Two Theories of Effective Government

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Lindvall
Keyword(s):  
Political Science ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Precise Definition ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Political Decision ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter introduces the problem of “reform capacity” (the ability of political decision-makers to adopt and implement policy changes that benefit society as a whole, by adjusting public policies to changing economic, social, and political circumstances). The chapter also reviews the long-standing discussion in political science about the relationship between political institutions and effective government. Furthermore, the chapter explains why the possibility of compensation matters greatly for the politics of reform; provides a precise definition of the concept of reform capacity; describes the book's general approach to this problem; and discusses the ethics of compensating losers from reform; and presents the book's methodological approach.

scholarly journals Difficulties with Positioning Robertshaw Double Lumen Tubes

1975 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 299-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. S. Black ◽  
G. A. Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Tracheobronchial Tree ◽  
Precise Definition ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Double Lumen ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Difficulties in positioning Robertshaw tubes have been reviewed in a retrospective and a prospective series. Pre-operative chest X-rays did not help in predicting difficulties. The performance of the Robertshaw tube was carefully recorded for each malposition in the prospective series, and the relationship of the malplaced tube to the tracheobronchial tree was reconstructed. This exercise allowed a more precise definition of the dangers of malpositions and formulation of procedure to minimize their incidence.

scholarly journals Rethinking political distrust

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eri Bertsou
Keyword(s):  
Political Science ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Democratic Politics ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Unethical Conduct ◽  
Classical Liberal ◽  
Political Distrust ◽  
Established Democracies ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractIncreasing political distrust has become a commonplace observational remark across many established democracies, and it is often used to explain current political phenomena. In contrast to most scholarship that focuses solely on the concept of trust and leaves distrust untheorized, this article makes a contribution by analysing political distrust. It argues that citizen distrust of government and political institutions poses a threat for democratic politics and clarifies the relationship between the distrust observed in established democracies and classical ‘liberal distrust’, which is considered beneficial for democracy. Further, it addresses the relationship between trust and distrust, identifying a series of functional asymmetries between the two concepts, with important implications for theoretical and empirical work in political science. The article suggests that a conceptualization of political distrust based on evaluations of incompetence, unethical conduct and incongruent interests can provide a fruitful ground for future research that aims to understand the causes, consequences, and potential remedies for political distrust.

Conceptual, Historical, and Cognitive Roots of Perfect Being Theism

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujin Nagasawa
Keyword(s):  
Precise Definition ◽  
Cosmological Argument ◽  
Existence Of God ◽  
Design Argument ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter provides a precise definition of perfect being theism and compares it with alternatives such as atheism, polytheism, pantheism, and panentheism. The chapter then considers the historical and cognitive roots of perfect being theism. It argues, contrary to what is widely believed, that perfect being theism is not Anselm’s invention or an unnatural, scholarly artefact. The chapter then explains the philosophical merits of holding perfect being theism and considers the relationship between perfect being theism and prominent arguments for the existence of God, such as the cosmological argument and the design argument. It concludes with a discussion of three types of arguments against perfect being theism.

Is there a hole in the whole? Knowledge, technology, interdependence, and the construction of international regimes

1975 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 827-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernst B. Haas
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Political Knowledge ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Political Decision ◽  
International Regulation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Organizational Cooperation ◽  
Scientific Ideas

This essay seeks to make the following points: (1) The search for holistic intellectual constructs to legitimate the construction of international regulatory regimes is fruitless if it is based on some notion of naturalness suggested by science itself. The purposes to be served by the use and regulation of science and technologies cannot be subordinated to the scientific attributes of the activities to be regulated. (2) Darwinian evolutionary propositions concerning survival imperatives are not adequate guides for the definition of political purposes governing the international regulation of science and technology. (3) If holistic constructs are not fruitful as organizing devices entirely disaggregated and fragmented solutions to technological problems are self-defeating in terms of achieving political purposes. What kind of knowledge do we have to suggest the creation of cognitive links among parts which add up to wholes consistent with political purposes as units-to-be-regulated? The identification of links demands a closer type of cooperation among technical experts and political decision makers than practiced hitherto. Hence a notion of the public interest is advanced to suggest the identification of links through new types of institutions and procedures for combining scientific with political knowledge. (4) Wholes to be identified through such processes can be analyzed in terms of the language of complexity and decomposability, leading to various notions of interdependence. Political purposes and technological developments are discussed jointly to show how a given concern can be characterized by different kinds of interdependencies at different times. “Interdependence” then emerges as a multi-dimensional and dynamic device for identifying wholes. (5) Various types of interdependence are matched to various forms of international organizational cooperation and the evolution of organizations is examined in terms of learning to manage interdependence. (6) By combining organizational forms with changing political purposes we arrive at provisional wholes called “technology-task-environments” which permit the scientist and the politician to contribute jointly to the management of interdependence issues triggered by changing technologies and scientific ideas until the evolving mix of knowledge and purpose leads them to construction of alternative (but equally temporary) wholes.

Politics and Power

Philosophy ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 38 (144) ◽  
pp. 117-135
Author(s):  
P. H. Partridge
Keyword(s):  
Political Science ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Political Activity ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Scientist ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Political Field ◽  
Proper Definition ◽  
Definition Of

In recent years, political scientists have talked a great deal about the proper definition of their subject, and of how the ‘field’ of the political scientist is best distinguished from that of other social scientists. One proposal that is frequently made is that political science might quite properly be defined as the study of power, its forms, its sources, its distribution, its modes of exercise, its effects. The general justification for this proposal is, of course, that political activity itself appears to be connected very intimately with power: it is often said that political activity is a struggle for power; that constitutions and other political institutions are methods of defining and regularising the distribution and the exercise of power, and so on. Since there seems to be some sense in which one can say that, within the wider area of social life, the political field is that which has some special connection with power, it may seem plausible then to suggest that the study of politics focusses upon the study of power.

scholarly journals How to Optimize the Relationship Between Public Spending and Happiness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renaud Gaucher
Keyword(s):  
Quantile Regression ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Public Spending ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Econometric Methods ◽  
Conceptual Paper ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractHappiness and efficient public spending are considered to be two desirable goals. In this paper, I consider happiness in the sense of how much one likes the life one leads (Veenhoven, 1984), and emphasize negative utilitarianism (Popper, 1952) as the best approach for promoting happiness in public policies. An ethical framework about public policies implemented to improve social conditions for happiness is suggested. I give a definition of the term optimization and propose two methods to optimize the relationship between public spending and social conditions for happiness. I briefly introduce a bookkeeping method, and I then present the bases of an econometric method in which quantile regression is described as the best tool within the negative utilitarianist approach, because quantile regression makes possible to know which independent variables influence most the degree of happiness of the least happy/ the saddest. The bookkeeping and the econometric methods presented are useful for any local, regional, national or supranational authority. These methods may also be useful for optimizing the relationship between natural resources consumption and social conditions for happiness. The paper is a conceptual paper.

Efficiency Evaluation on Listed Power Company Based on Data Envelopment Analysis

2011 ◽  
Vol 63-64 ◽  
pp. 318-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi Hua Li ◽  
Shi De Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Decision Makers ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Efficiency Evaluation ◽  
Political Decision ◽  
Power Company ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
National Economic ◽  
National Economic Development ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between power industry and the national economic development are being more and more closely associated. The power companies supported by the government policy and attention in the stock market has gotten the developing priority, and has also been becoming one of important blocks on the stock markets. Use DEA method, select the appropriate input and output indexes, analyze the relative efficiency of the power companies and give evaluation of the results. Not only power companies, the majority of the shareholders, but also political decision-makers could get references from DEA evaluation.

scholarly journals Cycling Mobility in Slopping Cities: Trondheim and Other Lessons

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Matias ◽  
Ana Virtudes
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Political Decision ◽  
Good Practices ◽  
Collective Transport ◽  
Mobility Solution ◽  
The University ◽  
The City

Soft mobility is on the top of city’s agenda. Several plans are emerging to improve its performance, regarding sustainable, climate-friendly or easy ways of mobility, without using the car. The political decision-makers, urban designers and academics are working upon new approaches of developing these skills. In sloping cities, specially with ancient roots of narrow and winding streets, the bicycle is still a tricky way of transportation, because it can represent a deep changing of previous urban fabric. This paper presents a set of good practices of bicycles use as soft mobility solution in mountain cities. The example is the sloping city of Trondheim in Norway. The interest for this topic lies in the ongoing Doctorate program in Civil Engineering at the University of Beira Interior, having as case study the city of Covilhã. The system is called CycloCable and it’s the first cycle lift for collective transport designed to help cyclists moving easily to overcome urban slopes. The literature review is the main methodological approach, identifying the good practices of CycloCable, which can be used in other cities with similar morphological conditions. The conclusion has revealed that this system increases the number of cyclists, with environmental, economic and social benefits.

scholarly journals Assessment of the socio-ecological and eco- nomic efficiency of the organization: the essence and methodological approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 62-70
Author(s):  
Katerina S. Gruznevich ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Key Indicator ◽  
Methodical Approach ◽  
Economic Trends ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

The article considers the essence and developed criteria for comparing the definitions of assessment, analysis, performance evaluation, performance analysis, performance evaluation. The author proposes a new approach to the definition of efficiency – socio-ecological-economic, which in contrast to the traditional representation, is consistent with modern economic trends and the global imperative of sustainable development. The author's definition of the category ―assessment of socio- environmental and economic efficiency of the organization was formulated. The methodical approach to the assessment of socio-environmental and economic efficiency of the enterprise based on the factor analysis was developed. For each aspect of efficiency the key indicator was determined. The advantage of the author's approach is the opportunity to establish the relationship between the individual components – to include indicators of the economic aspect in the social and environmental aspects, thereby investigating the relationship between them.

scholarly journals The Quality of the Tribosystem as a Factor of Wear Resistance

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.3) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Viktor Vojtov ◽  
Abliatif Biekirov ◽  
Anton Voitov
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Diffusivity ◽  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Wear Rate ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Quality Value ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this work was to develop a criterion for estimating the quality factor of the tribosystem and to assess its effect on wear rate, friction coefficient and run-in time. The basis of the methodological approach when developing a criterion for the quality of the tribosystem is the parameters that take into account the construction of the tribosystem, the thermal diffusivity of materials and the loading conditions of the tribosystems.The definition of the quality of the tribosystem has been further developed, which, unlike the known one, takes into account the geometric dimensions and kinematic scheme of the tribosystem, the thermal diffusivity of materials and the rate of propagation of deformation in the surface layers of the triboelement materials during their contact interaction. Theoretical and experimental studies established the relationship between the quality value, wear rate and the friction coefficient in the process of running-in. It is shown that the increase in quality helps to reduce the above-mentioned parameters.The relationship between the running-in time and the quality value is established. It is shown that the process of running-in can be controlled. To reduce the running-in time, it is necessary to reduce the sliding speed during the transient process and to increase the tribological properties of the lubricating medium. The presented theoretical and experimental studies allow us to state that the quality of tribosystems Q can be a measure of the potential ability of the tribosystem to adapt (adapt) to operating conditions, providing the maximum resource.  

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