A Women’s Tradition

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Vantine Birkenholtz
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Indian Woman ◽  
British India ◽  
Major Phase ◽  
Colonial India ◽  
The Third ◽  
Common Thread ◽  
The Common ◽  
Women's Tradition ◽  
Nepali Women

Chapter 5 examines the third and last major phase of narrative expansion of the Svasthānīvratakathā in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. The common thread of these narratives is a sustained focus on women. Specifically, there was an entrenching of the “traditional” pativratā ideal in nineteenth-century Svasthānīvratakathā texts. Concurrently, the pativratā figure became the object of social and religious debates and reforms in British India. The chapter explores the degree to which the emergence of the “women’s question” and the “new patriarchy” in colonial India that gave rise to a vision of a modern, educated Hindu Indian woman influenced a reinvigorated emphasis on the pativratā ideal in Nepal as a signifier of Nepali Hindu identity. The chapter introduces many of the women-focused narratives, which today raise the question of Nepalis’ understanding of the Svasthānīvratakathā as a women’s tradition. Contemporary perspectives are explored through the voices of Nepali women and men.

scholarly journals Politicized Literature: Dramas, Democracy and the Mysore Princely State

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-58
Author(s):  
Vijayakumar M. Boratti
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Democratic Institutions ◽  
British India ◽  
Colonial India ◽  
The Social ◽  
Princely State

Literary writings such as poetry, drama or novel in colonial India manifest themselves into, react or subscribe to the larger discourse of colonialism or nationalism; rarely do they hold uniformity in their articulations. As colonial experiences and larger nationalist consciousness varied from region to region, cultural articulations—chiefly dramas—not only assumed different forms but also illustrated different thematic concerns. Yet, studies on colonial drama, thus far, have paid attention to either colonialism/orientalism or nationalism. There is a greater focus on British India in such studies. However, the case of princely states demands a momentary sidestep from the dichotomy of colonialism versus nationalism to understand the colonial dramas. The slow and gradual entry of nationalism in the princely states did not have to combat the British chiefly and directly. Much before its full blossom in the princely states, it had to grapple with a range of issues such as monarchy, democratic institutions, constitutionalism, bureaucracy and other pressing issues locally. In the present article, the Kannada dramas of Devanahalli Venkataramanaiah Gundappa (DVG) in the early decades of the twentieth century are examined to throw light on the ways in which they act as political allegories which imagine and debate democracy and its repercussions in the social and political spheres of the Mysore princely state.

scholarly journals Stimulation, Segregation and Scandal: Geographies of Prostitution Regulation in British India, between Registration (1888) and Suppression (1923)

2012 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1459-1505 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEPHEN LEGG
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Central Government ◽  
British India ◽  
Colonial India ◽  
Contagious Diseases ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Military ◽  
Indian Cities

AbstractThis paper explores the regulation of prostitution in colonial India between the abolition of the Indian Contagious Diseases Act in 1888 and the passing of the first Suppression of Immoral Traffic Act in 1923. It challenges the commonly held assumption that prostitutes naturally segregated themselves in Indian cities, and shows that this was a policy advocated by the Government of India. The object was to prevent the military visiting these segregated areas, in the absence of effective Cantonment Regulations for registering, inspecting, and treating prostitutes. The central government stimulated provincial segregation through expressing its desires via demi-official memoranda and confidential correspondence, to which Rangoon and Bombay responded most willingly. The second half of the paper explores the conditions, in both India and Ceylon, that made these segregated areas into scandalous sites in the early twentieth century. It situates the brothel amongst changing beliefs that they: increased rather than decreased incidents of homosexuality; stimulated trafficking in women and children; and encouraged the spread of scandalous white prostitutes ‘up-country’, beyond their tolerated location in coastal cosmopolitan ports. Taken alongside demands that the state support social reform in the early twentieth century, segregation provided the tipping point for the shift towards suppression from 1917 onwards. It also illustrates the scalar shifts in which central-local relations, and relations between provinces, in government were being negotiated in advance of the dyarchy system formalized in 1919.

scholarly journals Influencing Factors of Political Development of Iran, 1953-1979

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Maryam Karimi ◽  
Sarjit Singh Darshan Singh
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Political System ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Common ◽  
Major Factors

This article is going to review the major factors of political development in Iran. Political development process had been a new concept usable in twentieth century. So, Iran is one of those societies which were going to change in political thoughts. In this article, researcher reviews the capabilities of political system in Iran. In the next part, the factors of political development have been realized response of political elites who do reaction to developments and make changes in context of the society upon Iran. In the third part, analyzing of Iran’s political development illustrates the barriers of political development in Iran since 1953 to 1979. In the last part the article concludes that the process of political development was affected by the common sense rose up from society context of Iran by these important factors.

Authority, accountability and representation: the United Provinces police and the dilemmas of the colonial policeman in British India, 1902–39*

2003 ◽  
Vol 76 (192) ◽  
pp. 217-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Campion
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Exchange ◽  
British India ◽  
Police Service ◽  
Police Administration ◽  
Colonial India ◽  
Important Link ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Indian Police Service ◽  
United Provinces

Abstract This article examines police administration and the experience of colonial policing in the villages and towns of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, one of the largest and most important regions of British India in the early twentieth century. During this time it was the inefficiency and weakness of the British in their policing methods, rather than the brutally effective use of the Indian Police Service, that fuelled resentment among the population of colonial India and led to widespread discontent among European and Indian officers and constables. Yet throughout this period, the police remained the most important link between Europeans and Indians, and were a frequent conduit for social exchange as well as a point of bitter conflict.

scholarly journals Book Review: Deepak Kumar and Raj Sekhar Basu, eds, Medical Encounters in British India; Samiksha Sehrawat, Colonial Medical Care in North India: Gender State and Society c. 1840–1920; Poonam Bala, ed., Contesting Colonial Authority: Medicine and Indigenous Responses in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century India; and Madhuri Sharma, Indigenous and Western Medicine in Colonial India

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-116
Author(s):  
Madhwi
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Western Medicine ◽  
North India ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
British India ◽  
Colonial India ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
Colonial Authority ◽  
State And Society

Deepak Kumar and Raj Sekhar Basu, eds, Medical Encounters in British India, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2013, 329 pp.; Samiksha Sehrawat, Colonial Medical Care in North India: Gender State and Society c. 1840–1920, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2013, 292 pp.; Poonam Bala, ed., Contesting Colonial Authority: Medicine and Indigenous Responses in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century India, Delhi: Primus Books, 2016, 158 pp.; and Madhuri Sharma, Indigenous and Western Medicine in Colonial India, Delhi: Foundation Books, 2012, 177 pp.

scholarly journals The semantics of governance: The common thread running through corporate, public, and global governance

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodolfo Apreda
Keyword(s):  
Global Governance ◽  
Voting Rights ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Public Governance ◽  
Good Practices ◽  
The Third ◽  
Common Thread ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common

This paper argues that the semantics of governance illustrates connections and provides a unifying view from which to understand much better its natural branches: corporate, public and global governance. In this regard, governance is presented from the point of view of a distinctive field of learning and practice. Three levels of analysis are carried out to drive the subject home. The first one highlights the scope of corporate governance within an institutional framework. The second frames the notion of public governance, giving heed not only to the linkage among constituents, charters, representation and the fiduciary role, but also problems raised by accountability, voting rights, and the codes of good practices. The third level leads to the semantics of global governance

cAbdullah Yūsuf cAlī & Muhammad Asad: Two Approaches to the English Translation of the Qur'an

2000 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muzaffar Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Academic Career ◽  
British India ◽  
Human Understanding ◽  
English Translations ◽  
Political Milieu ◽  
The Times

This article attempts to present a comparative study of the role of two twentieth-century English translations of the Qur'an: cAbdullah Yūsuf cAlī's The Meaning of the Glorious Qur'ān and Muḥammad Asad's The Message of the Qur'ān. No two men could have been more different in their background, social and political milieu and life experiences than Yūsuf cAlī and Asad. Yūsuf 'Alī was born and raised in British India and had a brilliant but traditional middle-class academic career. Asad traversed a vast cultural and geographical terrain: from a highly-disciplined childhood in Europe to the deserts of Arabia. Both men lived ‘intensely’ and with deep spiritual yearning. At some time in each of their lives they decided to embark upon the translation of the Qur'an. Their efforts have provided us with two incredibly rich monumental works, which both reflect their own unique approaches and the effects of the times and circumstances in which they lived. A comparative study of these two translations can provide rich insights into the exegesis and the phenomenon of human understanding of the divine text.

Being Numerous

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oren Izenberg
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Literary Life ◽  
Aesthetic Politics ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Common ◽  
Century Poetry ◽  
Practical Question ◽  
Language Poets

This book offers a new way to understand the divisions that organize twentieth-century poetry. It argues that the most important conflict is not between styles or aesthetic politics, but between poets who seek to preserve or produce the incommensurable particularity of experience by making powerful objects, and poets whose radical commitment to abstract personhood seems altogether incompatible with experience—and with poems. Reading across the apparent gulf that separates traditional and avant-garde poets, the book reveals the common philosophical urgency that lies behind diverse forms of poetic difficulty—from William Butler Yeats's esoteric symbolism and George Oppen's minimalism and silence to Frank O'Hara's joyful slightness and the Language poets' rejection of traditional aesthetic satisfactions. For these poets, what begins as a practical question about the conduct of literary life—what distinguishes a poet or group of poets?—ends up as an ontological inquiry about social life: What is a person and how is a community possible? In the face of the violence and dislocation of the twentieth century, these poets resist their will to mastery, shy away from the sensual richness of their strongest work, and undermine the particularity of their imaginative and moral visions—all in an effort to allow personhood itself to emerge as an undeniable fact making an unrefusable claim.

Historical Fragments’ Mobile Echo

Transfers ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan E. Bell ◽  
Kathy Davis
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Revolution ◽  
Ming Dynasty ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Refugee Crisis ◽  
The Third ◽  
Opium War ◽  
The Subject

Translocation – Transformation is an ambitious contribution to the subject of mobility. Materially, it interlinks seemingly disparate objects into a surprisingly unified exhibition on mobile histories and heritages: twelve bronze zodiac heads, silk and bamboo creatures, worn life vests, pressed Pu-erh tea, thousands of broken antique teapot spouts, and an ancestral wooden temple from the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) used by a tea-trading family. Historically and politically, the exhibition engages Chinese stories from the third century BCE, empires in eighteenth-century Austria and China, the Second Opium War in the nineteenth century, the Chinese Cultural Revolution of the mid-twentieth century, and today’s global refugee crisis.

A war hero or a Hitler soldier?

2019 ◽  
pp. 50-57
Author(s):  
Pavel Gotovetsky
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
National Committee ◽  
World War ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
The Third Reich

The article is devoted to the biography of General Pavlo Shandruk, an Ukrainian officer who served as a Polish contract officer in the interwar period and at the beginning of the World War II, and in 1945 became the organizer and commander of the Ukrainian National Army fighting alongside the Third Reich in the last months of the war. The author focuses on the symbolic event of 1961, which was the decoration of General Shandruk with the highest Polish (émigré) military decoration – the Virtuti Militari order, for his heroic military service in 1939. By describing the controversy and emotions among Poles and Ukrainians, which accompanied the award of the former Hitler's soldier, the author tries to answer the question of how the General Shandruk’s activities should be assessed in the perspective of the uneasy Twentieth-Century Polish-Ukrainian relations. Keywords: Pavlo Shandruk, Władysław Anders, Virtuti Militari, Ukrainian National Army, Ukrainian National Committee, contract officer.

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