Later Life

2021 ◽  
pp. 521-570
Author(s):  
Marilyn Booth
Keyword(s):  
Adult Life ◽  
Later Life ◽  
New Women

This final chapter focuses on Fawwaz’s later adult life and a few late publications. It returns to the mid-1890s, and the death of her brother, possibly an impetus for her decision to marry, sight unseen, a Damascus journalist-bureaucrat. It was a short marriage. Insisting on a divorce, Fawwaz returned to Cairo. Engaged once again with the publishing scene, it was in this period that she wrote in Mustafa Kamil’s al-Liwa’ and contributed briefly to new women-centred magazines. The chapter focuses especially on her intriguing, at times disturbing, political engagements at this time, which ranged from informing for the khedive to publicly mourning Mustafa Kamil with a eulogy (1908). Some late correspondence tells us that for the last several years of her life, she suffered from an eye condition and was unable to complete a late project. She died in January 1914.

FACTORS IN CHILDHOOD AS PREDICTORS OF ASTHMA IN ADULT LIFE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 388-388
Author(s):  
Thomas Bell
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Later Life

The authors speculate that reducing frequency and severity of attacks might prevent symptoms in later life and they discuss the implications for use of corticosteroids. Other risk factors are examined and I encourage you to read this article in detail.

The protective role of trait anxiety: a longitudinal cohort study

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. LEE ◽  
M. E. J. WADSWORTH ◽  
M. HOTOPF
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Medical Intervention ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Fatal Accidents

Background. Most research has indicated that neuroticism (or trait anxiety) is associated with only negative outcomes. Such a common, heritable and variable trait is expected to have beneficial as well as detrimental effects. We tested the hypothesis that trait anxiety in childhood reduces the risk of dying from accidental causes in early adult life.Method. A longitudinal, population-based, birth cohort study of 4070 men and women born in the UK in 1946. Trait anxiety as judged by teachers when the participants were 13 and 15 years old, and the neuroticism scale of a Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI) when the participants were 16 years old. Outcomes were deaths, deaths from accidents, non-fatal accidents, and non-fatal accidents requiring medical intervention.Results. Adolescents with low trait anxiety had higher rates of accident mortality to age 25 [low anxiety at 13, hazard ratio (HR) 5·9, low anxiety at 15, HR 1·8]. Low trait anxiety in adolescence was associated with decreased non-accidental mortality after age 25 (low anxiety at 13, HR 0; low anxiety at 15, HR 0·7; low neuroticism at 16, HR 0·7).Conclusions. High trait anxiety measured in adolescence is associated with reduced accidents and accidental death in early adulthood but higher rates of non-accidental mortality in later life.

scholarly journals Rethinking recognition: social context in adult life rather than early experience shapes recognition in a social wasp

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1802) ◽  
pp. 20190468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Cappa ◽  
Alessandro Cini ◽  
Lisa Signorotti ◽  
Rita Cervo
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Social Insects ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Social Wasp ◽  
Social Recognition ◽  
Sensitive Period ◽  
The Social

Social recognition represents the foundation of social living. To what extent social recognition is hard-wired by early-life experience or flexible and influenced by social context of later life stages is a crucial question in animal behaviour studies. Social insects have represented classic models to investigate the subject, and the acknowledged idea is that relevant information to create the referent template for nest-mate recognition (NMR) is usually acquired during an early sensitive period in adult life. Experimental evidence, however, highlighted that other processes may also be at work in creating the template and that such a template may be updated during adult life according to social requirements. However, currently, we lack an ad hoc experiment testing the alternative hypotheses at the basis of NMR ontogeny in social insects. Thus, to investigate the mechanisms underlying the ontogeny of NMR in Polistes wasps, a model genus in recognition studies, and their different role in determining recognition abilities, we subjected Polistes dominula workers to different olfactory experiences in different phases of their life before inserting them into the social environment of a novel colony and testing them in recognition bioassays. Our results show that workers develop their NMR abilities based on their social context rather than through pre-imaginal and early learning or self-referencing. Our study demonstrates that the social context represents the major component shaping recognition abilities in a social wasp, therefore shedding new light on the ontogeny of recognition in paper wasps and prompting the reader to rethink about the traditional knowledge at the basis of the recognition in social insects. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Signal detection theory in recognition systems: from evolving models to experimental tests'.

scholarly journals Adult life stage and crisis as predictors of curiosity and authenticity

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 426-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver C. Robinson ◽  
James D. Demetre ◽  
Jordan A. Litman
Keyword(s):  
Life Stage ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Felt Sense ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Self Report Data

During periods of developmental crisis, individuals experience uncomfortable internal incongruence and are motivated to reduce this through forms of exploration of self, other and world. Based on this, we inferred that being in a crisis would relate positively to curiosity and negatively to a felt sense of authenticity. A quasi-experimental design using self-report data from a nationally representative UK sample ( N = 963) of adults in early life (20–39 years), midlife (40–59 years) and later-life (60+) showed a pattern of findings supportive of the hypotheses. Three forms of curiosity (intrapersonal, perceptual and epistemic D-type) were significantly higher, while authenticity was lower, among those currently in crisis that those of the same age group not in crisis. Crisis was also related to curiosity about particular book genres; early adult crisis to self-help and spirituality, midlife to self-help and biography, and later life to food and eating.

scholarly journals Association of early- and adult-life socioeconomic circumstances with muscle strength in older age

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 398-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Cheval ◽  
Matthieu P Boisgontier ◽  
Dan Orsholits ◽  
Stefan Sieber ◽  
Idris Guessous ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Health Behaviours ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Sensitive Period ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Background socioeconomic circumstances (SEC) during a person’s lifespan influence a wide range of health outcomes. However, solid evidence of the association of early- and adult-life SEC with health trajectories in ageing is still lacking. This study assessed whether early-life SEC are associated with muscle strength in later life—a biomarker of health—and whether this relationship is caused by adult-life SEC and health behaviours. Methods we used data from the Survey of Health Ageing and Retirement in Europe, a 12-year population-based cohort study with repeated measurement in six waves (2004–15) and retrospective collection of life-course data. Participants’ grip strength was assessed by using a handheld dynamometer. Confounder-adjusted logistic mixed-effect models were used to examine the associations of early- and adult-life SEC with the risk of low muscle strength (LMS) in older age. Results a total of 24,179 participants (96,375 observations) aged 50–96 living in 14 European countries were included in the analyses. Risk of LMS was increased with disadvantaged relative to advantaged early-life SEC. The association between risk of LMS and disadvantaged early-life SEC gradually decreased when adjusting for adult-life SEC for both sexes and with unhealthy behaviours for women. After adjusting for these factors, all associations between risk of LMS and early-life SEC remained significant for women. Conclusion early-life SEC are associated with muscle strength after adjusting for adult-life SEC and behavioural lifestyle factors, especially in women, which suggests that early life may represent a sensitive period for future health.

scholarly journals Remodeling of the Heart of the Premature Child

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 631-637
Author(s):  
O. P. Kovtun ◽  
P. B. Tsyvian ◽  
T. V. Markova ◽  
T. V. Chumarnaya
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Early Postnatal Development ◽  
Cardiovascular Remodeling ◽  
Cardiovascular Morbidity And Mortality

Epidemiological studies consistently have suggested an association between low birth weight and increased rate of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in adult life. Preterm birth, as one of the leading causes of the low birth weight, is associated with cardiovascular remodeling which consists of changes in heart chambers geometry and contraction-relaxation mode, ventricular hypertrophy, arterial wall structure and density changes. Several types of preterm birth are discussed: prematurity, associated with placental insufficiency and fetal growth restriction, preterm leaking of amniotic fluid, and twin pregnancy. DNA methylation process under the influence of epigenetic factors of the intrauterine and early postnatal development is suggested as a one of the main mechanism of cardiovascular remodeling in preterm infants. The other mechanisms of cardiovascular remodeling are discussed in terms of the modern intrauterine programming concept. The early diagnostics and prevention of cardiovascular diseases in preterm born children are discussed. The treatment during prenatal and early postnatal periods as well as prevention of the remodeling causes could diminish and even reverse the development of the negative cardiovascular events and diseases in later life according to the so called concept of one thousand days opportunities window.

scholarly journals The role of adipokines in developmental programming: evidence from animal models

2019 ◽  
Vol 242 (1) ◽  
pp. T81-T94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare M Reynolds ◽  
Mark H Vickers
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Developmental Programming ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Reproductive Disorders ◽  
Wide Range

Alterations in the environment during critical periods of development, including altered maternal nutrition, can increase the risk for the development of a range of metabolic, cardiovascular and reproductive disorders in offspring in adult life. Following the original epidemiological observations of David Barker that linked perturbed fetal growth to adult disease, a wide range of experimental animal models have provided empirical support for the developmental programming hypothesis. Although the mechanisms remain poorly defined, adipose tissue has been highlighted as playing a key role in the development of many disorders that manifest in later life. In particular, adipokines, including leptin and adiponectin, primarily secreted by adipose tissue, have now been shown to be important mediators of processes underpinning several phenotypic features associated with developmental programming including obesity, insulin sensitivity and reproductive disorders. Moreover, manipulation of adipokines in early life has provided for potential strategies to ameliorate or reverse the adverse sequalae that are associated with aberrant programming and provided insight into some of the mechanisms involved in the development of chronic disease across the lifecourse.

scholarly journals Does epigenetic ‘memory’ of early-life stress predispose to chronic pain in later life? A potential role for the stress regulator FKBP5

2019 ◽  
Vol 374 (1785) ◽  
pp. 20190283 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Géranton
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Early Life Stress ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Stress Axis ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Early Life Events

Animal behaviours are affected not only by inherited genes but also by environmental experiences. For example, in both rats and humans, stressful early-life events such as being reared by an inattentive mother can leave a lasting trace and affect later stress response in adult life. This is owing to a chemical trace left on the chromatin attributed to so-called epigenetic mechanisms. Such an epigenetic trace often has consequences, sometimes long-lasting, on the functioning of our genes, thereby allowing individuals to rapidly adapt to a new environment. One gene under such epigenetic control is FKBP5 , the gene that encodes the protein FKPB51, a crucial regulator of the stress axis and a significant driver of chronic pain states. In this article, we will discuss the possibility that exposure to stress could drive the susceptibly to chronic pain via epigenetic modifications of genes within the stress axis such as FKBP5 . The possibility that such modifications, and therefore, the susceptibility to chronic pain, could be transmitted across generations in mammals and whether such mechanisms may be evolutionarily conserved across phyla will also be debated. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Evolution of mechanisms and behaviour important for pain’.

Insulin-like growth factor-2 genotype, fat-free mass, and muscle performance across the adult life span

2004 ◽  
Vol 97 (6) ◽  
pp. 2176-2183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew A. Schrager ◽  
Stephen M. Roth ◽  
Robert E. Ferrell ◽  
E. Jeffrey Metter ◽  
Estelle Russek-Cohen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Grip Strength ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Muscle Performance ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Adult Life Span ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Total Body

The influence of insulin-like growth factor-2 ( IGF2) genotype on total body fat-free mass (FFM), muscle strength, and sustained power (SP) was evaluated repeatedly at ∼2-yr intervals in two cohorts from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Cohort 1 was comprised of 94 men tested for isometric grip strength and SP. Cohort 2 was comprised of 246 men and 239 women tested for total body FFM and isokinetic peak torque. Subjects were retrospectively genotyped for the IGF2 gene's ApaI polymorphism. Differences between genotype groups for total FFM, strength, and SP at first visit, at peak age (35 yr), at age 65, and across the adult age span were analyzed using either two-sample t-tests or mixed-effects models, depending on the specific comparisons made. Isokinetic arm strength at the time of first visit was lower in A/A men than in G/G men ( P < 0.05). Compared with G/G women, A/A women had lower total body FFM, lower isokinetic arm and leg strength at the time of first visit, and lower values at age 35 (all P < 0.05) for these muscle phenotypes. Furthermore, this difference between the genotype groups was maintained at age 65 and across the adult age span ( P < 0.05). No genotype-associated differences in rates of loss of grip strength or SP were found in cohort 1. These results from cohort 2 support the hypothesis that variation within a gene known to influence developing muscle affects muscle mass and muscle function in later life.

Between Light and Darkness (1896–1920)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Y. Park
Keyword(s):  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Private Life ◽  
Women's Movements ◽  
Free Love ◽  
Korean Society ◽  
Her Family ◽  
New Women ◽  
Feminine Sexuality

Chapter 1 deals with Kim Iryŏp’s childhood and young adult life. Iryŏp was a daughter of a Christian pastor and his wife. She was raised as a faithful Christian, envisioning her future as a Christian missionary. During her teenage years, questions on Christian doctrines eventually led her to lose faith in Christianity. In the 1920s, she actively engaged with women’s movements in Korea, at the forefront of the group known as the New Women. She found society’s control of feminine sexuality in the name of virginity and chastity a visible form of gender discrimination in Korean society and demanded sexual freedom, as well as free love and free divorce. Behind this glitzy life as a public figure, her private life was marked by a series of death in her family that made Iryŏp felt the existential loneliness as the condition of her existence.

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