Norm and Spontaneity

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
K. E. Løgstrup ◽  
Kees van Kooten Niekerk ◽  
Kristian-Alberto Lykke Cobos ◽  
Hans Fink ◽  
Bjørn Rabjerg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Concrete Situation

In this chapter, ‘Norm and Spontaneity’, Løgstrup starts by drawing a distinction between morality (rules and norms which can be applied and utilized) and the sovereign expressions of life (which cannot be applied or utilized, but can only be realized in the concrete situation). He then goes on to discuss conflicts between duty and temptation and also the possibility of situations where there is a conflict of duties, drawing in Kant and Joseph Conrad’s The Secret Sharer in the discussion.

scholarly journals Reflective Situated Normativity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasper C. van den Herik ◽  
Erik Rietveld
Keyword(s):  
Concrete Situation ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractSituated normativity is the ability of skilled individuals to distinguish better from worse, adequate from inadequate, appropriate from inappropriate, or correct from incorrect in the context of a particular situation. Situated normativity consists in a situated appreciation expressed in normative behaviour, and can be experienced as a bodily affective tension that motivates a skilled individual to act on particular possibilities for action offered by a concrete situation. The concept of situated normativity has so far primarily been discussed in the context of skilled unreflective action. In this paper, we aim to explore and sketch the role of the concept of situated normativity in characterising more reflective forms of normativity. The goal of the paper is two-fold: first, by showing more reflective forms of normativity to be continuous with unreflective situated normativity, we bring these reflective forms into the reach of embodied accounts of cognition; and second, by extending the concept of situated normativity, new light is thrown on questions regarding reflective forms of cognition. We show that sociomaterial aspects of situations are crucial for understanding more reflective forms of normativity. We also shed light on the important question of how explicit rules can compel people to behave in particular ways.

Frequency and Tense Use in French

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 43-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arie Molendijk ◽  
Henriette E. de Swart
Keyword(s):  
General Rule ◽  
Concrete Situation ◽  
Dependent Frequency ◽  
Temporal Relationships ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Do So

Abstract. This paper deals wilh the use of Ihe passé simple and the imparfait of French in frequentative sentences. It is argued that frequency implies sentence-internal quantification, meaning that frequentative sentences report just one (complex) eventuality. This claim is related to the fact that, as far as establishing temporal relationships between eventualities is concerned, sentences containing frequency adverbs behave like sentences that don't imply quantification at all. So they may establish all kinds of temporal relationships between eventualities. Given the claims put forward in this paper about the temporal meaning of the passe* simple and the imparfait (Molendijk 1990), it naturally follows that, as a general rule, frequency adverbs combine with both tenses. But they do not always do so under exactly the same circumstances. In this regard, a distinction can be made between dependent frequency adverbs {tout le temps 'all the time' etc.), which imply reference to a contextually determinable concrete situation, and independent ones (toujours 'always', etc.), which may be used without any reference to such a situation. This distinction helps us to understand, for instance, why dependent frequency adverbs do not easily combine with the 'absolute' (non-narrative) passe simple, whereas they do combine with the imparfait and the 'narrative' passé simple.

Improvisation as Technique and Practice for Design

2020 ◽  
pp. 170-187
Author(s):  
Kristian Kloeckl
Keyword(s):  
Performing Arts ◽  
Participatory Design ◽  
Role Play ◽  
Design Methods ◽  
Design Approach ◽  
Concrete Situation

This chapter explores the richness of practice-based frameworks and improvisation techniques in the performing arts. It illustrates how these can become a resource for an improvisation-based design approach by developing a concrete hybrid city application. Participatory design methods use improvisation to develop applications in collaboration with users. They attempt to unlock tacit kinds of knowing and gain firsthand appreciation of existing or future conditions by engaging participants and designers together in a concrete situation. In role-play techniques, for example, cards are handed to each participant that introduce the scene and contain information about rules associated with that specific scene, goals to be achieved, and the roles that participants enact.

scholarly journals From Ladder and Thread to Heaven: The Symbolic Meaning of the Path in a Fragment of the Linguistic World Image

Linguistics ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 38-52
Author(s):  
Oksana Simovych ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Symbolic Meaning ◽  
Demarcation Line ◽  
Concrete Situation ◽  
General Semantics ◽  
The World ◽  
Symbolic Meanings ◽  
The Subject ◽  
World Image

This article «From Ladder and Thread to Heaven: The Symbolic Meaning of the Path in a Fragment of the Linguistic World Image» explores the problem of the analysis of folk customs. These customs could be verbalized both in folk texts and in dialects. The specifics of this study lie in the linguistic analysis of the symbols which are usually interpreted as folk customs and folk objects. However, the symbolism of the objects in national customs causes the development of a symbolic meaning of the respective word that defines these objects. In this way, many symbols in folk customs become verbal, and the context of the custom creates a foundation for the development of the symbolic meaning. The verbal symbols analyzed are a «thread», a «ball of twine», a «ladder», a «bridge» and a «cross». In the national Ukrainian linguistic space, these words have the general semantics of the ‘connection between worlds’. It is stressed that the symbolic meaning of the (celestial) ladder has been discovered in the biblical context. This is also relevant for the clarification of the subject of continuity in the development of the symbolic meanings, which are also documented in the Ukrainian context. A concrete situation in linguistics and custom creates conditions under which arise symbolic co-meanings that develop in the framework of the same main symbolic archetypical meaning. All analyzed symbols belong to the archetypical ones. That is why they have been also discovered with the same semantics in other languages. This is the reason why the analysis of such symbols requires not only facts documented in the dictionaries and texts in Ukrainian, but also information about the respective symbol in other linguistic cultures. It is also pointed out that the thread is analyzed as an apotropaic symbol. This word has also been documented linguistically as a symbol of the demarcation line between one’s own world and the world of «others».

scholarly journals Matrix of cognitive domains for Komi local cases

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 373-394
Author(s):  
Nikolay Kuznetsov
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Central Place ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Concrete Situation ◽  
Internal Organization ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Estonian Language

The semantics of local cases in the framework of the theory of cognitive linguistics has got an internal organization in the form of a matrix of cognitive domains, wherein each of them demonstrates the schematization of the choice of some concrete situation. The zones of its crossing indicate on the parts of the transition from one domain to another. Partial usages of cases belonging to transitional parts are peripheral in respect to prototypical ones. Space has got the central place in the matrix of cognitive domains being the basic cognitive field for all local cases. Anyway, all the other cognitive domains are somehow connected with space having got more or less similarity with it. I’m trying to perform a matrix of cognitive domains for spatial cases of the Komi language analogically with the analysis of cognitive domains of external local cases in the Estonian language (see Vainik 1995).

The Syndrome of Alexia and Amnesic Aphasia. Subarachnoidal Haemorrhage with Symptom of Partial Occlusion of the Spinal Subarachnoidal Space

1948 ◽  
Vol 94 (394) ◽  
pp. 59-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Speech Disorder ◽  
The Other ◽  
Partial Occlusion ◽  
Speech Defect ◽  
Classical View ◽  
Subarachnoidal Space ◽  
Concrete Situation ◽  
Sensory Aphasia ◽  
Thinking Process

Amnesic aphasia has a peculiar position within the aphasic disorders, and it has always been found difficult to bring it into any aphasic scheme. The nearest to it in Head's (1926) classification of symbolic disorder is his nominal aphasia. This, however, is actually a sensory aphasia, in which the difficulty in finding words prevails; it has lost all the characteristics of the classical amnesic speech disorder. Goldstein (1926), on the other hand, while stressing the existence of the amnesic aphasia as a definite and well-circumscribed type of disorder, denies that it has anything to do with a speech defect—an opinion up to then held. According to him, it is fundamentally a defect in the thinking process in which the patients have sunk to a lower and more concrete level of behaviour. They have, according to Goldstein (1926), lost the categorical meaning and use of words; they may be able to name an object in a concrete situation, but are unable to generalize, to use the word in its class meaning. Since then this question has been critically examined by several authors (Hauptmann (1931), Isserlin (1936), von Kuenburg (1930), Lotmar (1933), Scheller (1938)) in the light of Goldstein's conception. In their conclusions, repudiating Goldstein's opinion, they reaffirmed the classical view of a basic speech disorder in the amnesic aphasia.

scholarly journals “New Humanism”: Integrative System of Philosophy of Education, Ethics, Social Management and Pedagogy

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-74
Author(s):  
Viktor Viktorovych Zinchenko
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Moral Education ◽  
Education System ◽  
System Integration ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Philosophy Of Education ◽  
Social Philosophy ◽  
Concrete Situation ◽  
New Humanism ◽  
Moral Principles

Explore the major ideological patterns of development of a socially philosophies of education in the context of the problems of institutionalization of knowledge about human and social development. To analyse system-integration aspect of social philosophy and education management in interaction with model of «new humanism» in formation of socially valuable orientations. Classification existing in the western philosophy of education and education of directions is spent, proceeding from basic principles of philosophical school or a current, first of all considering those the purpose and means which are really involved by them in process of education, social development and socially-moral education and being based on the basic installations, the purpose expressed by that or other direction, how its supporters imagine the person, its requirement, a social role, behaviour which the education system and education urged to form. Considering growing requirement of a practical embodiment of ideas of freedom, justice, aspiration to realisation of the human rights proclaimed a society, supporters of the concept of «new humanism» see the main objective in blocking a way to conformism, to a manipulation behaviour of the person and to create conditions for its free self-expression, for realisation by the person of a fundamental choice of acts in a concrete situation and by that to warn danger of formation of the unified form of behaviour. In it principles of «new humanism» approach with a position of  instrumentalism and neopragmatism. Before social philosophy of education/upbringing  it is necessary to define a problem factors which cause achievement of its main objective, to state an estimation to moral principles and personal qualities with which actually the education/education theory connects realisation of the problems, to show, why these, instead of any any other principles and qualities open to the person possibility to choose in a concrete situation socially powerful both morally defensible and comprehensible line of conduct in public the relation. Statement of a question on necessity of the philosophical analysis of problems of education and education in a social context serves as an indicator of understanding philosophers, teachers of an increasing role of the human and moral factor in society development. And, at last, the aspiration to develop socially-philosophical bases of pedagogics in general and education in particular, testifies that the western and domestic philosophers, teachers, representatives of social and psychological sciences, at least, the majority of them, have realised the public importance of an education system and education, its global character.

scholarly journals Wyzwanie etnometodologii i nauka o normach

Etyka ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 231-247
Author(s):  
Jacek Kurczewski
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Deep Structure ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ontological Status ◽  
Individual Behaviour ◽  
Concrete Situation ◽  
The Continuum ◽  
Traditional Sociology

By levelling its criticism it traditional sociology ethnomethodology focuses directly or indirectly on the role of norms in description and explanation of human behaviour. Although sociologists respond to this criticism the way in which they accommodate it is rather superficial. That is why this article is written in the form of a dialogue. One protagonist quotes selected tenets of ethnomethodology, phrasing them as he would be apt to in the programmatic phase of the development of that discipline, while the other offers corrections and undertakes to analyse and evaluate the views that he hears. In the course of their discussion it becomes clear that, according to ethnomethodology, norms out of context have no bearing on behaviour which is always occasioned by particular circumstances hic et nunc. Yet, it would not be true to say that remembrance of norms never affects decisions responsible for individual behaviour, any more than it would be to say that ethnomethodology can dispense with objective language as allegedly incompatible with the very nature of social life. Additionally, the dichotomy ‘indexical versus objective language’ distorts the continuum of the contextuality of expressions beyond recognition. Thus we are left with the old problem, familiar to both practitioners and theorists of normative disciplines, the problem of interpretation, its ramifications are neglected by ethnometodologists. Application of a concrete norm to a concrete situation presupposes an interpretation of the situation, and in this sense, it is true that knowledge of norms is not sufficient for a description of the behaviour by a man who follows them. But a norm can play a role in the interpretation of a situation too. Besides, in their attempt to get rid of surface norms, ethnomethodologists create latent or interpretative norms whose ontological status is rather doubtful. Though they are reconstructed they need not be Identified with deep-structure norms which in fact have influence on human behaviour. In case when the two might conflict the ethnometodologists would be hard put to know what to say. But without precluding any answer to this query, it must be stressed that the interpretative procedures, as they have been reconstructed from ethnomethodological analyses, are vague and underdeveloped which is probably due to this vagueness of criteria with which ethnomethodology defines the object of its interests.

Misi Gereja Dalam Realitas Sosial Indonesia Masa Kini

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-67
Author(s):  
Kalis Stevanus ◽  
Yunianto Yunianto
Keyword(s):  
Social Situation ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
God's Will ◽  
Christian Mission ◽  
Concrete Situation ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Current Context ◽  
The Church

In general, the problem of mission today is related to a one-sided emphasis on one side. One emphasizes and maintains the context of the humanitarian field with all its problems and challenges so that it tends to ignore the text. While others are fixated on the text and ignore the context. It is undeniable that the mission paradigm will influence and determine its missionary practice. This paper is intended to contribute theoretically about the importance of reconstructing the Church's mission paradigm that is relevant to the context of today's Indonesia, and practically the churches in Indonesia can implement an applicable form of mission by taking part in alleviating the concrete problems faced. by the community according to the capabilities of the church members. By using a qualitative approach, namely a literature study, the author will describe descriptively about the foundation of Christian mission and the urgency of conducting a review or updating of the understanding and practice of its mission in the current concrete situation. It was concluded that the mission of the church must still be carried out but in its implementation it must pay attention to the social situation in the community. Because the mission of the church without paying attention to the context of its recipients will find difficulties and even failures in carrying out God's will as the light and salt of the world. This means that the strategy or technique of the church's mission must be implemented according to the current context in which the church is present.

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