategy is not intended to change the normative nature of the science of law, but adopts Pancasila as the legal paradigm (philosophy).Abstrak: Ilmu hukum memiliki sifat yang unik dan khas dimana setiap negara memiliki kekhasan sendiri yang mempengaruhi perkembangan ilmu hukumnya. Perkembangan ilmu hukum dipengaruhi oleh pandangan para ahli hukum di dalamnya. Ilmuwan hukum dalam mengeluarkan pendapat dipengaruhi oleh pendidikan dan keilmuannya dan akan selalu bersifat subjektif bergantung pada paradigma yang digunakan. Namun demikian, Indonesia melalui Alinea IV Pembukaan UUD RI 1945 menegaskan bahwa Pancasila sebagai paradigma dalam seluruh kehidupan bernegara dan bermasyarakat. Pancasila merupakan satu-satunya paradigma (filsafat) hukum yang diakui dan dinormatifkan pengakuan tersebut dalam beberapa peraturan perundang-undangan. Pancasila adalah salah satu unsur yang mencirikan keunikan dan kekhasan dari negara Indonesia. Adapun ilmu hukum sebagai ilmu positif mengandung sifat normatif yang dalam pengembanan praktisnya bergerak berdasarkan strategi ilmu sosial, sehingga ilmu hukum memiliki tujuan memberikan solusi alternatif penyelesaian masalah konkret dalam masyarakat. Penggunaan strategi ilmu sosial tersebut bukan dimaksudkan untuk mengubah sifat normatif dari ilmu hukum, namun mengadopsi Pancasila sebagai paradigma (filsafat) hukum.

scholarly journals Clinical Holistic Medicine: Social Problems Disguised as Illness

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 286-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Søren Ventegodt ◽  
Mohammed Morad ◽  
Isack Kandel ◽  
Joav Merrick
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Holistic Medicine ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
And Behavior

Many of the diseases seen in the clinic are actually symptoms of social problems. It is often easier for the physician to treat the symptoms than to be a coach and help the patient to assume responsibility in order to improve quality of life, social situation, and relations. If the physician ignores the signs of the disease as a symptom of social problems, and treats the patient with pharmaceuticals, he can give the patient the best justification in the world not to do anything about the situation. It is very important that the physician is not tricked by the games the socially troubled patient, more or less unconsciously, is playing. A firm and wise attitude that confronts the patient with his or her lack of responsibility for solving social problems seems to be a constructive way out. The physician can give holding and support, but the responsibility must remain with the patient. Often it is better for the patient that the physician abstains from giving drugs that can remedy the symptoms and takes the role of a coach instead. Suffering is not necessarily bad, suffering is actually highly motivating and often the most efficient source of learning. Coaching can help the patient canalize his motivation into highly constructive considerations and behavior. A holistic approach thus gives the patient learning and helps him rehabilitate his social reality. Concerning children with recurrent or chronic pain, we have observed an overuse of painkillers, where we believe part is of a psychosomatic nature due to poor thriving in the family. Here the physician has an important job helping the parents to develop as persons, teaching them the basic holding of awareness, respect, care, acknowledgment and acceptance of their child. Most of the chronic pain and discomfort with children can be improved if the physician understands how to use the holistic medical toolbox.

scholarly journals Strengthening the institution-behavior link in the SES Framework to facilitate comparative analysis of environmental public goods dilemmas

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Courtney Ryder Hammond Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
System Dynamics ◽  
Public Goods ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Sustainable Resource Management ◽  
Social Ecological Systems ◽  
Environmental Public Goods ◽  
Governance Institutions ◽  
And Behavior

Many great environmental challenges take the form of environmental public goods dilemmas, including climate change, water quality deterioration and biodiversity loss. There is a great need for comparative analysis of these challenges to inform the design of governance institutions for sustainable resource management. The Social-ecological Systems (SES) framework provides a foundational structure for analyzing the sustainability of complex, multi-scale SES. However, in application, the SES framework has struggled to facilitate analysis of SES beyond common-pool resource regimes and the emergence of community-based collective action governance institutions. In this paper, I propose to expand the focus of the SES framework on the link between institution and behavior in order to facilitate the application of the SES Framework to environmental public goods dilemmas and the study of diverse institutional arrangements. First, I examine attributes of environmental public goods dilemmas that differentiate them from CPR regimes: the lack of a behavior-reinforcing link, multi-actor and multi-resource system dynamics, higher levels of uncertainty and complexity, and lack of built-in social capital. Then I suggest that these same attributes increase the need to study a broader suite of governance institutions in these systems. I propose that one way to address both of these challenges to the application of the SES framework is to increase the focus on the institution-behavior link within the framework by incorporating variables to investigate the psychological drivers of individual behavior and decision-making. I link the attributes of environmental public goods with the need for an increased focus on actor decision making and behavior. Then I explore psychological and behavioral concepts that show potential to improve our understanding of system dynamics within environmental public goods dilemmas. Finally, I propose revisions to the SES Framework to facilitate this increased focus on the institution-behavior link. Incorporating psychological and behavioral theory into the SES framework to strengthen the institution-behavior link is a promising approach to allow for comparative study of institutional interventions for environmental public goods. Ultimately, a better understanding of which institutions promote behavior change within and across environmental public goods regimes can improve the sustainability of these systems.so

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document