Tunisia
This chapter substantiates the causal mechanism at the micro-level by retracing the emergence and development of social policies in Thnisia. A primary goal of the case studies is to provide empirical evidence for a link between intra-elite conflict and social policies and spending. The author relies on three types of primary source: archival material; autobiographies of key actors; and interviews with former policy makers. A particular focus is the role of the ruler, Bourguiba, and his impact on early social policies. Highlighting Bourguiba’s opposition to important social policy reforms, the chapter backs up the author’s claim that ideology and the ruler’s personality played a secondary role in shaping social policies. The chapter also sets out to explain the persistence of social spending following divergence. It highlights the key mechanisms of path dependence in the Tunisian case, using the examples of food and energy subsidies and the 2004 health care reform.