Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. xiv-37
Author(s):  
Shane P. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Empirical Methods ◽  
Legal Requirement ◽  
Compulsory Voting ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

The introductory chapter addresses the need for a new full-length manuscript on compulsory voting and discuss the meaning of the term. The chapter then reviews arguments for and against the requirement to vote, focusing mostly on matters of duty, collective action, legitimacy, representation, and the putative downstream consequences of compulsory voting. The chapter subsequently briefly reviews the history of compulsory voting and the potential reasons for its implementation. The chapter then provides data on where and how compulsory voting is used today and gives a detailed overview of recent events surrounding compulsory voting throughout the world. From there, the chapter discusses various empirical methods available to the scientific community for assessing the effects of the legal requirement to vote.

Chosen Nation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin W. Goossen
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Weimar Republic ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Church Leaders ◽  
The World ◽  
German Identity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries

During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the global Mennonite church developed an uneasy relationship with Germany. Despite the religion's origins in the Swiss and Dutch Reformation, as well as its longstanding pacifism, tens of thousands of members embraced militarist German nationalism. This book is a sweeping history of this encounter and the debates it sparked among parliaments, dictatorships, and congregations across Eurasia and the Americas. Offering a multifaceted perspective on nationalism's emergence in Europe and around the world, the book demonstrates how Mennonites' nationalization reflected and reshaped their faith convictions. While some church leaders modified German identity along Mennonite lines, others appropriated nationalism wholesale, advocating a specifically Mennonite version of nationhood. Examining sources from Poland to Paraguay, the book shows how patriotic loyalties rose and fell with religious affiliation. Individuals might claim to be German at one moment but Mennonite the next. Some external parties encouraged separatism, as when the Weimar Republic helped establish an autonomous “Mennonite State” in Latin America. Still others treated Mennonites as quintessentially German; under Hitler's Third Reich, entire colonies benefited from racial warfare and genocide in Nazi-occupied Ukraine. Whether choosing Germany as a national homeland or identifying as a chosen people, called and elected by God, Mennonites committed to collective action in ways that were intricate, fluid, and always surprising.

scholarly journals Evolution of the formation of distance learning in Ukraine and the modern world

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-362
Author(s):  
Halyna Ponomarova ◽  
Alla Kharkivska
Keyword(s):  
Distance Education ◽  
Distance Learning ◽  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Empirical Methods ◽  
History Of Development ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Specialized Subject

The object of the research is the history of development and the didactic foundations of distance education. To implement the research, a complex of theoretical and empirical methods was used: theoretical analysis of pedagogical, psychological, methodological and specialized (subject) literature on the problem under study. In the course of the research, the following results were obtained: the world experience in the development of distance learning was studied; clarified and concretized the content of the concepts of "distance learning" and "distance learning"; the author's interpretation of the concept of "distance learning" is given; based on the analysis of domestic and foreign experience, the principles of organizing distance learning were identified and supplemented; the experience of using distance learning in higher educational institutions of Ukraine has been studied and systematized.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauri L. Hyers
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Thick Description ◽  
Diary Data ◽  
Popular Medium ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Bear Witness

This introductory chapter discusses the history of the diary in popular culture and as a research method in the social sciences Over the last several centuries, diary keeping has evolved into a popular medium through which diarists can bear witness to their experiences and events of the world. The diary is a treasure trove, containing the riches of first-hand testimony on a wealth of subjects: from the adventures of travel to the despairs of prison, from the mundane ruminations of adolescence to the horrors of the battlefield. The embedded and contextualized nature of diary data appeals to those in the humanities and social sciences who are seeking the “thick description” that is the hallmark of qualitative research (Geertz, 2003).

Introduction

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Wade Graham
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
The United States ◽  
Central Places ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

This introductory chapter sets out the author's explanation of why he chose Molokai to study. That Molokai's marginality, relative to its larger neighbors and to the larger outside world, gives it a focused explanatory power, like a small lens that refracts and reflects back bigger processes and wider histories with which it has intersected, thereby illuminating them in invaluable ways. Because it is more isolated and simplified in comparison to larger, more central places, certain processes are more visible, their outlines less blurred by complexity. To understand the history of this marginal place is to go a long way toward understanding the history of Hawaii, the United States, the Pacific, and the world.

scholarly journals Ancient Bactria in Historical Sources

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 354-359
Author(s):  
I. Umarov
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
The World ◽  
Northern Regions ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Bronze Age

Ancient Bactria is a country where early urban planning traditions and foundations of statehood were formed in Central Asia. Historical sources give a lot of information about Ancient Bactria. In terms of development, the northern regions of Bactria were especially distinguished. Here, since the bronze age, agriculture, handicrafts, trade, culture, urban planning were highly developed and still attracts the attention of the world scientific community. This article provides information about the history of Ancient Bactria, its population, cities and historical regions based on Greco-Roman sources.

scholarly journals PHILOSOPHICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL CULTURE OF M. KAZEM-BEK WORK

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-47
Author(s):  
М. И. Билалов
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Scientific Methodology ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
World Religions ◽  
Russian Scientific ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cultural Code ◽  
Other World

Изучение научно-теоретической биографии М. Казем-бека свидетельствует об определенной философской культуре выдающегося востоковеда. Возникает вопрос о соразмерности методологического потенциала философии в творчестве М. Казем-бека с исследовательскими потребностями ученого. Хотя никому из серьезных исследователей его творчества не придет и в голову упрекнуть его в отсутствии концептуально-целостного теоретического и философского взгляда на мир, в статье предпринимается попытка уточнения содержания философской культуры ученого. Философско-методологическая культура творчества М. Казем-бека детерминирована особенностями культурного кода его незаурядной личности. Это был ученый, не вписывающийся в складывающиеся традиции научного сообщества России по многим параметрам. Несистемное самообразование и эклектическая научная методология Казем-бека в определенной степени опередили свое время, оказавшись эффективными в осмыслении многих областей его творчества. В нем произошло то, что ныне происходит в постнеклассической научной рациональности, формирующийся как синтез рационального и иррационального, естественнонаучного и социогуманитарного, научного и вненаучного, когнитивного и ценностного и т. п., который предполагает востребованность всего богатства человеческого духа с его расовыми, религиозными, этническими и т. п. разновидностями. Автор статьи убежден, что как подлинный ученый М. Казем-бек не мог быть фанатиком, но и религиозность его была поколеблена объективной оценкой истории ислама и других мировых религий. A study of the scientific and theoretical biography of M. Kazem-bek testifies to a certain philosophical culture of an outstanding orientalist. The question arises about the proportionality of the methodological potential of philosophy in the work of M. Kazem-bek with the research needs of a scientist. Although none of the serious researchers of his work would come up with the idea of reproaching him for the lack of a conceptually holistic theoretical and philosophical view of the world, the article attempts to clarify the content of the philosophical culture of the scientist. The philosophical and methodological culture of M. Kazem-bek»s creativity is determined by the peculiarities of the cultural code of his outstanding personality. He was a scientist who did not fit into the evolving traditions of the Russian scientific community in many ways. Non-systemic self-education and the eclectic scientific methodology of Kazem-beck to a certain extent were ahead of their time, being effective in understanding many areas of his work. It happened what is happening in post-non- classical scientific rationality, forming as a synthesis of rational and irrational, natural science and socio- humanitarian, scientific and extra-scientific, cognitive and value, etc., which implies the demand for all the wealth of the human spirit with its racial, religious, ethnic, etc. varieties. The author of the article is convinced that as a true scientist M. Kazem-bek could not be a fanatic, but his religiosity was shaken by an objective assessment of the history of Islam and other world religions.

scholarly journals The history of the Purine Club: a tribute to Prof. Geoffrey Burnstock

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria P. Abbracchio
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Extracellular Nucleotides ◽  
Purinergic Signalling ◽  
Breakdown Product ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

AbstractThe international purinergic scientific community has lost its pioneer. Geoffrey Burnstock, born on the 10th of May 1929 in London, died on the 2nd of June 2020, aged 91, in Melbourne (Australia). Geoff was one of the most highly regarded scientists of his generation. In the 1960s and 1970s, he developed a radical and somehow heretical new theory and opened an entire new field of science, signalling via extracellular nucleotides (the “purinergic theory”), which revolutionized our understanding of how cells communicate between each other. Initially, his unconventional theory found a lot of resistance in the scientific community. Once, one scientist even threatened to devote his entire life to disproving Burnstock’s theory. Undeterred, Geoff went further on, and continued to accumulate evidence in favour of his hypothesis, and led the field ever since. He struggled to attract new scientists to this new field of research and, in the early 1990s, due to new molecular biology techniques making it possible to isolate and identify cell surface receptors for ATP and its breakdown product adenosine, did evidence emerge that eventually convinced the doubters. The number of spontaneous obituaries and messages honouring Geoff’s memory that have appeared on specialized Journals and in the public press throughout the world since last June indicates that many people are clearly affected by his death. Besides being a rigorous, ethical and extremely brilliant scientist, Geoff was an extraordinary human being, always eager to collaborate and share data, never jealous of his findings and capable of learning things even from young people. He was known for his enthusiasm, empathy and ability to motivate young scientists and promote their careers. After the establishment of the Purine Club back in the 1990s, numerous Purine Club Chapters have been formed around the world with Geoff’s help and encouragement. He has obviously also been the inspirator and founder of our Journal, Purinergic Signalling (PUSI). For this reason, Charles Kennedy, the current Editor of the Journal, and myself thought that it might be nice to invite representatives from all known Purine Clubs to send a few notes to be published in PUSI on the history of their club and how Geoff inspired, aided or supported them. Here, I have collected all their contributions and I share with the entire purinergic community my personal memories on how the Purine Club was born and developed thanks to the invaluable mentoring of Geoffrey Burnstock. I apologize in advance if I am missing some information or forgot to mention somebody, and I strongly encourage all readers to submit memories and additional information that I shall gather for future writing. Keeping alive the history of how the field developed will be the best tribute that we can play to celebrate Geoff’s work along the years.

God joins us in death

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-53
Author(s):  
Graham B. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Religious Community ◽  
Ecological Crisis ◽  
Environmental Crisis ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Slow Violence ◽  
Science And Faith

Graham B. Walker introduces the slow violence of the environmental crisis as a flashpoint in the question for the doctrine of providence in general and the history of the Cross specifically. Where is God in all this? Two immediate positions are identified: the first position assumes that God is located high above the world of chaos in the valley below. God intervenes as God deems appropriate. Questions of inordinate suffering challenge this starting point. A second notion begins in the chaotic valley below and asks, where is God in all of this? E. Frank Tupper begins in this valley and describes “the God of love (who) always does the most God can do.” Tupper identifies the ecological crisis as a significant factor in the chaos of human history. Walker amplifies this concern by introducing ecologist Rob Nixon’s critique of the Western addiction to global consumption and Edward O. Wilson’s appeal for the religious community and the scientific community to work together for the love of the earth. Looking for theological responses that unite both science and faith with a love for God’s world, Walker dialogues with Ian McFarland and Sallie McFague. Although McFarland and McFague start from divergent theological positions, they arrive at a similar conclusion: the self-limitation of human acquisitive desire for the love of God’s world and God’s identification with the suffering creation of the world in the death of Christ.

Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Crawford Gribben
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
Christian Faith ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
History Of Christianity ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the history of Christianity in Ireland. Since the arrival of Palladius in Ireland in the year 431, the ‘land of saints and scholars’ has had a long and complex relationship with its dominant religion. Ireland's social, political and intellectual history has always been integrated with its experience of Christianity, for the religion that began to organize in 431 has shaped in powerful ways the island's cultures and languages, as well as its people's conceptions of what it means to be an individual, a family, a community, and a nation. Over one-and-a-half millennia, the Christian faith fashioned ideas about Irish-ness and Ireland, just as Irish missionaries, theologians, ideas, and experiences shaped Christianity as it expanded around the world. Nevertheless, the dominance of Christianity in Ireland was never complete and has never been uncontested.

Tax Experiment Development History and Modern Tendencies

Financial law ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 40-45
Author(s):  
Sergey M. Poryvkin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Development History ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Negative Factors

Tax experiments have been gaining popularity in the world in recent years. However, in most countries, as in the Russian Federation, there is no formally defined approach to experimental regulation. The process, results, and approach of many experiments are controversial in the scientific community. Based on history, it is possible to determine both the general elements of experiments and the attitude of governments to them, and the signs that influenced the effectiveness of such experiments. In most of the examples reviewed from several countries, the experiments were conducted using almost the same template. Based on the analysis of the history of individual tax experiments, the author draws conclusions about the presence of positive and negative factors common to different countries that affect the effectiveness of conducting, as well as the presence of modern problems and possible ways to solve them.

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