Sacrifice

2019 ◽  
pp. 94-116
Author(s):  
Gavin Flood
Keyword(s):  
Major Element ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
Affirmation Of Life ◽  
Life Itself ◽  
History Of ◽  
Human Practices ◽  
Self Repair ◽  
Early Human

The affirmation of life through a culture of hunting was a major element in early human practices, but with the Neolithic farming revolution, we have new modes of producing food and new kinds of societies that could be much larger; the first urban landscapes beginning to appear in places such as Jericho, along with the emergence of religion characterized by sacrifice. While the origins of sacrifice are obscure, sacrifice is a category central to our understanding of religion and of human cultural life generally. Sacrifice has had a central place in the history of civilizations as an attempt at human self-repair and bringing people into a fullness of life, attempting to fulfil the desire for life itself and to go beyond death.

scholarly journals From Theater to Cinematography: Creative Search of Les Kurbas

2020 ◽  
pp. 109-119
Author(s):  
Violeta Demeshchenko
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Political Theater ◽  
Creative Work ◽  
Documentary Evidence ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
Life Itself ◽  
History Of ◽  
Positive Memories

The article examines the artistic path and creative pursuits of Les Kurbas, the Ukrainian and soviet director, who undoubtedly remains an outstanding figure in the history of Ukrainian cultural life in the 1920s and 1930s. He was the founder of Ukrainian political theater, and later philosophical theater; also fruitfully worked in early cinematography. The article emphasizes the relevance of studying the creative work of the director, his original creative method of educating actors nowadays. In his own way, Kurbas became a standalone theatrical institute for young people, raised more than four dozen professional directors who later became theater managers and directors of Ukrainian theaters, teachers. The director created Ukrainian theater and cinema school of acting; his innovative artistic ideas still remain relevant today. He developed his own aesthetic-theatrical concept of conditional-metaphorical theater based on life itself. Being the man of art, Kurbas influenced the formation of stage constructivism in Ukrainian theatrical art. In addition to the positive memories of his contemporaries, we also encounter some legends, various testimonies and assessments of events of that time, which create a certain mythological space around the artist. Hence, today we need to carefully analyze numerous documentary evidence, facts, memoirs, literary and theatrical sources, as well as try to be objective in reconstructing events and reflecting on the fate and work of the director.

Who Is the Founder of Psychophysics and Experimental Psychology?

1999 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Omar Khaleefa
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Experimental Method ◽  
Experimental Psychology ◽  
Visual Illusion ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Psychological Explanation ◽  
Moon Illusion ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
History Of

The study is an investigation of the origins of psychophysics and experimentalpsychology. According to historians of psychology. FrancisBacon had the most crucial influence in the history of the experimentalmethod, because he emphasized the importance of induction, skepticism,quantification, and observation. The present study, however,attempts to show that Ibn al-Haytham laid the foundations of the aboveaspects of the experimental method. Furthermore, a number of historiansof psychology believe that Fechner was the founder of psychophysicswith his application “Filements of Psychophysics” in 1860.This study shows that in the eleventh century, Ibn al-Haytham made anoriginal contribution to the study of vision, wherein his psychophysicsborrowed its structure from physics and its spirit from psychology.Several aspects of visual perception were investigated by him, includingsensation (which occupies a central place in psychophysics), variationsin sensitivity, perception of colors. sensation of touch, perceptionof darkness, the psychological explanation of moon illusion, and binocularvision. This study presents five experiments by Ibn al-Haythamregarding the errors of vision, which is called in contemporary psychology“visual illusion.” These experiments have been applied andverified in Bahrain from both the physical and psychological perspectives.Finally, the study concludes that Ibn al-Haytham deserves the title“founder” of psychophysics as wellp the “founder” of experimentalpsychology. In this respect. Kitab ul-Manazir by Ibn al-Haytham.which appeared in the fmt half of the eleventh century, and not the“Elements of Psychophysics” by Fechner. which was published in thenineteenth century, marks the official “founding” of psychology,because it provides not only new concepts and theories but new methodsof measurement in psychology.

Integrative Approach in Law Understanding: the History of the Origin of Ideas and the Current State

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-130
Author(s):  
R. R. Palekha ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Place ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Current State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Legal Thinking ◽  
Reliable Knowledge ◽  
The Right ◽  
Fat Formulation

Introduction. Right understanding is the most live, interesting and, at the same time, the uncertain and changeable area of researches which takes the central place as in the general theory of the right, and gains the increasing value in industry jurisprudence that is connected with its considerable teoretiko-methodological and applied potential which is shown in spheres of lawmaking and law-enforcement activity. Thus, right understanding represents research tools of the subject of knowledge which allow to study all range legal and, the based on them, state phenomena for the purpose of obtaining reliable knowledge of state and legal reality. In this regard integrative approach in right understanding which has rich history of the formation and development is of special interest, allows to perceive the right as integrally complete phenomenon, as much as possible retrieves its regulatory abilities and, provides achievement of criteria of scientific research: comprehensiveness, objectivity, historicism. Materials and Methods. In article an attempt of the analysis of integrative approach in right understanding from a position of history of origin of his ideas and assessment of the current state is made. A result of studying of scientific literature, generalization and comparison of the different points of view fat formulation of author’s determination of category “right understanding” and submission of the evidence-based integrative theory of right understanding which as much as possible conforms to requirements of time and has essential regulatory and guarding potential. Results. In article the category right understanding is comprehensively considered, different integrative theories of right understanding from a position of their origin and development are submitted, the value of modern integrative approach in right understanding is shown, perspectives of its further development are evaluated. Discussion and Conclusion. The author comes to the conclusion about the theoretical and methodological consistency and inevitability of the integrative approach in law understanding, which acts as a scientifically grounded type of legal thinking capable of comprehending the law on a truly scientific basis.

The Major Transitions in Evolution

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Maynard Smith ◽  
Eors Szathmary
Keyword(s):  
Full Range ◽  
Evolution Of Cooperation ◽  
Major Transitions ◽  
Insect Societies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Major Transition ◽  
Life Itself ◽  
History Of ◽  
Emergence Of Cooperation ◽  
Multicellular Organisms

Over the history of life there have been several major changes in the way genetic information is organized and transmitted from one generation to the next. These transitions include the origin of life itself, the first eukaryotic cells, reproduction by sexual means, the appearance of multicellular plants and animals, the emergence of cooperation and of animal societies, and the unique language ability of humans. This ambitious book provides the first unified discussion of the full range of these transitions. The authors highlight the similarities between different transitions--between the union of replicating molecules to form chromosomes and of cells to form multicellular organisms, for example--and show how understanding one transition sheds light on others. They trace a common theme throughout the history of evolution: after a major transition some entities lose the ability to replicate independently, becoming able to reproduce only as part of a larger whole. The authors investigate this pattern and why selection between entities at a lower level does not disrupt selection at more complex levels. Their explanation encompasses a compelling theory of the evolution of cooperation at all levels of complexity. Engagingly written and filled with numerous illustrations, this book can be read with enjoyment by anyone with an undergraduate training in biology. It is ideal for advanced discussion groups on evolution and includes accessible discussions of a wide range of topics, from molecular biology and linguistics to insect societies.

John among the Apocalypses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin E. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Gospel Of John ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Reception History ◽  
Genre Theory ◽  
Synoptic Gospels ◽  
Book Of Revelation ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
And Function

The central place of revelation in the Gospel of John and the Gospel’s revelatory telling of the life of Jesus are distinctive features of John when compared with the Synoptic Gospels; yet, when John is compared among the apocalypses, these same features indicate John’s striking affinity with the genre of apocalypse. By paying attention to modern genre theory and making an extensive comparison with the standard definition of “apocalypse,” the Gospel of John reflects similarities with Jewish apocalypses in form, content, and function. Even though the Gospel of John reflects similarities with the genre of apocalypse, John is not an apocalypse, but in genre theory terms, John may be described as a gospel in kind and an apocalypse in mode. John’s narrative of Jesus’s life has been qualified and shaped by the genre of apocalypse, such that it may be called an “apocalyptic” gospel. Understanding the Fourth Gospel as “apocalyptic” Gospel provides an explanation for John’s appeal to Israel’s Scriptures and Mosaic authority. Possible historical reasons for the revelatory narration of Jesus’s life in the Gospel of John may be explained by the Gospel’s relationship with the book of Revelation and the history of reception concerning their writing. An examination of Byzantine iconographic traditions highlights how reception history may offer a possible explanation for reading John as “apocalyptic” Gospel.

THE HISTORY OF THE CONQUEST OF THE KHIVIN KHANATE BY THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE FROM FOREIGN SOURCES

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 44-47
Author(s):  
Ilhom Juraev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
History Of ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Political Economic

In this article, the author analyzes McGahan's novels “Campaigning on the Oxus, and the Fall of Khiva” which is about the history of Uzbekistan, and distinguishes that these novels according to their peculiarities highlight the history of Uzbekistan particularly the last quarter of XIX century when the valley invaded by Soviet Russia and author shared his thoughts on the basis of historical sources and gave some summaries.Relying on these summaries we obtain necessary information about the valley’s political, economic and cultural life

  G. BAEV’S ACTIVITIES ON CHRISTIAN EDUCATION IN OSSETIA.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Л.К. Гостиева
Keyword(s):  
Christian Education ◽  
National Culture ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
Active Participation ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Periodical Press ◽  
Public Figure ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
Educational Literature ◽  
History Of

Одной из сфер многогранной деятельности видного государственного и общественного деятеля Осетии Георгия (Гаппо) Васильевича Баева являлось христианское просвещение, которое он видел в развитии осетинского языка и осетинской письменности, в издании богослужебной, научно-просветительной и художественной литературы на осетинском языке, в становлении национальной периодической печати. Отмечены заслуги Баева в этих областях культурной жизни Осетии. Рассмотрена его деятельность в качестве цензора религиозно-просветительского журнала на осетинском языке Чырыстон цард ( Христианская жизнь ), как одного из организаторов Осетинского издательского общества Ир , а также секретаря и председателя Общества распространения образования и технических сведений среди горцев Терской области. Особое внимание уделено переизданию Святого Евангелия на осетинском языке в новой редакции, его участию в выходе в свет поэмы А.Кубалова фхрдты Хсан и сборника стихотворений К.Л.Хетагурова Ирон фндыр , в издании газеты на осетинском языке. Показан его вклад в дело собирания и издания устного народного творчества осетин. Отмечена организационная и практическая помощь Баева выдающемуся русскому ученому В.Ф.Миллеру в период его работы над осетинско-русско-немецким словарем. Акцентировано внимание на активном участии Баева в жизни православной церкви, его помощи в ремонте и строительстве православных храмов и школ. Сделан вывод о том, что его активная деятельность по христианскому просвещению в Осетии оставила глубокий след в истории осетинского православия, способствовала развитию национальной культуры и формированию самосознания осетин. One of the spheres of multifaceted activities of the prominent state and public figure of Ossetia Georgy (Gappo) Vasilyevich Baev was Christian education, which, in his opinion, lay in the development of the Ossetian language and Ossetian writing, in the publication of liturgical, scientific and educational literature in the Ossetian language, in the formation of the national periodical press. Baevs merits in these fields of the cultural life of Ossetia are noted. His activity as a censor of the religious and educational magazine in Ossetian Chyryston tsard (Christian life), Secretary and Chairman of the society for the dissemination of education and technical information among the mountaineers of the Terek region, one of the organizers of the Ossetian publishing society IR is considered. Special attention is paid to the reissue of the Holy gospel in the Ossetian language in a new edition, the publication of A. Kubalovs poem fhrdty Hsan and the collection of poems by K.L. Khetagurov Iron fndyr, the publication of the newspaper in the Ossetian language. His contribution to the collection and publication of oral folk art of Ossetians is shown. Russian scholar V.F. Miller in his work on the Ossetian-Russian-German dictionary received organizational and practical assistance from G.Baev. Attention is focused on the active participation of Baev in the life of the Orthodox Church, assistance in the repairing and construction of Orthodox churches and schools. It is concluded that his active work on Christian education in Ossetia left a deep mark in the history of Ossetian Orthodoxy, contributed to the development of national culture and the formation of self-consciousness of Ossetians.

HATİCE SULTAN (NEŞETÂBÂD) SARAYI GRAVÜRÜ ÖRNEKLEMİNDE DEĞİŞEN İSTANBUL KÜLTÜRÜ

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 87-106
Author(s):  
Nazlı Ece GEYİK ◽  
Musa BİLİK
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Topographic Image ◽  
Historical Document ◽  
The West ◽  
Natural Landscape ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
Renaissance Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cultural Structure

The fact that the Ottoman Empire was an exotic and mysterious Eastern country has been an important issue that has great meaning for Western orientalist engraving artists. The natural landscape, topographic image, mosques, palaces, daily life and the Bosphorus of Istanbul which is the capital of the Empire, were important elements that lived in the engravings of many painters. After going to Europe, many of these painters turned their paintings into an album with the technique of Engraving. These albums have survived to the present day as a historical document introducing the socio-cultural life of the Ottoman Empire. 18. in the century, Sultan III. During Selim's period, there were serious changes and transformations in the cultural sense. During this period, the Ottoman palace opened its doors to Western artists, and a culture that developed under the influence of the West began to gain a place, especially in Istanbul. In this article, after briefly mentioning the history of Engraving art, information is given about the life of the Orientalist Painter Melling, who grew up under the influence of the Renaissance period in Europe and turned his face to the East. After mentioning the artist's work as a painter and architect in Istanbul, his relationship with Hatice Sultan, the sister of Sultan Selim III, and the dimensions of this relationship were evaluated. It is aimed to examine the change and transformation of the palace and the socio-cultural structure of the period through the Neşetabad Palace engraving made by Melling.

Narrative Structure and Content of Vietnamese Stories Regarding Tutelary Deities of Villages (thần tích): Case Study of the Story of Yết Kiêu Spirit

2020 ◽  
pp. 51-69
Author(s):  
Elena V. Gordienko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Narrative Structure ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
European Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Temple Community

This article analyzes the Story of a fisherman Yết Kiêu (歇驕) who is worshiped as a tutelary spirit in villages of Northern Vietnam. Yết Kiêu is a semi-mythical character and he is widely credited with supernatural abilities and merits in war against the Mongols (1288). I investigate the text that belongs to thần tích genre (神). It is a manuscript written in Vietnamese at Yết Kiêu’s birthplace, which is the central place of his worship (on the basis of previous texts of the 16th–19th centuries). The Story of Yết Kiêu has a complex structure reflecting the history of the development of this particular text and the whole genre as well. The story can be divided in four parts differing in form and content: the folk layer (the oldest part), the historical narrative (likely compiled by court historiographers in the 15th–17th centuries), the legend of Yết Kiêu’s Mongolian bride (emerged evidently in a temple community during later centuries) and the description of Yết Kiêu’s cult (which appeared under the influence of the European research methods in the early 20th century). The article contains a fragment of the story translated into Russian.

Stranger Fictions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca C. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
World Literature ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Arabic Literature ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Reading Practices ◽  
Global Circulation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Modern Arabic

Zaynab, first published in 1913, is widely cited as the first Arabic novel, yet the previous eight decades saw hundreds of novels translated into Arabic from English and French. This vast literary corpus influenced generations of Arab writers but has, until now, been considered a curious footnote in the genre's history. Incorporating these works into the history of the Arabic novel, this book offers a transformative new account of modern Arabic literature, world literature, and the novel. This book rewrites the history of the global circulation of the novel by moving Arabic literature from the margins of comparative literature to its center. Considering the wide range of nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century translation practices, the book argues that Arabic translators did far more than copy European works; they authored new versions of them, producing sophisticated theorizations of the genre. These translations and the reading practices they precipitated form the conceptual and practical foundations of Arab literary modernity, necessitating an overhaul of our notions of translation, cultural exchange, and the global. The book shows how translators theorized the Arab world not as Europe's periphery but as an alternative center in a globalized network. It affirms the central place of (mis)translation in both the history of the novel in Arabic and the novel as a transnational form itself.

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