Cyber Harassment and Free Speech

2019 ◽  
pp. 52-73
Author(s):  
James Weinstein
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
First Amendment ◽  
Private Information ◽  
United States Supreme Court ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Cyber Harassment ◽  
The World ◽  
Law Enforcement Officials ◽  
Rigorous Test

For most people the internet has been a dream come true, allowing instantaneous access to a vast array of information, opinion, and entertainment and facilitating communication with friends and family throughout the world. For others, however, the internet has wrought a nightmare, allowing often anonymous enemies a platform for vicious attacks on the character of their victims and a means for revealing to the world embarrassing private information about them. To combat these attacks, victims and law enforcement officials in the United States have employed both analogue remedies such as harassment and stalking laws as well as cyber-specific provisions. Since the attacks involve speech, however, all these remedies must comport with the First Amendment. The typical response of courts and commentators to the First Amendment issues raised in these cases is to ask whether the perpetrator’s speech falls within one of the limited and narrow traditional exceptions to First Amendment coverage, such as true threats, defamation, obscenity, or fighting words. This approach is understandable in light of unfortunate dicta in several United States Supreme Court decisions—that all content-based restrictions of speech other than speech falling within one of these exceptions are subject to “strict scrutiny,” a rigorous test that few speech restrictions can pass. This chapter argues that this approach to dealing with cyber harassment is misguided. This methodology often results in shoehorning the speech at issue into exceptions into which the speech does not fit, or worse yet, in a finding that the speech is protected by the First Amendment simply because it does not fall within a recognized exception.

How Ontology Saved Free Speech in Cyberspace

1998 ◽  
pp. 64-69
Author(s):  
Julie Van Camp
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
First Amendment ◽  
Free Speech ◽  
United States Supreme Court ◽  
The United States ◽  
Physical World ◽  
The Internet ◽  
United States Supreme ◽  
The Supreme Court

Reno v. ACLU, the 1997 landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court providing sweeping protection to speech on the Internet, is usually discussed in terms of familiar First Amendment issues. Little noticed in the decision is the significance of the ontological assumptions of the justices in their first visit to cyberspace. I analyze the apparent awareness of the Supreme Court of ontological issues and problems with their approaches. I also argue that their current ontological assumptions have left open the door to future suppression of free speech as the technology progresses. Ontology is significant because zoning in the physical world has long been recognized as a way to segregate "adult" entertainment from minors. So far, at least, the justices seem to agree that such zoning is not possible in cyberspace, and therefore that adult zones for certain forms of expression are not possible. But this conclusion is far from settled. The degree of free speech on the Internet in the future will depend on whether or not our ontological understanding of cyberspace supports such zoning or renders it incoherent or impossible.

Sex Differences in Mass Media Preferences Across Four Asian Countries

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 186-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malini Ratnasingam ◽  
Lee Ellis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Mass Media ◽  
The United States ◽  
Female Students ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Evolutionary Explanation ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Media Preferences

Background. Nearly all of the research on sex differences in mass media utilization has been based on samples from the United States and a few other Western countries. Aim. The present study examines sex differences in mass media utilization in four Asian countries (Japan, Malaysia, South Korea, and Singapore). Methods. College students self-reported the frequency with which they accessed the following five mass media outlets: television dramas, televised news and documentaries, music, newspapers and magazines, and the Internet. Results. Two significant sex differences were found when participants from the four countries were considered as a whole: Women watched television dramas more than did men; and in Japan, female students listened to music more than did their male counterparts. Limitations. A wider array of mass media outlets could have been explored. Conclusions. Findings were largely consistent with results from studies conducted elsewhere in the world, particularly regarding sex differences in television drama viewing. A neurohormonal evolutionary explanation is offered for the basic findings.

Counterterrorism and the Western Response

2019 ◽  
pp. 51-75
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Affective Response ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
The West ◽  
The World ◽  
The U.S ◽  
United Nation

There has been a neglect on the part of Western governments with focus on the U.S. to take seriously the internet campaign that ISIS has been waging since 2014 and the affective response that still draws citizens from across the world into their promise of a civilized, united nation for Muslims. It is possible that the West, even with a severely increased commitment to fighting the Islamic State, may be too late. This chapter will explore responses by Western governments including the United States to fight internet-enabled terrorism.

Digital Democracy in Authoritarian Russia

2019 ◽  
pp. 1533-1543
Author(s):  
Rachel Baarda
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Political Participation ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Print Media ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Civic Discourse ◽  
Digital Democracy ◽  
The World

Digital media is expected to promote political participation in government. Around the world, from the United States to Europe, governments have been implementing e-government (use of of the Internet to make bureaucracy more efficient) and promising e-democracy (increased political participation by citizens). Does digital media enable citizens to participate more easily in government, or can authoritarian governments interfere with citizens' ability to speak freely and obtain information? This study of digital media in Russia will show that while digital media can be used by Russian citizens to gain information and express opinions, Kremlin ownership of print media, along with censorship laws and Internet surveillance, can stifle the growth of digital democracy. Though digital media appears to hold promise for increasing citizen participation, this study will show that greater consideration needs to be given to the power of authoritarian governments to suppress civic discourse on the Internet.

Epilogue

2021 ◽  
pp. 203-210
Author(s):  
Jenna Supp-Montgomerie
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Electric Pulse ◽  
Public Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Christian Community ◽  
Free Communication ◽  
The World ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The telegraph wove its way across the ocean at a time when religion’s role in public life was commonplace. Since then, networks have become more vital to everyday life in easily perceptible ways while religion is considered a less overt part of so-called secular public culture in the United States. The epilogue proposes that the relationship of telegraphic networks to the networks that shape our world today is not causal or continuous but one of resonance in which some elements are amplified and some are damped. The protestant dreams for the telegraph in the nineteenth century—particularly the promise of global unity, the celebration of unprecedented speed and ubiquity, and the fantasy of friction-free communication—reverberate in dreams for the internet and social media today. In cries that the internet makes us all neighbors reverberates the electric pulse of the celebrations of the 1858 cable’s capacity to unite the world in Christian community. And yet, it is not a straight shot from then to now. Some elements have faded, particularly overt religious motifs in imaginaries of technology. The original power of public protestantism in the first network imaginaries continues to resonate today in the primacy of connection.

Barbie in a Wheelchair: Mattel’s Respect to Customer Voice

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-186
Author(s):  
Jashim Uddin Ahmed ◽  
Ayesha Tahsin Ananya ◽  
Kazi Pushpita Mim ◽  
Asma Ahmed ◽  
Sarika Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Customer Relationship Management ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Relationship Management ◽  
The United States ◽  
Customer Relationship ◽  
The Internet ◽  
New Era ◽  
The World ◽  
Key Aspects

Barbie in a wheelchair has heralded a new era in the magical world of Barbie. Mattel, one of the biggest toy manufacturers, has redefined the way Barbie has been portrayed to the world by introducing their new Black Barbie in a wheelchair. After years of innovation and trial and errors, it has proved that Barbie is not just a make-believe plaything or a representation of a singular aspect of beauty standards. These dolls should be relevant and wholesome when it comes to creating a bridge between customers and the brand itself. Mattel realized not too long ago the significance of inclusion, and now it has ended up hoisting a sensation in all of the United States and globally through the Internet and social media such as Twitter. The IDIC (Identify, Differentiate, Interact and Customize) model, which is an effective customer relationship management (CRM) tool, has been deployed by Mattel to demonstrate how Mattel cares for its customers. Mattel’s customer centrism, devotion towards innovation and inclusiveness are the key aspects which has rewarded the company with a whole new spectrum of acceptance from minority groups with a smile on their faces.

National Courts, Global Cartels: F. Hoffman-LaRoche Ltd. v. Empagran, S.A. (U.S. Supreme Court 2004)

2004 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 1095-1106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah L. Buxbaum
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
United States Supreme Court ◽  
The United States ◽  
Antitrust Enforcement ◽  
The European Union ◽  
National Courts ◽  
Antitrust Laws ◽  
The World ◽  
Fixed Prices

In its most recent term, the United States Supreme Court heard a case arising out of the activities of a price-fixing cartel in the vitamins market. The defendants were a number of major international pharmaceuticals companies, including F. Hoffman-LaRoche, Rhone-Poulenc, Daiichi Pharmaceutical, and BASF, that had fixed prices for bulk vitamins and vitamin pre-mixes in markets around the world. The cartel, which has been described as “probably the most economically damaging cartel ever prosecuted under U.S. antitrust law,” is estimated to have affected over $5 billion of commerce worldwide. Previous proceedings against the participants in the cartel, initiated in Australia, Canada and the European Union as well as in the United States, included administrative investigations and criminal prosecutions of individual executives. In these various proceedings, the cartel participants were found to have violated antitrust laws in the United States and elsewhere, and were subjected to heavy – indeed, record – fines in many countries. By all accounts, the countries engaged in investigating and then prosecuting the cartel participants did so in full cooperation with each other. In particular, they made use of the mutual assistance and information sharing agreements that have become an important component of coordinated international antitrust enforcement.

Classifying Web Usage Behavior in the Workplace

2011 ◽  
pp. 211-234
Author(s):  
Murugan Anandarajan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World Wide Web ◽  
World Wide ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Web Usage ◽  
The World ◽  
International Data ◽  
Data Group ◽  
The Web

The ubiquitous nature of the World Wide Web (commonly known as the Web) is dramatically revolutionizing the manner in which organizations and individuals alike acquire and distribute information. Recent reports from the International Data Group indicate that the number of people on the Internet will reach 320 million by the year 2002 (Needle, 1999). Studies also indicate that in the United States alone, Web commerce will account for approximately $325 billion by the year 2002.

Will There Be a Sixth Mensch Cycle?

2021 ◽  
pp. 159-160
Author(s):  
Samuel Cohn
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
World Economy ◽  
New Product ◽  
The United States ◽  
Personal Computers ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The World

This chapter reflects on the possibility of a sixth Mensch cycle. There have been five Mensch cycles: textiles, railroads, steel, automobiles, and computers. When the first four major products died, after long periods of stagnation, a new product emerged to revitalize the world economy. After the fifth Mensch cycle — personal computers and the internet — finally dies, it is difficult to know what the next big product will be, which might reestablish the global economy. It is also difficult to know what country will invent the next great innovation. If the United States wants there to be a sixth Mensch cycle, and if it wants the key invention to be developed in the United States, then protecting and maintaining America's scientific capacity is essential.

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