Achieving Local Reconciliation in Somalia

2019 ◽  
pp. 83-92
Author(s):  
Peace and Development Research Center
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Land Grabbing ◽  
Grazing Land ◽  
Political Conflicts ◽  
Enforcement Mechanisms ◽  
Over Exploitation ◽  
Exerted Pressure ◽  
Violent Conflicts

Reducing violence and promoting social reconciliation require sufficient understanding of the causes and contributors of conflicts. This chapter identifies the causes of conflicts and pillars of social reconciliation in Puntland and across Somalia. Environmental decline and population growth have exerted pressure on already meagre resources. In rural areas, there have been conflicts following the expansion of encampments over one-time grazing land. In urban areas, land grabbing and over-exploitation of limited economic opportunities have contributed to heightened tensions and the eruption of violent conflicts among communities. Clan-based political dispositions in post-civil war Somalia have also contributed to political conflicts along clan, sub-clan, and even family lines across the country. The absence of the rule of law, state enforcement mechanisms, and abundance of weapons in civilian hands has meant that minor quarrels escalate into violent confrontations among groups, which then draw in their respective communities.

scholarly journals Natural Geography and Patterns of Local Population Growth and Decline in Spain: 1960–2011

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 4979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adelheid Holl
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Population Change ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Detailed Data ◽  
Precipitation Seasonality ◽  
Growth Variation

This paper analyzes the role of natural geography for explaining local population change patterns. Using spatially detailed data for Spain from 1960 to 2011, the estimation results indicated that natural geography variables relate to about half of the population growth variation of rural areas and more than a third of the population growth variation of urban areas during this period. Local differences in climate, topography, and soil and rock formation as well as distance to aquifers and the coast contribute to variations in local population growth patterns. Although, over time, local population change became less related to differences in natural geography, natural geography is still significantly related to nearly a third of the variation in local population change in rural areas and the contribution of temperature range and precipitation seasonality has even increased. For urban areas, weather continues to matter too, with growth being higher in warmer places.

scholarly journals Demographics and the Housing Market

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (192) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuko Hashimoto ◽  
Gee Hee Hong ◽  
Xiaoxiao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Housing Market ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Demographic Transition ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Population Change ◽  
House Prices ◽  
Housing Prices ◽  
Regional Disparities ◽  
Policy Measures

How does a shrinking population affect the housing market? In this study, drawing on Japan’s experience, we find that there exists an asymmetric relationship between housing prices and population change. Due to the durability of housing structures, the decline in housing prices associated with population losses is estimated to be larger than the rise in prices associated with population increases. Given that population losses have been and are projected to be more acute in rural areas than urban areas in Japan, the on-going demographic transition in Japan could worsen regional disparities, as falling house prices in rural areas could intensify population outflows. Policy measures to promote more even population growth across regions, and avoid the over-supply of houses, are critical to stabilize house prices with a shrinking population.

scholarly journals Psychiatry in Bangladesh

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 16-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rezaul Karim ◽  
Fakhruzzaman Shaheed ◽  
Siddhartha Paul
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Population Growth Rate ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Land Area

The People's Republic of Bangladesh is located in South Asia. The total land area of Bangladesh is 147570 km2. Its total population in 2001 was about 123 million. The population growth rate is 1.47%; of the total population, 75% live in rural areas and 25% in urban areas (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2000).

Spatial scaling of protected area influences on human demography and livelihoods in Botswana

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. CLARE GUPTA
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
National Park ◽  
Complex Dynamics ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Economic Exchanges ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Long Time

SUMMARYA growing body of ‘people and parks’ literature examines the interactions between protected areas (PAs) and people who live around them. This study of Chobe National Park (Botswana), which has one of the largest concentrations of wildlife in Africa, highlights a PA's influence beyond its buffer zone and provides a more detailed understanding of the complex dynamics within a PA buffer. Overall net population growth in the areas adjacent to Chobe National Park (hereafter referred to as the ‘buffer’ area) does not preclude outmigration from certain Park buffer areas where declining agricultural opportunities have pushed working-age residents in search of work to urban areas around and beyond the Park. At the same time, skilled workers have moved to some of these rural Park buffer villages to take advantage of new civil service positions. The PA also influences long-time rural dwellers’ social and economic exchanges with urban kin and exacerbates dependence relations, placing economic strain upon urban migrants. In this way, the economic and social effects of PAs are neither uniform across their borders nor limited to those borders. These outcomes have important implications for biodiversity conservation in rural areas as they suggest that population growth may not be an accurate proxy for threats to biodiversity, if new and long-term residents come to rely on less resource-intensive livelihood practices.

scholarly journals Migration, settlement change and health in post-apartheid South Africa: Triangulating health and demographic surveillance with national census data1

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (69_suppl) ◽  
pp. 77-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Collinson ◽  
Stephen M. Tollman ◽  
Kathleen Kahn
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Chronically Ill ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
World Population ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Temporary Migration

Background: World population growth will be increasingly concentrated in the urban areas of the developing world; however, some scholars caution against the oversimplification of African urbanization noting that there may be ``counterurbanization'' and a prevailing pattern of circular rural—urban migration. The aim of the paper is to examine the ongoing urban transition in South Africa in the post-apartheid period, and to consider the health and social policy implications of prevailing migration patterns. Methods: Two data sets were analysed, namely the South African national census of 2001 and the Agincourt health and demographic surveillance system. A settlement-type transition matrix was constructed on the national data to show how patterns of settlement have changed in a five-year period. Using the sub-district data, permanent and temporary migration was characterized, providing migration rates by age and sex, and showing the distribution of origins and destinations. Findings: The comparison of national and sub-district data highlight the following features: urban population growth, particularly in metropolitan areas, resulting from permanent and temporary migration; prevailing patterns of temporary, circular migration, and a changing gender balance in this form of migration; stepwise urbanization; and return migration from urban to rural areas. Conclusions: Policy concerns include: rural poverty exacerbated by labour migration; explosive conditions for the transmission of HIV; labour migrants returning to die in rural areas; and the challenges for health information created by chronically ill migrants returning to rural areas to convalesce. Lastly, suggestions are made on how to address the dearth of relevant population information for policy-making in the fields of migration, settlement change and health.

Underreporting of Births and Infant Deaths in Rural China: Evidence from Field Research in One County of Northern China

1998 ◽  
Vol 155 ◽  
pp. 637-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Giovanna Merli
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Crude Birth Rate ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
Human Reproduction

Between the beginning of the 1950s and the early 1970s, China, like many other countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America, experienced rapid population growth. This was due mainly to a dramatic mortality decline not offset by any decline in the birth rate. In 1970, China had a crude birth rate of 33.43 (per 1,000), a crude death rate of 7.60 (per 1,000) and a rate of natural increase of 25.83. “Population growth” was identified as a fundamental obstacle to economic development, and the stage was set for large-scale state interventions in the process of human reproduction. The apotheosis of this intervention was the introduction, in 1979, of the One Child Policy, which was successfully implemented in the urban areas. In rural areas, policies promoting later marriage, one child – maximum two – per couple, and greater spacing of those births that are permitted contributed to the swift fertility decline witnessed over the last three decades. In 1996 China's birth and death rates were reported at 16.98 per 1,000 and 6.56 per 1,000 respectively and the population was growing at 10.42 per 1,000.

scholarly journals Urban Areas in the Transformation of the South: A Review of Modern History

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Fort Worth ◽  
The South ◽  
Southern Us

Since the 1940s, the southern US has been transformed from a region of backward agriculture, low-wage industries located in small towns and rural areas, and unrelenting racial segregation into a modern society and economy. In 1950, there were no metropolitan areas in the South with a population of one million or more, but 18 had populations in excess of one million in 2000. The populations of the Atlanta, Dallas-Fort Worth, Houston, and Miami metropolitan areas grew to over 4 millions. Population growth in the 18 largest metropolitan areas accounts for 63% of the total population growth in the South from 1950 to 2000. The transformation of the South is, to a sizable extent, a transformation to an urbanized society. This paper documents this urbanization by examining population and employment growth in those 18 metropolitan areas.

scholarly journals Urbanization in China and the role of social and natural capital in land acquisition and transfer arrangements

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 104-114
Author(s):  
Haiying Feng ◽  
Victor R. Squires
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Natural Capital ◽  
Land Acquisition ◽  
Rural Land ◽  
Grazing Land ◽  
Land Grab ◽  
Land Transfer

The paper is in several parts. We explain the context of the study area that is characterized by land acquisition and transfer (LAT) by local government (often against the wishes of the local villagers). We report on a methodology that is simple, yet robust, that enables local land users and other interested parties to quantify the social capital of local people in rural and peri-urban areas of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (GZAR) and assess the extent to which social capital influences the bargaining power of land users when faced with acquisition of their cropland, grazing land, woodlands, water and other environmental goods and services. Finally, we explore the notion that social capital can be a force to create a more even playing field and influence the outcomes of land grab for industrial, infrastructure and urban development. Interest in the concept of social capital and its application has increased rapidly over the past few years with the realization that social bonds and norms are important for achieving sustainability.  Ferdinand Tönnies identified the value of the ideas surrounding social capital as early as 1887, but later scholars gave it a theoretical framework.  Social capital implies that there are aspects of social structure and organization that act as resources for individuals, allowing them to realize their personal aims and interests. Often, social capital is defined as trust, norms of reciprocity, and networks among individuals that can be drawn upon for individual or collective benefit. Social capital is different between urbanites and rural dwellers, especially farmers. In this paper, we focus on how social capital serves the interests of individuals or collectives.  Social capital based on kinship and geopolitical position plays an important role in affecting rural land transfer. Rural land transfer (also called LAT) is becoming a highly contested matter as China moves to implement its plan to increase the proportion of urban dwellers to 70% by 2030(Ma et al., 2018). Natural capital (a sub-set of social capital) should always be maintained as it is critical to sustainable economic development representing, as it does, a multidimensional concept that mirrors the different frameworks of various scientific disciplines and social groups used in valuing nature. Widespread and rampant LAT that accompanies accelerated economic development in peri-urban and rural areas (Ma et al., 2018) needs to take critical natural capital into account.

scholarly journals Migration and Fertility in Pakistan

1987 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 587-589
Author(s):  
M. Framurz Khan Kiani
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Female Migrants ◽  
Proximate Determinants ◽  
And Migration

The phenomena of migration and fertility has not drawn much attention in Pakistan. A few studies based on census data, the National impact Survey 1968-69 and the Population Growth Survey 1968-71 showed higher crude birth rates for rural areas than for urban areas. However, recent studies showed higher urban fertility in Pakistan. In view of the increasing rate of rural migration to the urban areas it is important to understand the contribution of migration to population growth. The main objective of the present study is to explore differentials in fertility between migrants and non-migrants along with the socio-economic and proximate determinants and to investigate whether these show statistically significant variation in fertility between migrants and non-migrants. The primary source of data for this study is the Population Labour Force and Migration Survey (PLM) 1979-80. Migration and fertility questionnaires were merged to determine the migration status of husband and wife to relate it to the fertility of women. A total of 33S female migrants in urban areas and 480 in rural areas were identified.

PERAN MASYARAKAT TERHADAP PEMBAYARAN RETRIBUSI SAMPAH DI KOTA SAMARINDA

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Abd Rachim AF,
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Frequency Analysis ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
The Public ◽  
And Behavior

One of the environmental problems in urban areas is the pollution caused by garbage. The waste problem is caused by various factors such as population growth, living standards changes, lifestyles and behavior, as well as how the waste management system. This study aims to determine how the role of society to levy payments garbage in Samarinda. This research was descriptive; where the data is collected then compiled, described and analyzed used relative frequency analysis. The participation of the public to pay a "levy junk", which stated to pay 96.67%, for each month and the rates stated society cheap, moderate and fairly, respectively 46.08%, 21.21%, 21.04%. Base on the data , the role of the community to pay "levy junk" quite high.

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