Entitlement

Epistemic Entitlement ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198713524.003.0002 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 37-142 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tyler Burge

Keyword(s):

Subjective Probability ◽

Epistemic Norms ◽

Psychological States ◽

Epistemic Warrant ◽

The Status

The chapter is comprised of five sections. First, it situates knowledge and epistemic warrant in a frame of representational and epistemic norms. It distinguishes two types of epistemic warrant–entitlement (warrant without reason) and justification (warrant through reason). Second, it argues that epistemic internalism—according to which epistemic warrant supervenes on psychological states of the warranted individual—is unacceptable. Third, it discusses the status of scepticism in epistemology. Fourth, it criticizes an argument that believing that we are entitled to perceptual beliefs would commit us to an unacceptable way of validating the reliability of those beliefs. Fifth, it rebuts an argument that believing that we are entitled to perceptual beliefs is inconsistent with intuitions about confirmation and with Bayesian principles of subjective probability.

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Self-Knowledge, Elenchus and Authority in Early Plato

Phronesis ◽

10.1163/15685284-bja10020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 65 (3) ◽

pp. 247-280

Author(s):

Fiona Leigh

Keyword(s):

Epistemic Authority ◽

Personal Perspective ◽

Epistemic Norms ◽

Psychological States ◽

Cognitive States ◽

Self Knowledge ◽

Correct Application

Abstract In some of Plato’s early dialogues we find a concern with correctly ascertaining the contents of a particular kind of one’s own psychological states, cognitive states. Indeed, one of the achievements of the elenctic method is to facilitate cognitive self-knowledge. In the Alcibiades, moreover, Plato interprets the Delphic injunction, ‘know yourself’, as crucially requiring cognitive self-knowledge, and ending in knowing oneself as subject to particular epistemic norms. Epistemic authority for self-knowledge is, for Plato, conferred on the basis of correct application of norms to cognitive self-ascriptions, and not confined to the first-personal perspective. This implies first-personal plural epistemic authority for self-knowledge.

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Rationalization and the status of folk psychology

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x19002139 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

Author(s):

Adina L. Roskies

Keyword(s):

Folk Psychology ◽

Propositional Attitudes ◽

Philosophical Debate ◽

Psychological States ◽

The Status

Abstract Cushman's theory has implications for the philosophical debate about the nature of folk psychological states, for it entails realism about propositional attitudes. I point out a tension within his view and suggest a different view upon which rationalization emerges as a consequence of the adaptiveness of mentalizing. This alternative avoids the strong metaphysical implications of Cushman's theory.

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Self-Knowledge of Psychological States: The Status of Subjects' Accounts

Personality Research, Methods, and Theory ◽

10.4324/9781315806815-13 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 201-219

Author(s):

Paul F. Secord ◽

John D. Greenwood

Keyword(s):

Psychological States ◽

The Status ◽

Self Knowledge

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Objective reality of subjectivity: descriptors of sociality

SHS Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/shsconf/20197204012 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 72 ◽

pp. 04012

Author(s):

Aleksandr Fedoseenkov

Keyword(s):

Personality Traits ◽

Spiritual Values ◽

Objective Reality ◽

Psychological States ◽

Human Culture ◽

Personal Interaction ◽

Broad Concept ◽

The Status ◽

Combination Of Material ◽

Developing Society

The article discusses the features of psychological states in the context of the overall development of human culture. Culture is a combination of material and spiritual values accumulated by mankind in the process of development and a way of establishing social and personal interaction, that is, a way of suppressing or developing society of certain personality traits. Culture, being an extremely broad concept, has the status of a philosophical category, since it contains all the variety of semantic contexts created by three main worldviews: religion, science and philosophy.

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Pragmatics of Communicative Tonality in Prohibiting Acts in English Educative Converse

Current Issues in Philology and Pedagogical Linguistics ◽

10.29025/2079-6021-2021-3-52-62 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 52-62

Author(s):

Elena Yu. Ilyinova ◽

Tamara N. Tsinkerman

Keyword(s):

Speech Acts ◽

Interpersonal Relations ◽

Cross Cultural ◽

Cultural Communication ◽

Self Presentation ◽

Psychological States ◽

Cross Cultural Communication ◽

Vertical Vector ◽

The Status ◽

Theory Of Discourse

Communicative tonality is introduced in terms of the utterance style that expresses the speaker’s opinion on the topic, assessment of interpersonal relations with the partner, in a pair with self-presentation in converse acts. It specifies the utterance proposition with the language means that are to transfer thoughtful, contemptuous, adverse, facetious, ironical, other emotional shades of speech. The research explores the notion of communicative tonality and methodology of its study in the theory of discourse and Cross-Cultural communication; examines the communicative tonality of prohibition as an aspect of pragmatic stylistics of communication; specifies its linguistic means in English-related tradition of educative converse. We propose that communicative tonality in the situation of prohibition is stylistically flexible and assembles symbolic obstacles or restrictions in a child’s conduct. Aimed at educative socializing goals, in traditional English converse communicative tonality of prohibition is characterized by dynamic unity of prohibiting genre conventions with paternalism and/or liberal-and-democratic mitigation tactics or authoritative intensification, variability of direct and indirect volition pressure acts. Mitigation in prohibition is achieved with modal verbal predicates and conditional syntactic constructions of utterances that are used by adults to explain reasons of banning or refusal. Signifying the status, the adult gives reasonable arguments, describes psychological states of sadness or disappointment. The alternations of thoughtful and friendly tonality make provision for variability of vertical and horizontal vectors of social distance while communicating with a child. Intensification of authoritativeness is marked by speech acts of strict banning, refusal, objections, which point to vertical vector of excessive control.

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Mediation and digital intensities: Topology, psychology and social media

Social Science Information ◽

10.1177/0539018414525693 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 53 (3) ◽

pp. 277-292 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ian Tucker ◽

Lewis Goodings

Keyword(s):

Social Sciences ◽

Social Media ◽

Psychological States ◽

Potential Value ◽

The Social ◽

The Status ◽

Online Spaces ◽

Kurt Lewin ◽

Psychological Activity ◽

Topological Thinking

Social media are said to offer seemingly endless ways of connecting with people in a variety of online spaces. The mediated form that such communication takes has re-opened many theoretical debates regarding the status of relationships that are organized and managed online. In this article we seek to explore these issues through the lens of topological thinking, and particularly through the work of Kurt Lewin (1890–1947). Lewin’s topological psychology has recently featured in the social sciences as a way of overcoming some of the, frankly unhelpful, dualistic thinking that features commonly in psychology (e.g. subject–object, mind–body, individual–social). Topological thought focuses on the spatial distribution of psychological experience, and therefore offers a social perspective not reliant on traditional notions of internalized psychological states and traits. The kind of spatiality at work though is not one that relies on Euclidean fixity, but one that draws out notions of stretching, moulding, bending and flexing. Space is seen not as a fixed property, but rather the form that psychological activity takes through connections and relations with others. In this article we seek to explore the potential value in characterizing social media activity topologically. This involves analysing people’s experiences with social media, and how topological concerns of boundaries, connections and thresholds work (or not) in and through social media. Furthermore, the focus is not only on extensive properties of social media, but rather on how intensive processes are actualized and distributed in and through mediation.

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The study of interfacial reactions of nickel thin films on GaAs

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100074616 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

pp. 156-157

Author(s):

L.J. Chen ◽

Y.F. Hsieh

Keyword(s):

Thin Films ◽

Integrated Circuits ◽

Interfacial Reactions ◽

Metal Contacts ◽

Nickel Thin Films ◽

Thin Foils ◽

The Status ◽

Si Doped ◽

Electron Microscopes

One measure of the maturity of a device technology is the ease and reliability of applying contact metallurgy. Compared to metal contact of silicon, the status of GaAs metallization is still at its primitive stage. With the advent of GaAs MESFET and integrated circuits, very stringent requirements were placed on their metal contacts. During the past few years, extensive researches have been conducted in the area of Au-Ge-Ni in order to lower contact resistances and improve uniformity. In this paper, we report the results of TEM study of interfacial reactions between Ni and GaAs as part of the attempt to understand the role of nickel in Au-Ge-Ni contact of GaAs.N-type, Si-doped, (001) oriented GaAs wafers, 15 mil in thickness, were grown by gradient-freeze method. Nickel thin films, 300Å in thickness, were e-gun deposited on GaAs wafers. The samples were then annealed in dry N2 in a 3-zone diffusion furnace at temperatures 200°C - 600°C for 5-180 minutes. Thin foils for TEM examinations were prepared by chemical polishing from the GaA.s side. TEM investigations were performed with JE0L- 100B and JE0L-200CX electron microscopes.

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Fate of sperm membrane in fertilized ova

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100146047 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 51 ◽

pp. 40-41

Author(s):

Frank J. Longo

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Electrical Activity ◽

Sea Urchins ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Integrated System ◽

Electrophysiological Recording ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

The Status ◽

Sperm Membrane ◽

Temporal And Spatial

Measurement of the egg's electrical activity, the fertilization potential or the activation current (in voltage clamped eggs), provides a means of detecting the earliest perceivable response of the egg to the fertilizing sperm. By using the electrical physiological record as a “real time” indicator of the instant of electrical continuity between the gametes, eggs can be inseminated with sperm at lower, more physiological densities, thereby assuring that only one sperm interacts with the egg. Integrating techniques of intracellular electrophysiological recording, video-imaging, and electron microscopy, we are able to identify the fertilizing sperm precisely and correlate the status of gamete organelles with the first indication (fertilization potential/activation current) of the egg's response to the attached sperm. Hence, this integrated system provides improved temporal and spatial resolution of morphological changes at the site of gamete interaction, under a variety of experimental conditions. Using these integrated techniques, we have investigated when sperm-egg plasma membrane fusion occurs in sea urchins with respect to the onset of the egg's change in electrical activity.

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