Kin Selection: My Sister’s Keeper

2020 ◽  
pp. 102-109
Author(s):  
Helmut Satz

Female bees carry two sets of chromosomes, one from the mother, one from the father—they are diploid. Male bees (drones) carry only one set, inherited from the mother—they are haploid. As a result, the relation between sisters is closer than between a female worker and her possible offspring. This inheritance structure led to the caste scheme of bee colonies, with a single queen giving rise to all offspring, while the sterile female workers take over the child care, not having children of their own. By assuring the survival of the children of the queen, the worker females assure the passage of favorable genes better than by having children of their own.

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Fatima Ardjani ◽  
Djelloul Bouchiha

The ontology alignment process aims at generating a set of correspondences between entities of two ontologies. It is an important task, notably in the semantic web research, because it allows the joint consideration of resources defined in different ontologies. In this article, the authors developed an ontology alignment system called ABCMap+. It uses an optimization method based on artificial bee colonies (ABC) to solve the problem of optimizing the aggregation of three similarity measures of different matchers (syntactic, linguistic and structural) to obtain a single similarity measure. To evaluate the ABCMap+ ontology alignment system, authors considered the OAEI 2012 alignment system evaluation campaign. Experiments have been carried out to get the best ABCMap+'s alignment. Then, a comparative study showed that the ABCMap+ system is better than participants in the OAEI 2012 in terms of Recall and Precision.


ILR Review ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Fields ◽  
Edward N. Wolff

Using data from the March 1988 Current Population Survey, the authors find that the wages of female workers differ significantly by industry, even when the analysis controls for workers' productivity-related characteristics. Although these interindustry wage differentials are at least as large as men's and are highly correlated with them as well, there are statistically significant differences between the two. Of the overall gender wage gap (the average female worker earns about 65% as much as the average male worker), 12–22% can be explained by differences between the patterns of interindustry wage differentials of men and women and 15–19% by differences in the distribution of male and female workers across industries. Thus, the combined industry effects explain about one-third of the overall gender wage gap.


2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (9) ◽  
pp. 1542-1545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robyn M Underwood ◽  
Michael J Lewis ◽  
James F Hare

Although kin selection is commonly regarded as a major force in the evolution and maintenance of social behaviour in eusocial insects, recent controversy regarding whether honey bee (Apis mellifera L., 1758) workers can discriminate close kin from more distant relatives casts doubt on the extent to which cooperation among individuals within honey bee colonies is controlled by genetic relatedness. We contrasted brood and honey production in colonies where we diluted worker relatedness with those elements of productivity in colonies where relatedness was unmanipulated. Relatedness manipulation did not affect overall brood production, worker or drone brood production, the worker to drone brood sex ratio, or the volume of honey produced. Thus, there is no evidence that honey bees discriminate close from distant relatives or, more importantly, that dilution of the coefficient of relatedness within a colony has any impact on the efficiency of that colony.


The Condor ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 694-697
Author(s):  
Richard A. Phillips

Abstract Cooperative breeding is unusual in seabirds, but recorded in varying proportions in Brown Skuas (Stercorarius [= Catharacta] lonnbergi). With no evidence for kin selection or delayed dispersal, nor for any reproductive advantage, the reason for its occurrence in skuas is uncertain. This study describes the incidence, composition, and breeding characteristics of trios of Brown Skuas at Bird Island, South Georgia. Trios were recorded in nine seasons, including a polygynous and a polyandrous trio found in both 2000–2001 and 2001–2002. In some years, birds hatched three chicks from supranormal clutches, which is exceptional in skuas and jaegers, yet their overall performance was no better than monogamous pairs. I suggest that compared with closely related taxa, Brown Skuas have a slight behavioral or genetic predisposition that facilitates cooperative breeding. Cooperation conveys a minor advantage in territory acquisition, but none in terms of reproductive success (particularly for polygynous groups), and consequently has not proliferated at most colonies. Tríos de Stercorarius [= Catharacta] lonnbergi en Bird Island, Georgia del Sur: Incidencia y Composición Resumen. La crianza cooperativa es inusual en aves marinas pero se ha reportado en diversa medida en Stercorarius [= Catharacta] lonnbergi. Sin ninguna evidencia sobre selección de parentesco o dispersión retrasada, ni ninguna ventaja reproductiva, se desconoce por qué sucede en los págalos. Este estudio describe la incidencia, composición y características de cría de tríos de S. lonnbergi en Bird Island, Georgia del Sur. Varios tríos fueron monitoreados durante nueve estaciones, incluyendo un trío poligínico y otro poliándrico encontrados en 2000–2001 y 2001–2002, respectivamente. En algunos años las aves lograron la eclosión de tres polluelos de nidadas más grandes de lo normal, lo cual es excepcional en págalos, pero su éxito no fue mayor que el de parejas monógamas. Se sugiere que en comparación con taxa estrechamente relacionados, S. lonnbergi tiene una ligera predisposición de tipo comportamental o genética que facilita la cría cooperativa. La cooperación conlleva una cierta ventaja en la adquisición de territorios, pero ninguna ventaja en términos de éxito reproductivo (en particular para grupos poligínicos), y en consecuencia no ha proliferado en la mayoría de las colonias.


Author(s):  
Mustafa Güneşdoğdu ◽  
Ahmet Şekeroğlu

The basic rule in honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) rearing is to work with qualified queens. Quality queen means strong and healthy colonies. Honey bee colonies are a social community, each managed by a single queen bee. The queen bee is the only female that produces eggs in the colony under normal conditions, and the quality and healthy queen is important for the continuity of the colony. Many factors affect the quality of the queen bee, such as the rearing colony, the age of the transferred larva and the transfer medium, the season, cell emergence weight, spermatheca charged, the characteristics of the starter and finisher hives. In this paper, the issues to be considered in raising a quality queen are emphasized.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
R. D. Mariani ◽  
F. C. Rosati

Abstract The availability of child-care services has often been advocated as one of the instruments to counter the fertility decline observed in many high-income countries. In the recent past, large inflows of low-skilled migrants have substantially increased the supply of child-care services. In this paper, we examine if immigration has actually affected fertility exploiting the natural experiment occurred in Italy in 2007, when a large inflow of migrants—many of them specialized in the supply of child care—arrived unexpectedly. With a difference-in-differences method, we show that immigrant female workers have increased native births by a number that ranges roughly from 2% to 4%. We validate our result by the implementation of an instrumental variable approach and several robustness tests, all concluding that the increase in the supply of child-care services by immigrant women has positively affected native fertility.


2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 212-220
Author(s):  
Tibrani Tibrani

The role of female laborers is not only a housewife but also has multiple roles in her family. This study aims to analyze: (1) Characteristics of female labor and business profile of cassava chips, (2) The amount of female worker participation, (3) The amount of female labor contribution to cassava chips business to household income, 4) Factors influencing the participation of female workers in cassava chips business. This research was conducted in Kulim District Tenayan Raya District from January to May 2016 using survey method. The sample of the study was deliberately taken by 33 female workers. The results showed that the average age of female workers was 33 years old, 9 years old with 3 years of work experience and 4 family dependents. Furthermore, female work participation rate (TPK) on cassava chips business is 1.52% with contribution of female worker earnings to total household income is 33,37%. F-calculation results show that simultaneously the value of adjusted coefficient R square (R2) 75.20%. Partially, the factors that influence significantly to participation are age factor, work experience, and woman worker wage at 90% and 95% confidence level.


2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 142
Author(s):  
Marzuti Isra ◽  
Sri Sudiarti ◽  
Isnaini Harahap

This study aims to describe about the use of hijab to women who work in culinary business Medan City. This research uses qualitative method whose data is descriptive analytical. The objects of this research are owners and female workers at the Bika Ambon Zulaikha and Bolu Meranti outlets. The research is using qualitative method with descriptive analytic data and collection by interviewing, observing and documenting techniques. The results of the study show that (1) Working with women workers is a policy applied by culinary investors for the purpose of implementing marketing management strategies in attracting the largest Muslim consumers in Medan and maintaining clean and hygienic environment for all culinary products. (2) Awareness of the veil of every female worker which are an ideological awareness and understanding long before work, find awareness and understanding of hijab after work also the awareness and understanding of the hijab is limited as the head cover to maintain the cleanliness of culinary products. (3) Hijab also contributes in building the perception of Islamic consumers to shop at culinary outlets. That Islamic consumers have the confidence and convenience of hygienic and halal guarantees when shopping for culinary at outlets whose workers use the hijab.


Agric ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-42
Author(s):  
Devi Retno Sari ◽  
Nyayu Neti Arianti ◽  
Basuki Sigit Priyono

This research was conducted to: 1) analyze the contribution of female worker income to household income, and 2) analyze the factors that influence the female worker income of plantation female workers at P.T. Agro Muko (Mukomuko Estate). The number of female workers at P.T. Agro Muko (Mukomuko Estate) was 297. Therefore, by using the Slovin formula, the counted number respondents was 75. The contribution of female worker’s income to household income was counted with the percentage of female worker’s income contribution to the total of household income. Meanwhile, the factors that influenced to the income of female worker was analyzed using multiple linear regression model. The results indicate that the average income of female worker is Rp 1,481,680/month with an average contribution of 55.17% to household income. Female worker ages and husband’s income had negative effect on the female worker income, while formal education, number of family dependents, and working experience had positive effect. Other family member’s income had no effect.


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