Corporate Actors: Parties and Associations

2019 ◽  
pp. 426-430
Author(s):  
Bernhard Weßels
Keyword(s):  
Interest Groups ◽  
The State ◽  
Vital Importance ◽  
Collective Actors ◽  
Institutional Structures ◽  
Democratic Transformation ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Transformation Processes ◽  
Representative Function ◽  
Governmental Control

Corporate actors, like parties and associations, are the organized expression of collective interests in a society. By integrating interests (aggregation) and mediating them (articulation), they figure as a key element of a living democracy. Corporate actors can be distinguished in terms of the territorial and functional dimensions of their representative function. As free societal associations, independent of the state, they operate ideally between citizens and the state. The development of a voluntarily organized intermediary zone between citizens and the state is of vital importance for democratic transformation and consolidation. However, the emergence of voluntarily organized collective actors as a requisite for ‘representative consolidation’ is highly contingent. Whether associations and interest groups form in a political system depends to a high degree on institutional structures. In transformation processes, clear governmental control and sanctioning capacities are conducive to the development of corporate actors.

On the Marketness of Markets and Actor Clout: Market-shaping Roles

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 170-184
Author(s):  
Suvi Nenonen ◽  
Kaj Storbacka
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Market Maker ◽  
Relative Power ◽  
Market Evolution ◽  
Network Position ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Market Shaping

In reconnecting marketing to more plastic and malleable markets, we need more understanding about market evolution. In this research we explore how to assess the state of a market, and how the roles of a market-shaping actor vary depending on this state. We view markets as configurations of 25 interdependent elements and argue that well-functioning markets have a high degree of configurational fit between elements. The level of configurational fit describes the state of a market as a continuum from low to high marketness. The clout of a market actor to influence a market configuration is an amalgamation of the actor’s capabilities, network position and relative power. By exploring marketness and clout as contextual contingencies, we identify four market-shaping roles: market maker, market activist, market champion, and market complementor. The focus of a market-shaping actor, in terms of which elements to influence and in which order, vary significantly between roles.

A Brief Statement on the Future of Public Scholarship and the Research Methods Landscape

2019 ◽  
pp. 700-707
Author(s):  
Patricia Leavy
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Teaching Practices ◽  
Knowledge Building ◽  
Research Community ◽  
The State ◽  
Public Scholarship ◽  
Institutional Structures ◽  
The Future ◽  
Book Editor

The book editor offers some final comments about the state of the field and promise for the future. Leavy suggests researchers consider using the language of “shapes” to talk about the forms their research takes and to highlight the ongoing role of the research community in shaping knowledge-building practices. She reviews the challenges and rewards of taking your work public. Leavy concludes by noting that institutional structures need to evolve their rewards criteria in order to meet the demands of practicing contemporary research and suggests that professors update their teaching practices to bring the audiences of research into the forefront of discussions of methodology.

The Chilean Presidency in a Developmental Perspective

1977 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Tapia-Videla
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
National Development ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
The State ◽  
Central Focus ◽  
Strong State ◽  
State Apparatus ◽  
Institutional Structures ◽  
Corporate State ◽  
By Products

In contrast to other countries in Latin America, Chile emerged from the chaotic postindependence period with a strong state apparatus. Fashioned by the leadership of Diego Portales and institutionalized in the Constitution of 1833, the Chilean state became (and remains) the central focus for national development. Portales was able to marry the existing social and economic order, which was sharply hierarchical, to the institutional structures of a corporate state. In doing so, he shaped political conflict throughout Chilean history into a series of struggles for inclusion in the coalition in control of the state apparatus at any given time. Problems of violence and instability can be seen as the the natural by-products of these multiple attempts to define and redefine both the legitimate scope and orientation of the state and the composition of the dominant groups exercising power.

scholarly journals A Comparative Institutional Approach to Law and Legal Institutions

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
George Barker
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Social Goals ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Institutional Approach ◽  
Law And Policy ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Institutional Structures ◽  
Alternative Means ◽  
Made In

The late 1980s and early 1990s saw a revolution in economic policy and a transformation of the New Zealand economy. Such events also involved a revolution in legal thought and analysis. This article brings the main elements of this new economic approach to law and policy to a wider audience. It seeks to review the main features of the recent and significant advances that have been made in the economic analysis of organisations and institutions. The article first discusses the fundamental factors which must be recognised as constraints on the ability to secure an ideal society. It then discusses how private arrangements seek to overcome these constraints and the limits to their success. The role of the state in alleviating or overcoming problems with private solutions is also discussed, with the author stressing the need to recognise that the state is not an omniscient and omnipotent solver of social problems. The author concludes that the analysis of government and government policy needs to be based on a comparative institutional approach involving an assessment of institutional structures according to the processes and outcomes they involve, utilising generally accepted criteria for making social choices. Key factors that must be considered in comparing alternative means for achieving social goals are identified. 

scholarly journals Recent (Re)Visions of Canlit: Partial Stock-Taking

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (s2) ◽  
pp. 273-289
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Rzepa
Keyword(s):  
Nation Building ◽  
The State ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Academic Field ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Current State ◽  
Institutional Structures ◽  
Building Project ◽  
Magazine Articles ◽  
Globalising World

Abstract This article approaches recent discussions on the state of contemporary CanLit as a body of literary texts, an academic field, and an institution. The discussion is informed primarily by a number of recent or relatively recent publications, such as Trans.CanLit. Resituating the Study of Canadian Literature (Kamboureli & Miki 2007), Refuse. CanLit in Ruins (McGregor, Rak & Wunker 2018), Luminous Ink: Writers on Writing in Canada (McWatt, Maharaj & Brand 2018), and the discussions and/or controversies some of those generated – expressed through newspaper and magazine articles, scholarly essays, but also through tweets, etc. The texts have been written as a response to the current state and – in some cases – scandals of CanLit. Many constitute attempts at starting or contributing to a discussion aimed at not only taking stock of, but also reinterpreting and re-defining the field and the institution in view of the challenges of the globalising world. Perhaps more importantly, they address also the challenges resulting from the rift between CanLit as implicated in the (post)colonial nation-building project and rigid institutional structures, perpetuating the silencings, erasures, and hierarchies resulting from such entanglements, and actual literary texts produced by an increasingly diversified group of writers working with a widening range of topics and genres, and creating often intimate, autobiographically inspired art with a sense of responsibility to marginalised communities. The article concludes with the example of Indigenous writing and the position some young Indigenous writers take in the current discussions.

scholarly journals Litigation of civil liability proceedings and its respective indemnification judgments against dental surgeons in the Court of Justice of the state of Paraná

RSBO ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-105
Author(s):  
Fernanda Tiboni ◽  
Izabele Baier ◽  
Hildegard Giostri ◽  
Wellington Zaitter ◽  
Eliene Imano Otta
Keyword(s):  
Health Professional ◽  
Civil Liability ◽  
The State ◽  
Professional Responsibility ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
Specific Responsibility ◽  
Moral Damage ◽  
Human Care ◽  
High Degree

The dental surgeon, which is a health professional, besides the responsibility common to all people as a citizen, also assumes a specific responsibility: to answer for the acts committed in the exercise of the profession. The so-called professional responsibility involves a fourfold framework: criminal, civil, administrative and ethical. With the greater access of the population to justice, it is not uncommon to know of a dental surgeon who is being fired by a patient and civilly responsible. In this sphere, the professional can be condemned due to his conduct during the treatment being classified as: Negligent, Imprudent and Malpractice. Conviction for any of these conducts, or even the combination of more than one of them conducts monetary reimbursement. These are the so-called material, moral and aesthetic indemnities. Objective: Observe how many processes were judged in the Court of Justice of the State of Paraná (TJPR) between 1995 and 2018 and to establish a default value for civil liability actions against dentists. Material and methods: We conducted a search on the TJPR website of all civil liability cases against dental surgeon tried in second instance between 1995 and July 2018 using pre-established keywords and including all judgments in the statistic results. Results: Between 1995 and 2018 there was an increase of 3.420% in the number of shares. The majority of material damages are below 15,000 reais, moral damage 13,000 and aesthetic damage 3,000 reais. The medium indemnified value was 4.142 reais. Conclusion: We observed the high degree of incidence of this type of process and that the highest indemnity was about material injury. However moral injuries got the highest medium value, showing the importance of human care. The dental surgeon, which is a health professional, besides the responsibility common to all people as a citizen, also assumes a specific responsibility: to answer for the acts committed in the exercise of the profession. The so-called professional responsibility involves a fourfold framework: criminal, civil, administrative and ethical. With the greater access of the population to justice, it is not uncommon to know of a dental surgeon who is being fired by a patient and civilly responsible. In this sphere, the professional can be condemned due to his conduct during the treatment being classified as: Negligent, Imprudent and Malpractice. Conviction for any of these conducts, or even the combination of more than one of them conducts monetary reimbursement. These are the so-called material, moral and aesthetic indemnities. Objective: Observe how many processes were judged in the Court of Justice of the State of Paraná (TJPR) between 1995 and 2018 and to establish a default value for civil liability actions against dentists. Material and methods: We conducted a search on the TJPR website of all civil liability cases against dental surgeon tried in second instance between 1995 and July 2018 using pre-established keywords and including all judgments in the statistic results. Results: Between 1995 and 2018 there was an increase of 3.420% in the number of shares. The majority of material damages are below 15,000 reais, moral damage 13,000 and aesthetic damage 3,000 reais. The medium indemnified value was 4.142 reais. Conclusion: We observed the high degree of incidence of this type of process and that the highest indemnity was about material injury. However moral injuries got the highest medium value, showing the importance of human care.

THE GALWAY PACKET-BOAT CONTRACT AND THE POLITICS OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE IN MID-VICTORIAN IRELAND

2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 747-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
DOUGLAS KANTER
Keyword(s):  
Public Finance ◽  
Economic Theory ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
Regional Development ◽  
Public Expenditure ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
The State ◽  
British Government

AbstractThis article argues that political considerations, economic theory, attitudes toward public finance, and concerns about regional development all influenced contemporary responses to the Galway packet-boat contract of 1859–64. Though historians have conventionally depicted the dispute over the contract as an episode in Victorian high politics, it maintains that the controversy surrounding the agreement between the Galway Company and the state cannot be understood solely in terms of party manoeuvre at Westminster. In the context of the Union between Britain and Ireland, the Galway contract raised important questions about the role of the British government in fostering Irish economic development through public expenditure. Politicians and opinion-makers adopted a variety of ideologically informed positions when addressing this issue, resulting in diverse approaches to state intervention, often across party lines. While political calculation and pressure from interest groups certainly affected policy, the substantive debate on the contract helped to shape the late Victorian Irish policy of both British parties by clarifying contemporary ideas about the economic functions appropriate to the Union state.

British Mercantilism and the Economic Development of the Thirteen Colonies

1952 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curtis P. Nettels
Keyword(s):  
Food Supply ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The State ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Early Modern Times ◽  
Navigation Acts ◽  
High Degree

Mercantilism is defined for this discussion as a policy of government that expressed in the economic sphere the spirit of nationalism that animated the growth of the national state in early modern times. The policy aimed to gain for the nation a high degree of security or self-sufficiency, especially as regards food supply, raw materials needed for essential industries, and the sinews of war. This end was to be achieved in large measure by means of an effective control over the external activities and resources upon which the nation was dependent. In turn, that urge impelled the mercantilists to prefer colonial dependencies to independent foreign countries in seeking sources of supply. If the state could not free itself completely from trade with foreign nations, it sought to control that trade in its own interest as much as possible. To realize such objectives, mercantilism embraced three subordinate and related policies. The Corn Laws fostered the nation's agriculture and aimed to realize the ideal of self-sufficiency as regards food supply. State aids to manufacturing industries, such as the protective tariff, sought to provide essential finished goods, including the sinews of war. The Navigation Acts were intended to assure that foreign trade would be carried on in such a way as to yield the maximum advantage to the state concerned.

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