Egypt’s Plasticine Constitution

Author(s):  
Sherif Elgebeily

On 26 March 2018, Egyptians overwhelmingly voted to elect incumbent Abdel Fattah El-Sisi to another term as their President in an election where the outcome was known in advance. Any genuine competition was eliminated from the pool of candidates through arrests, media attacks, and intimidation. This chapter examines how Egypt has reached point, the implications for its future, and the role that guaranteed electoral processes of the 2014 Egyptian Constitution played in diminishing the democratic quality of elections. The chapter paper takes a three-part approach to analysing the role of the constitution in the decline of democratic principles in the 2018 Egyptian Presidential elections. Firstly, it examines the constitutional protections of eligibility criteria that exist to support the presence of multi-party candidates in presidential elections, exploring how these were abused by the Sisi administration in the run-up to the elections. Secondly, the chapter analyses the creation of election governance bodies, notably the National Elections Committee (NEC), and its malleability in support of Sisi. Finally, the chapter examines the abuse of existing state machinery in the run-up to the elections and highlights how this has undermined authentic, free elections. The chapter links the 2018 elections to subsequent developments, including the 2019 constitutional referendum which broadened even further the Sisi administration’s control over the country at the expense of constitutional protections.

2021 ◽  
pp. 128-148
Author(s):  
Ariadna Ripoll Servent ◽  
Olivier Costa

The European Parliament (EP) symbolizes many of the struggles that characterize the process of European integration and is at the core of many theoretical and empirical debates about representation, accountability, and legitimacy. This chapter draws on a variety of theoretical approaches to explain the complex role the EP plays in the political system of the European Union (EU). It starts with a brief overview of the history and functions of the assembly, followed by a theoretical explanation of its empowerment over time. Then, it determines the extent to which the EP is capable of influencing policymaking, both in legislative and non-legislative domains, as well as for the appointment of the Commission. It presents the political structure of the assembly and underlines the role of parliamentary groups and committees. It discusses the representativeness of the EP and the democratic quality of its internal functioning. Finally, it addresses current and future challenges for the EP.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 688
Author(s):  
Marina Charalambous ◽  
Maria Kambanaros ◽  
Jean-Marie Annoni

Background: Quality of Life (QoL) questionnaires are used to describe the impact of aphasia on stroke survivors’ life. People with aphasia (PWA) are traditionally excluded from research, potentially leading to a mismatch between the factors chosen in the tools and the realistic needs of PWA. The purpose of this review was to determine the direct involvement of PWA in the creation of QoL and aphasia impact-related questionnaires (AIR-Qs). Methods: A scoping review methodology was conducted by an expert librarian and two independent reviewers on health sciences based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Metanalyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) protocol, through a literature search in five databases: Medline Complete, PubMed, PsychINFO, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Search terms included ‘stroke’, ‘people with aphasia’, ‘communication’, ‘well-being’, and ‘quality of life’. Results: Of 952 results, 20 studies met the eligibility criteria. Of these, only four AIR-Qs studies (20%) were found reporting the direct involvement of PWA, while no QoL tools did so. Evidence showed involvement in the creation phase of AIR-Q, mainly in a consultation role. Conclusions: There is an absence of a framework for conducting and reporting the involvement of PWA in qualitative participatory research studies, which limits effectiveness to promote equitable best practice in aphasia rehabilitation.


2019 ◽  
pp. 69-72
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Vladimirovna Ryattel ◽  
Liya Vladimirovna Faleeva ◽  
Aleksei Anatolevich Nabokikh

The article raises the problem of improving the quality of vocational education which largely depends on the joint efforts of all stakeholders of the labor market of territorial education. Therefore, the creation and successful functioning of social partnership will allow in the long term to prepare qualified and in-demand specialists for regional enterprises. According to the authors, the process of formation and development of social partnership in the field of vocational education takes place on the background of reconsidering the role of the State in organizing and governing vocational education under conditions of rapid labor market development.


1999 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
pp. 451-459
Author(s):  
Kosta Čavoški

The author gives a short survey of the role of lawyers in the creation, interpretation and defense of law. Then, he marks dedication to law and justice as a fundamental quality of a lawyer. He points out examples of departure front this quality in the latest history and current practice of the Yugoslav judiciary, but also examples of its affirmation and resistance to attempted abuse of court by individual members of the law profession. The author also analyzes the problem of incongruity of the old and repressive provisions of certain laws with liberal provisions of the Constitution and advocates a direct application of the Constitution, which is, according to him, a legal and moral obligation of a judge.


Author(s):  
R. Gevorgyan ◽  
K. Sviatokum ◽  
O. Bosyy ◽  
S. Grigorenko ◽  
O. Malyshkin

ABSTRACT The article discusses the prospects for the use of artillery reconnaissance and fire destruction as a single system of destruction in battle. The current stage of armament development is characterized by the creation of new types and models of high-precision weapons capable of reliably striking the most important objects of the enemy, does not matter what protective and mobile properties they are possessed and at whatever depth they are located. In this case, the operational disclosure (detection, recognition and determination of coordinates) of such objects and timely bringing intelligence data about them to the appropriate commanders (chiefs) and staffs is a decisive condition for effective fire defeat of enemy (FDE) in combat. Successful completion of such a task is impossible without the organization of a clear interaction of forces and means of reconnaissance and fire defeat in the framework of a unified system of reconnaissance and defeat (SRD) of military formation. The essence of such interaction is in the coordinated by the task, place and time continuous action of forces and means that conducting intelligence, that collect, process intelligence information and quickly bring it to the relevant bodies (points) of command of troops and weapons for making the most expedient decisions in the fire defeat and radio-electronic suppression of the enemy in battle. In the perspective of the SRD military formation, in our view, should be an organizational, information and technical complex of forces and means of reconnaissance and fire defeat, combined with the general management and to provide reconnaissance of the objects of the enemy, their radio-electronic suppression and aiming at them controlled weapons in real time. Meanwhile, the functional elements (subsystems) of a military unit can be considered reconnaissance-fire complexes (RFCs), reconnaissance-electronic complexes (RECs) or reconnaissance-electron-fire complexes (REFCs), operatively created during the combat operations period for specific the tasks of SRD and RES. Each REFC can be assigned to reconnaissance and defeat from one to several groups of important enemy objects. The steady increase in the role of fire defeat, the expansion of the range of tasks it solves, and the significant increase in military power of the means of destruction (range and accuracy of firing, fire rate, ammunition power) caused the increasing of the significance of the quality of intelligence data obtained for the purpose of planning and implementation of fire, its part in the total amount of tasks performed by tactical intelligence. The transition from individual resources and reconnaissance complexes to automated reconnaissance systems and intelligence management systems, that represents a higher degree of integration of reconnaissance facilities in the interests of combat support of troops in electronic-fire operation, is the essence of the most important tendency to improving combat through mechanized connection. Along with a significant increase in intelligence efficiency, the reliability of its data and the accuracy of the coordinates of the affected objects (goals), it promotes a significant reduction in financial and time costs for the creation of new technique. In addition, the development and implementation of automated reconnaissance and intelligence management systems facilitates the creation of unified reconnaissance control centers, RES and fire defeats, which fully corresponds to their role in electron-fire operation.


Politeja ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (54) ◽  
pp. 257-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Nitszke

European External Action Service – a New Quality of EU Diplomacy?The European External Action Service (EEAS) was established based on the Treaty of Lisbon. The objective of the creation of the EEAS was to increase the role of the European Union in the international arena and increase the effectiveness of the Union’s external actions. The aim of the article is to discuss the international position of the Union and its international roles, and then to present the legal foundations of the EEAS. The next part analyzes changes in the functioning of the EEAS undertaken by both high representatives – Catherine Ashton and Federica Mogherini. In conclusion, an attempt was made to answer the question of whether the European Union needs autonomous diplomacy and whether the EEAS can be treated as EU diplomacy.


Comunicar ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (25) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maite Ribés-Alegría

Today, the process by which professionals select and consider the quality of programmes is very easy: they estimate the size of the audience and if a programme has a high audience, it means that it is good. This is a simple rule that makes that all the televisions offer low-quality contents. Many authors prove this fact in their studies and they complain about the poor quality of programmes that are broadcast in all channels. Moreover, they ask for the creation of an institution that regulates this situation because they consider that the action of the government and its regulations are not enough to guarantee the quality of television. Because of these reasons, this study expects to reflect the need to create an independent institution that regulates the operation of television to ensure and guarantee its quality and to keep it working as a public service. We would also like to show that a good solution is the creation of audiovisual councils. To prove it, this paper will first focus on the Catalonia Broadcasting Council and its functions and will then deal with the need of a state audiovisual council. La hipótesis que señaló Postman en 1985 en la que afirmaba que «la televisión reduce cualquier tipo de contenidos a un común denominador: la cultura del entretenimiento» parece haberse confirmado. Así, aquella televisión que nació como servicio público, es decir, que defendía la producción y emisión de una programación, integrada por programas diversificados en todo tipo de géneros, con el fin de atender las necesidades democráticas, sociales y culturales del conjunto de los ciudadanos, parece haber olvidado sus funciones reduciéndolas a la espectacularización y, por tanto, al entretenimiento. La televisión ha sufrido cambios importantes en su parrilla de programación. Así, se ha diluido la frontera entre el género informativo y el espectáculo, surgiendo nuevos géneros cuya clasificación se sitúa entre la información, el entretenimiento y el espectáculo, a los que Prado et al. (1999) han pasado a designar como subgéneros del Info-Show. Hoy en día subgéneros del info-show, tales como el periodismo satírico, el reality game, el periodismo de entretenimiento, etc. que se traducen en programas como «Gran Hermano», «La Casa de tu vida», «Crónicas Marcianas», «Homo Zapping», etc., son verdaderos fenómenos televisivos. ¿Representan este tipo de programas a todos los géneros? ¿Fomentan la cohesión social? ¿Responden a una televisión de calidad? A través de la presente comunicación se pretende constatar la inoperatividad del Estado ante esta cuestión y la necesidad de la creación de organismos independientes que promuevan, de forma no coercitiva, la autorregulación de los contenidos audiovisuales. Pensamos que este trabajo sólo puede ser desempeñado por los Consejos Audiovisuales, ya que únicamente una entidad independiente y plural puede adoptar decisiones socialmente legitimadas en materia de contenidos. Esta es una realidad que ya se empieza a dar en algunas Comunidades Autónomas (como Cataluña, Navarra o Madrid), pero que tiene pendiente su desarrollo en el ámbito estatal y en algunas zonas del territorio español como en la Comunidad Valenciana. Por todo ello, consideramos oportuno observar su trayectoria y descubrir sus principales funciones, en especial en el caso de Cataluña, donde opera el «Consell de l’Audiovisual de Catalunya (CAC)» desde el año 2000, examinando su grado de eficiencia en estos últimos años y su incidencia en la mejora de la calidad de la oferta televisiva.


2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 15552-15552 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Caffo ◽  
T. Sava ◽  
E. Comploj ◽  
M. Giampaolo ◽  
F. Zustovich ◽  
...  

15552 Background: Preclinical data showed a synergism between E and D and several studies supported an advantage in associating E and D. Nevertheless, D is considered a standard treatment for HRPC pts and the role of D+E combination remains controversial. Purpose of this study was to evaluate the activity, in terms of PSA decline (PSA↓), the safety and quality of life (QoL) of D±E in HRPC pts. Methods: Eligibility criteria included: HRPC diagnosis, hormone-refractory advanced disease (PSA progression after at least two hormonal therapy), ECOG PS < 2, adequate renal, hepatic and hematological functions, no prior chemotherapy. Pts were randomized to D 70 mg/m2 IV d1 q3w (arm A) or D 70 mg/m2 IV d1 q3w + E 280 mg/TID PO starting 1 day prior to D, for 5 consecutive days (arm B). The treatments were planned until best PSA response achievement or PSA progression. Toxicity was recorded according to NCIC criteria. Qol was assessed by self-filled questionnaires during the treatment. Results: Between 04/2003 and 09/2005, 95 pts (median age 69 years, range 48–86, median PSA 80 ng/ml, range 5–2,166 and measurable disease in 45) were randomized to arm A (49) or arm B (46). In arm A, pts received 321 cycles (median 6, range 0–28) with only 13 (4 %) delays = 7 days. In arm B, pts received 338 cycles (median 7, range 0–20) with only 16 (4.7%) delays. Grade 3–4 hematological toxicities consisted of neutropenia, 4% in arm A and 6% in B. One pt in arm B had febrile neutropenia and grade 3 diarrhea. Grade 3–4 non-hematologic toxicities were vomiting (1 pt in both arms), stomatitis (1 pt in arm A and 2 pts in B) and diarrhoea (1 pt in arm B). Two cases of stroke were reported in arm A. No treatment related death was recorded. Responses, in terms of PSA↓ >50% were: 40% in arm A and 75%in arm B with PSA normalization in 5% and 32% respectively. After a median follow-up of 17 months, 65 patients are died (31 in Arm A and 34 in Arm B). Progression free survival (biochemical) was 20 weeks in arm A and 30 in B. Conclusions: D-based regimens are active in HRPC with a manageable toxicity profile. From this preliminary data, DE combination appears promising, in terms of activity and tolerability so, front-to-front formal comparison in a phase III trial can be recommended. No significant financial relationships to disclose.


2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Arenas ◽  
Laura Albareda ◽  
Jennifer Goodman

ABSTRACTThis article studies multi-stakeholder initiatives (MSIs) as spaces for both deliberation and contestation between constituencies with competing discourses and disputed values, beliefs, and preferences. We review different theoretical perspectives on MSIs, which see them mainly as spaces to find solutions to market problems (economic approach), as spaces of conflict and bargaining (political approach), or as spaces of consensus (deliberative approach). In contrast, we build on a contestatory deliberative perspective, which gives equal value to both contestation and consensus. We identify four types of internal contestation which can be present in MSIs—procedural, inclusiveness, epistemic, and ultimate-goal—and argue that embracing contestation and engaging in ongoing revision of provisional agreements, criteria, and goals can enhance the democratic quality of MSIs. Finally, we explore the implications of this perspective for theorizing about the democratic quality in MSIs and about the role of corporations in transnational governance.


Author(s):  
Sultan Ibrahim Al Faqih

This research aims at uncovering the importance of introducing the knowledge management knowledge in the Saudi curriculum and activating the role of knowledge management processes in the Saudi curricula and encouraging them to adopt them in the work based on scientific and practical reasons which contribute to achieving the quality of education. The study follows the analytical descriptive approach based on the analysis of literature, studies and reality, and comes out with preliminary ideas, in light of which it can propose some possible conclusions and recommendations to activate the importance of Knowledge Management is one of the modern educational approaches adopted by the educational institutions to achieve many benefits, including: Improving the effectiveness of educational performance and increasing the ability of the institution to adapt to the challenges and requirements of change. In the educational environment. 2. The application of knowledge management requires the creation of a stimulating, encouraging and supportive culture for the production and participation of knowledge, the creation of an organizational environment among individuals and the establishment of a supportive organizational culture for sharing and knowledge sharing. 3. Knowledge management achieves many benefits for public education institutions, the most important of which are: improving educational curricula, improving the performance of teachers.


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