Introduction

Line on Fire ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Happymon Jacob
Keyword(s):  
Conventional Wisdom ◽  
Local Factors ◽  
Terror Attacks ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Dialogue Process ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Positive Environment

This chapter explains the rationale of the book and discusses the book’s key puzzles and arguments. The book makes four key arguments. One, ceasefire violations (CFVs) are generally not planned, directed, or cleared by higher military commands or political establishments, but are instead driven by the dynamics on the frontlines. Two, the 2003 ceasefire agreement tends to hold when a dialogue process is under way between India and Pakistan on key disputes, autonomous military factors having little or no influence under such a positive environment. During times of bilateral tension, the agreement tends to break down and CFVs are routine. During such phases, local factors tend to have a dramatic influence on CFVs. Three, CFVs contribute to India–Pakistan escalation dynamics in a significant manner. Conventional wisdom suggests that terror attacks are the primary cause of India–Pakistan escalation. However, evidence shows that political, diplomatic, and military tensions between the two adversaries have occurred even when there have been no terror attacks. Finally, ad hocism in managing the border has historically been a key factor behind border tensions between India and Pakistan. Unsettled borders, among other factors, have played a major role in escalating tensions between the two sides.

Race, Four Farms, and a City: Color Blindness and the Austin, TX, Urban Farm Debate

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-249
Author(s):  
Deborah A. Harris ◽  
Rachel Romero
Keyword(s):  
Racial Inequality ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Color Blindness ◽  
Alternative Food ◽  
People Of Color ◽  
Alternative Food Movement ◽  
Community Activists ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Austin, TX, was the site of a three-year debate between urban farmers and their supporters and local community activists about how to rewrite an outdated farm code. There was tremendous animosity between the two groups and, despite efforts at mediation, the two sides were unable to reach compromise. To understand more about how these two groups came into conflict, we interviewed 26 local stakeholders about their views and experiences during the farm code debate and found that issues of race and racial inequality were a key factor in the continuing mistrust. We found that farmers and their supporters attempted to frame the debate and its racial undertones by highlighting their racial–ethnic minority supporters, describing their businesses as reclaiming East Austin’s agricultural past, and arguing that the only issue that should matter in redrawing the farm ordinance should be how to best help farmers provide healthy food to the community. We argue that the farmers’ responses draw from a discourse of whiteness and color blindness that can be harmful to People of Color and link their views to larger critiques that the alternative food movement and individual alternative food projects can be exclusionary.

scholarly journals Nigeria Versus Creditors: Who Really Owes Whom?

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard O. Omotoye
Keyword(s):  
External Debt ◽  
Conventional Wisdom ◽  
Comprehensive Approach ◽  
International Standards ◽  
African Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Two Sides

By current international standards, Nigeria is Africas largest debtor, and indeed, one of the worlds most debt-depressed. In view of that reputation and the stigma normally attached to it, the title of this paper- understandably so- might sound illusory, and may be even ridiculous to many. But even as unbelievable or fanciful as it might sound, there are solid, credible facts and figures that justify its relevance and validity. Conventionally speaking, Nigeria is by all means a huge debtor. In fact, its debt is so huge that hopes for repayment are beginning to fade. But viewed from a more comprehensive standpoint, facts and figures sharply contradict the overwhelming perception of indebtedness. The study, taking a more comprehensive approach, provides a reassessment of Nigerias external debt amount, and compares its findings with creditors figures. The findings are startling. In contrast to conventional wisdom, Nigeria is actually a net creditor vis--vis the rest of the world, with positive net credit ranging from estimates of $51.9 billion to approximately $117.8 billion. The paper concludes with findings that will further intensify the divide between the two sides of the debt debate: those in favor of forgiveness, and those against. The mere prospect of a possible obliteration of the detrimental stigma of indebtedness symbolizes a promise of new possibilities and hopes for Nigeria and other debt-depressed sub-Saharan African countries.

scholarly journals The Diplomatic Ceremonial at the Court of Catherine II

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Smilyanskaya
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
National Library ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Political Interests ◽  
National Archives ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Two Sides

Referring to relevant approaches to the study of diplomatic culture and the semiotics of gestures, this article examines the significance of kissing the sovereign’s hands in diplomatic ceremonies in western Europe, and, more particularly, in Britain and Russia. Confusion and disagreement over the meaning of this gesture could become a major stumbling block in the evolution of Anglo-Russian relations at the very moment when there was a willingness to become closer owing to the expanding sphere of mutual political interests. With the arrival of the British ambassador Charles Cathcart and his wife in Russia in 1768, the ceremony of the first audience of the ambassador and (especially) the ambassadress with the sovereign was the subject of intense negotiations in the highest echelons of power. The discussion focused on the act of kissing the sovereign’s hands. A gesture that in Russia had long been considered a sign of the monarch’s mercy towards the ambassador of another Christian state might seem an acknowledgement of subordination or submission to the Scottish Lord Cathcart. The tradition had no parallel in the diplomatic ceremonies of other European courts. Why did the Russian government, which sought to match diplomatic ceremonies at the court with Western European protocols, not compromise when it came to this formality? How did the key persons of the story – Cathcart and Count Nikita Panin – evaluate the possible consequences of not carrying out the required ceremonial protocols? What concessions and violations were the two sides prepared for in these disputes over ceremony in the name of “high politics”? Referring to archival materials from the National Archives of the United Kingdom, the personal papers of the Cathcart family kept in the National Library of Scotland, and several published dispatches of British representatives in Russia, the author studies the reflections of Lord and Lady Cathcart on their introduction to Empress Catherine II. The analysis leads the author to conclude that Catherine II perceived the kissing of the sovereign’s hands as an indispensable prerequisite for starting any diplomatic mission and as a historically established gesture that demonstrated the grandeur of the crown. Negotiations over the act of hand-kissing in 1768 showed that this ceremonial detail was not a mere formality but could become the key factor in the success of an ambassador’s mission.

scholarly journals Socio-Motor Improvisation in Schizophrenia: A Case-Control Study in a Sample of Stable Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin N. Salesse ◽  
Jean-François Casties ◽  
Delphine Capdevielle ◽  
Stéphane Raffard
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Clinical Context ◽  
Shared Attention ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Control Study

Improvising is essential for human development and is one of the most important characteristics of being human. However, how mental illness affects improvisation remains largely unknown. In this study we focused on socio-motor improvisation in individuals with schizophrenia, one of the more debilitating mental disorder. This represents the ability to improvise gestures during an interaction to promote sustained communication and shared attention. Using a novel paradigm called the mirror game and recently introduced to study joint improvisation, we recorded hand motions of two people mirroring each other. Comparing Schizophrenia patients and healthy controls skills during the game, we found that improvisation was impaired in schizophrenia patients. Patients also exhibited significantly higher difficulties to being synchronized with someone they follow but not when they were leaders of the joint improvisation game. Considering the correlation between socio-motor synchronization and socio-motor improvisation, these results suggest that synchronization does not only promote affiliation but also improvisation, being therefore an interesting key factor to enhance social skills in a clinical context. Moreover, socio-motor improvisation abnormalities were not associated with executive functioning, one traditional underpinning of improvisation. Altogether, our results suggest that even if both mental illness and improvisation differ from normal thinking and behavior, they are not two sides of the same coin, providing a direct evidence that being able to improvise in individual situations is fundamentally different than being able to improvise in a social context.

scholarly journals Mapping of Rural Health Services during Covid-19 Pandemic in Central Java, Indonesia: Rethinking Remoteness

2021 ◽  
Vol 887 (1) ◽  
pp. 012032
Author(s):  
I. Andini ◽  
A. Djunaedi
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Public Health Services ◽  
Health Service Provision ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Basic Services ◽  
Global World ◽  
Two Sides

Abstract Covidl9 pandemic, since 2019 in global world and 2020 in Indonesia, changed human daily life and affected the provision of public services, especially health services. As Covid19 spread through close interactions among humans, rural areas have the advantage of remoteness compared to higher-density urban areas. In the villages with relatively isolated access, the spread of Covid-19 is very low compared to the national average. This paper discusses how remoteness has become two sides of the coin during pandemic by examining at the data of health services in three rural areas in Provinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. Data collected by in-depth interviews showed that although remoteness became a key factor in delaying the spread of Covid19, it also became a key factor in the deterioration of advanced health services in non-covid diseases throughout the pandemic. These findings confirmed the vulnerability of basic services in rural areas, even on Java Island as a center of growth in Indonesia. Using causal network analysis, the discussion revealed that the vulnerability stem from the territorial approach in health service provision making rural areas less resilient during pandemic. This paper concludes that while remoteness provides a barrier in retaining the spread of pandemic disease, it also worsens the medical treatment capacity in non-pandemic diseases in rural areas. Covid19 pandemic raises the need of specific arrangement public health services in remote rural areas.

scholarly journals Media Conflict Resolution: Framing of the Govt-TTP Dialogue in the Editorials of Nawa-i-Waqt and Jang newspapers

2017 ◽  
Vol 0101 (01) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Agenda Setting ◽  
Extreme Right ◽  
Military Operation ◽  
National Assembly ◽  
News Stories ◽  
Terror Attacks ◽  
Dialogue Process ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Every newspaper dedicates space called editorial to put up its official stance on some topic. Contrary to objectivity being minded in news stories, an editorial either endorses or rejects an issue with stating its own editorial stance. The government of Pakistan, when initiated dialogue with the banned Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), in 2014, two leading Urdu newspapers – Daily Jang and Daily Nawa-i-Waqt – in their editorials from January 2014 to July 2014 took up different positions. To analyze the editorial contents, agenda-setting and framing approaches were used. These newspapers discussed the dialogue activity under themes like pre-parliament discussions, the impact of terror attacks on talks, discussion in the National Assembly on talks, different stakeholders’ stance on talks, teams of the government and TTP for the dialogue, impact of terrorism and TTP terms for the dialogue and military operation during the dialogue process. The Nawa-i-Waqt, though an extreme right paper, opposed the dialogue whereas the Jang, a center to right paper, favored the activity and showed its tilt towards the banned TTP’s stance.

The Analysis of AP1000 Depressurization During Small Break LOCA

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuangji He
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Failure Criterion ◽  
Energy Equation ◽  
Identical Result ◽  
Reactor Coolant ◽  
Lumped Parameter ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Coolant System

Based on two different ways-the fluid energy equation and the fluid compressibility, the lumped parameter equations of Reactor Coolant System (RCS) depressurization during small break LOCA (SBLOCA) are derived and the two different derivations could verify each other by giving the identical result. And then, the transient equation is derived from the steady equation and is solved numerically. By comparing the results of steady and transient equations with that of NOTRUMP, it proves the equation’s rationality and validity. These lumped parameter equations could give the quantitative insight into the influence of the venting of water or steam through the Automatic Depressurization System (ADS) valves/break during LOCA depressurization phase. During the SBLOCA depressurization phase of AP1000, the ADS4 valves are the most important venting paths. There are four ADS4 valves, which are mounted respectively on two sides of hot legs. Westinghouse originally assumed that the most limiting single failure was one of ADS4-B valves failure to open. But in truth, the most limiting failure should be one of ADS4-A valves failure to open, which has been validated by SNERDI with NOTRUMP calculations. However, it’s not easy to analyze the reason until it’s recognized that the key factor is the venting of steam, which is the theoretic conclusion above. This paper will give some insight into the limiting single failure criterion of SBLOCA, based on the theoretic conclusion above and the sensitivity analysis of NOTRUMP calculations.

scholarly journals Significance of LL-37 on Immunomodulation and Disease Outcome

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Binbin Yang ◽  
David Good ◽  
Tamim Mosaiab ◽  
Wei Liu ◽  
Guoying Ni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Functions ◽  
Immunomodulatory Effects ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Small Peptide ◽  
Antitumor Effects ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
The One ◽  
Two Sides

LL-37, also called cathelicidin, is an important part of the human immune system, which can resist various pathogens. A plethora of experiments have demonstrated that it has the multifunctional effects of immune regulation, in addition to antimicrobial activity. Recently, there have been increasing interest in its immune function. It was found that LL-37 can have two distinct functions in different tissues and different microenvironments. Thus, it is necessary to investigate LL-37 immune functions from the two sides of the same coin. On the one side, LL-37 promotes inflammation and immune response and exerts its anti-infective and antitumor effects; on the other side, it has the ability to inhibit inflammation and promote carcinogenesis. This review presents a brief summary of its expression, structure, and immunomodulatory effects as well as brief discussions on the role of this small peptide as a key factor in the development and treatment of various inflammation-related diseases and cancers.

Attachment of oral bacteria to titanium surfaces: An SEM study

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 468-469
Author(s):  
J. E. Laffoon ◽  
R. L. Anderson ◽  
J. C. Keller ◽  
C. D. Wu-Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Technical Problem ◽  
Titanium Implant ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Surface Ultrastructure ◽  
Sem Study ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Titanium Surfaces

Titanium (Ti) dental implants have been used widely for many years. Long term implant failures are related, in part, to the development of peri-implantitis frequently associated with bacteria. Bacterial adherence and colonization have been considered a key factor in the pathogenesis of many biomaterial based infections. Without the initial attachment of oral bacteria to Ti-implant surfaces, subsequent polymicrobial accumulation and colonization leading to peri-implant disease cannot occur. The overall goal of this study is to examine the implant-oral bacterial interfaces and gain a greater understanding of their attachment characteristics and mechanisms. Since the detailed cell surface ultrastructure involved in attachment is only discernible at the electron microscopy level, the study is complicated by the technical problem of obtaining titanium implant and attached bacterial cells in the same ultra-thin sections. In this study, a technique was developed to facilitate the study of Ti implant-bacteria interface.Discs of polymerized Spurr’s resin (12 mm x 5 mm) were formed to a thickness of approximately 3 mm using an EM block holder (Fig. 1). Titanium was then deposited by vacuum deposition to a film thickness of 300Å (Fig. 2).

Characterization of defects in tabular silver halide grains

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 1046-1047
Author(s):  
C. Goessens ◽  
D. Schryvers ◽  
J. Van Landuyt ◽  
A. Verbeeck ◽  
R. De Keyzer
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Damage ◽  
Silver Halide ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Free Region ◽  
Central Defect ◽  
Crystallographic Defects ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Two Sides

Silver halide grains (AgX, X=Cl,Br,I) are commonly recognized as important entities in photographic applications. Depending on the preparation specifications one can grow cubic, octahedral, tabular a.o. morphologies, each with its own physical and chemical characteristics. In the present study crystallographic defects introduced by the mixing of 5-20% iodide in a growing AgBr tabular grain are investigated. X-ray diffractometry reveals the existence of a homogeneous Ag(Br1-xIx) region, expected to be formed around the AgBr kernel. In fig. 1 a two-beam BF image, taken at T≈100 K to diminish radiation damage, of a triangular tabular grain is presented, clearly showing defect contrast fringes along four of the six directions; the remaining two sides show similar contrast under relevant diffraction conditions. The width of the central defect free region corresponds with the pure AgBr kernel grown before the mixing with I. The thickness of a given grain lies between 0.15 and 0.3 μm: as indicated in fig. 2 triangular (resp. hexagonal) grains exhibit an uneven (resp. even) number of twin interfaces (i.e., between + and - twin variants) parallel with the (111) surfaces. The thickness of the grains and the existence of the twin variants was confirmed from CTEM images of perpendicular cuts.

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