scholarly journals The Role of Governance and International Norms in Managing Natural Resources

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Cust
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Commodity Prices ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Checks And Balances ◽  
Resource Wealth ◽  
Causal Impact ◽  
Rich Countries ◽  
Natural Resource Wealth

The governance of natural resource wealth is considered to constitute a key determinant in whether the extraction of natural resources proves to be a blessing or a curse. In response to this challenge, a variety of international initiatives have emerged to codify successful policies pursued by countries, and promote global norms and best practices to guide decision-makers. These initiatives, such as the Extractives Industry Transparency Initiative, have seen success in spreading and embedding governance norms, ranging across revenue transparency, contract disclosure, and the creation of instruments such as resource funds and building institutions for checks and balances. However, evidence for causal impact remains weak and sometimes limited to anecdotal cases. The end of the super-cycle of commodity prices, and the prospect of permanently lower prices for fossil fuels, creates new challenges for resource-rich countries but may also allow space and time for reflection, lesson-learning and improvements in governance.

Resource Wealth as Leverage: Natural Resources and the Failure of Non-Violent Campaigns

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Kirisci ◽  
Emirhan Demirhan
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Group Dynamics ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Political Movements ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Resource Wealth ◽  
Target States ◽  
External Actors ◽  
Natural Resource Wealth

AbstractWhile the growing body of research on non-violent political movements centres on the idea that choosing non-violence tends to produce more favourable outcomes for dissidents, the question of why some non-violent campaigns still fail has not been sufficiently empirically investigated. Building on the extant research on the effects of group dynamics and certain external actors, we examine the role of the natural resource wealth of target states on the outcomes of non-violent campaigns. We hypothesize that the probability that a non-violent movement will fail increases as the target state's natural resource wealth increases. This natural resource wealth could serve to neutralize the potential for support from both domestic and external actors, thereby increasing the risk of failure. The results of our statistical analyses support our hypothesis and suggest that non-violent campaigns are more likely to fail in states with higher natural resource wealth, particularly that which stems from oil.

scholarly journals Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has It Proven So Difficult?

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony J. Venables
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Investment Decisions ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Adverse Impacts ◽  
Political Problem ◽  
Fiscal Regimes ◽  
Resource Wealth ◽  
Natural Resource Wealth

Developing economies have found it hard to use natural resource wealth to improve their economic performance. Utilizing resource endowments is a multistage economic and political problem that requires private investment to discover and extract the resource, fiscal regimes to capture revenue, judicious spending and investment decisions, and policies to manage volatility and mitigate adverse impacts on the rest of the economy. Experience is mixed, with some successes (such as Botswana and Malaysia) and more failures. This paper reviews the challenges that are faced in successfully managing resource wealth, the evidence on country performance, and the reasons for disappointing results.

scholarly journals A meta-analysis of natural resources and conflict

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 205316801881823 ◽  
Author(s):  
William O’Brochta
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Civil Conflict ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Aggregate Effect ◽  
Resource Wealth ◽  
Natural Resource Wealth ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Variable Measurement

The relationship between natural resource wealth and civil conflict remains unclear, despite prolonged scholarly attention. Conducting a meta-analysis—a quantitative literature review—can help synthesize this broad and disparate field to provide clearer directions for future research. Meta-analysis tools determine both the aggregate effect of natural resources on conflict and whether any particular ways in which variables are measured systematically bias the estimated effect. I conduct a meta-analysis using sixty-nine studies from sixty-two authors. I find that there is no aggregate relationship between natural resources and conflict. Most variation in variable measurement does not alter the estimated effect. However, measuring natural resource wealth using Primary Commodity Exports and including controls for mountainous terrain and ethnic fractionalization all do significantly impact the results. These findings suggest that it may be worth exploring more nuanced connections between natural resources and conflict instead of continuing to study the overall relationship.

The Macroeconomic Management of Natural Resources

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Henstridge ◽  
Alan Roe
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Commodity Prices ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Macroeconomic Policies ◽  
Resource Wealth ◽  
Natural Resource Wealth ◽  
Public Revenues ◽  
Macroeconomic Management

Managing natural resource wealth requires accommodating very large increases in investment, production, exports, and government revenues within the economy of the host country, and setting appropriate macroeconomic policies—especially fiscal, monetary, and exchange-rate policies—both to prevent resource wealth from destabilizing the economy and to ensure that its potential for economic development is maximized. This chapter focuses on the complexity of decision-making and policy on the unusual characteristics of the macroeconomic flows of the extractives sector: (i) foreign direct investment, production, exports, and revenues are often large; (ii) for each project there is a strong degree of uniformity in the sequence of activity from discovery through development to production; (iii) the non-renewable resource is finite, and so are the revenues; (iv) commodity prices are often volatile, hence public revenues can be also volatile.

Extractive economies, institutions, and development

2020 ◽  
pp. 293-339
Author(s):  
P. B. Anand
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Resource Dependence ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
Governance Indicators ◽  
Resource Wealth ◽  
Extractive Economies ◽  
Development Outcomes ◽  
Rich Countries ◽  
Natural Resource Wealth

Extractive economies can use the natural resource dividend for infrastructure and sustainable development, which involves overcoming many challenges. This chapter sees the BRICS countries as natural resource rich economies that have not yet signed up to the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative. Analysis of the relationship between resource dependence and the Human Development Index for the period 1990–2015 is reported, suggesting that non-resource rich countries tend to have higher values than resource rich countries. Using as case studies two countries that have joined the initiative (Norway and Mongolia) and two emerging economies that have not (Botswana and Chile), as well as one of the BRICS countries (Brazil), some successes and challenges in using natural resource wealth are highlighted. Governance indicators suggest that transparency initiatives can be helpful. Links between extractive economies, policies, institutions, and human development outcomes are complex, requiring long-term policies and commitment. Three specific policy issues for BRICS are identified.

scholarly journals Can More Be Less? An Experimental Test of the Resource Curse

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar Al-Ubaydli ◽  
Kevin McCabe ◽  
Peter Twieg
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Experimental Test ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Second Life ◽  
Virtual World ◽  
Resource Curse ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Resource Wealth ◽  
Randomized Control ◽  
Natural Resource Wealth

AbstractSeveral scholars have argued that abundant natural resources can be harmful to economic performance under bad institutions and helpful when institutions are good. These arguments have either been theoretical or based on naturally occurring variation in natural resource wealth. We test this theory by using a laboratory experiment to reap the benefits of randomized control. We conduct this experiment in a virtual world (Second Life™) to make institutions more visceral. We find support for the theory.

scholarly journals Penjatuhan Sanksi Pidana Dalam Kasus Penambangan Batu Cinnabar di Maluku

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Erwin Ubwarin ◽  
Wilshen Leatemia
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
District Court ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Normative Approach ◽  
The People ◽  
Criminal Charges ◽  
Mining Law ◽  
Resource Wealth ◽  
Natural Resource Wealth

AbstractAll natural resource wealth in the land, sea, and in the bowels of the land of Indonesia are controlled by the State and used as much as possible for the welfare of the people. However, the processing of cinnabar stone natural resources that does not queue up the permit in Luhu Village, West Seram Regency, Maluku Province has resulted in environmental pollution and has an impact on humans. Overcoming this criminal violation, law enforcement has been carried out which resulted in 8 (eight) decisions at the Ambon District Court. This research was conducted with a juridical normative approach, with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach to the imposition of crimes and criminal acts that place statutory regulations as objects of research sourced from primary, secondary and tertiary law. The results of the research conclude that criminal charges against miners without a permit are still low, less than half of the maximum threat of 10 (ten) years in the mineral and coal mining law, this is very unfortunate because the damage to the environment due to processing of cinnabar stone without permission will have a long impact.Keywords: Criminal, Cinnabar, Mining AbstrakSemua kekayaan sumber daya alam yang ada di darat, laut, dan di dalam perut bumi Indonesia dikuasai oleh Negara dan digunakan sebesarnya untuk kesejahteraan rakyat. Namun pengelolaan sumber daya alam batu cinnabar yang tidak mengantongi izin pada Desa Luhu Kabupaten Seram Barat, Provinsi Maluku berakibat pada pencemaran lingkungan dan berdampak pada manusia. Menanggulangi pelanggaran pidana ini telah dilakukan penegakan hukum yang menghasilkan 8 (delapan) putusan pada Pengadilan Negeri Ambon. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan yuridis normatif, dengan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konsep tentang penjatuhan pidana dan tindak pidana yang menempatkan peraturan perundang-undangan sebagai objek penelitian yang bersumber dari hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan penjatuhan pidana kepada pelaku penambang tanpa izin masih rendah tidak sampai setengah dari ancaman maksimum 10 (sepuluh) tahun dalam undang-undang pertambangan mineral dan batu bara, hal ini sangat disayangkan karena rusaknya lingkungan akibat pengelolaan batu cinnabar tanpa izin akan berdampak panjang.Kata Kunci: Pidana, Cinnabar, Pertambangan

scholarly journals Natural Resources and Socio-Economic Progress

2014 ◽  
pp. 168-186
Author(s):  
L. M. Kapitsa
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Resource Curse ◽  
Dutch Disease ◽  
Economic Diversification ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
Rich Countries ◽  
Disease Specific

The article reviews international debates on development problems of the resource-based economies. It draws atten tion to causes and mechanisms of the so-called "resource curse" and symptoms of systemic breakdowns and stagnant phenomena in resource-based economies named "Dutch disease". Specific attention is given to the role of national elites and institutions in the emergence of "Dutch disease", preservation of economic backwardness and/or de-industrialization of resource-rich countries. The author also considers new approaches to resolving the problem of'resource-curse", in particular, return to traditional instruments of economic diversification as industrialization and protectionism.

scholarly journals Foreign Direct Investment Flow to Africa: Does Natural Resources Matter？

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Philip Agyei Peprah ◽  
Yao Hongxing ◽  
Alex Boadi Dankyi
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Fdi Inflows ◽  
Development Framework ◽  
Exogenous Factors ◽  
Resource Wealth ◽  
Natural Resource Wealth

In this study, it explored connections between FDI inflows and natural resource. The paper is an effort to investigate a sample of 10 most resourced sub-Sahara African countries and examine the influence of natural resources on FDI inflow. Further, natural resource wealth is reflected to weaken the FDI inflow. This study discovers if the natural resource overflow affects the FDI inflows. By means of panel data for a sample dated 1990-2017, the paper employed fixed effects method and settles that natural resource slows down FDI inflow of the host nation. The results indicate that economic growth, labor force, trade openness and financial development framework promote FDI inflow in Sub-Sahara Africa countries. The study proposes that FDI inflow to SSA is not only driven by the availability of natural resources in a country but by some exogenous factors, countries with non-existence of natural resources and can obtain FDI by cultivating their bodies and policy environment. Second, multifaceted organizations like the IMF and the World Bank can play a significant role in assisting FDI by encouraging good organisations in SSA.

Global poverty, global sacrifices, and natural resource reforms

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shmuel Nili
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Alternative Strategy ◽  
Global Poverty ◽  
Resource Wealth ◽  
Moral Claims ◽  
Natural Resource Wealth ◽  
The Relationship

My aim in this essay is to advance discussion of how to justify the sacrifices that reforms combating global poverty might entail for the world’s better-off. I begin from the assumption that we should not try to motivate such sacrifices solely through the hope that they will produce significant poverty gains. Instead, we should also explore whether the affluent actually have compelling moral claims to the goods that they might be asked to relinquish as part of certain global reforms. This alternative strategy forms the background for my discussion of two influential global reform proposals. The first proposal is to tax the natural resource wealth enjoyed by various affluent countries in order to ameliorate global poverty. The second proposal is to prohibit the resource corporations based in affluent democracies from purchasing natural resources controlled by extreme kleptocrats. I argue that once we examine the relationship between these proposals from a sacrifice-sensitive perspective, we find that they genuinely conflict with each other, and that there are sacrifice-related reasons to put aside the canonical proposal for a global redistribution of natural resource wealth.

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