Group Assertion

2020 ◽  
pp. 138-164
Author(s):  
Jennifer Lackey
Keyword(s):  
The Core ◽  
Group A ◽  
Proxy Agent

This chapter begins by distinguishing between two kinds of group assertion—coordinated and authority-based—and it is argued that authority-based group assertion is the core notion. It is then shown that a deflationary view of group assertion, according to which a group’s asserting is understood in terms of individual assertions, is misguided. This is the case because a group can clearly assert a proposition even when no individual does. A positive inflationary view of group assertion is then developed, according to which it is the group itself that is the asserter, even though this standardly occurs through a spokesperson(s) or other proxy agent(s) having the authority to speak on behalf of the group. A central virtue of my account is that it provides the framework for distinguishing when responsibility for an assertion lies at the collective level and when it should be shouldered by an individual simply speaking for herself.

Heat treatment reduces oxidative stress and protects muscle mass during immobilization

2005 ◽  
Vol 289 (1) ◽  
pp. R134-R139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua T. Selsby ◽  
Stephen L. Dodd
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Antioxidant Protection ◽  
Disuse Atrophy ◽  
The Core ◽  
Group A

This study examined the role of heating on oxidative stress and muscle mass in immobilized limbs. Rats were divided into three groups ( n = 9/group): a control group (Con), an immobilized group (Im), and an immobilized and heated group (ImH). Rats were immobilized in the plantarflexed position for 8 days. The core temperature of the ImH group was elevated to 41–41.5°C on alternating days and maintained for 30 min before cooling. On day 8, both heat shock protein 25 (HSP25) and HSP72 were markedly elevated in the ImH compared with the Im group, whereas results in the Im group were not different from Con. Most notably, the ImH group had significantly larger solei compared with the Im group, which were less than those shown in the Con group. Furthermore, immobilization alone caused a significant increase in oxidative damage, and the addition of heating to immobilization significantly reduced oxidative damage. In an effort to further identify the cause of this protective effect, antioxidant enzyme activities were assessed. CuZnSOD was sharply elevated in Im compared ( P < 0.025) with that in the Con and reduced in the ImH group compared with that in the Im group ( P < 0.025). Catalase was elevated 8% ( P < 0.025) in the Im group compared with the Con group and was similar to the ImH group. Glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and MnSOD did not differ between groups. These data indicate that heating provides protection against oxidative stress and preserves muscle mass during disuse atrophy. These data also suggest that antioxidant protection is not conferred via antioxidant enzymes, and HSPs may play an important role.

scholarly journals Preparation of P3HB4HB/(Gelatin + PVA) Composite Scaffolds by Coaxial Electrospinning and Its Biocompatibility Evaluation

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min-Xian Ma ◽  
Qin Liu ◽  
Chuan Ye ◽  
Brian Grottkau ◽  
Bing Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Composite Scaffold ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Specific Staining ◽  
Electrospun Scaffolds ◽  
The Core ◽  
Core Solution ◽  
Group A ◽  
Good Biocompatibility ◽  
Group B ◽  
Better Than

This study was conducted to prepare coaxial electrospun scaffolds of P3HB4HB/(gelatin + PVA) with various concentration ratios with P3HB4HB as the core solution and gelatin + PVA mixture as the shell solution; the mass ratios of gelatin and PVA in each 10 mL shell mixture were 0.6 g : 0.2 g (Group A), 0.4 g : 0.4 g (Group B), and 0.2 g : 0.6 g (Group C). The results showed that the pore size, porosity, and cell proliferation rate of Group C were better than those of Groups A and B. The ascending order of the tensile strength and modulus of elasticity was Group A < Group B < Group C. The surface roughness was Group C > Group B > Group A. The osteogenic and chondrogenic-specific staining showed that Group C was stronger than Groups A and B. This study demonstrates that when the mass ratio of gelatin : PVA was 0.2 g : 0.6 g, a P3HB4HB/(gelatin + PVA) composite scaffold with a core-shell structure can be prepared, and the scaffold has good biocompatibility that it may be an ideal scaffold for tissue engineering.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization of the eis Promoter of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

2004 ◽  
Vol 186 (16) ◽  
pp. 5410-5417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esteban A. Roberts ◽  
Amanda Clark ◽  
Sarah McBeth ◽  
Richard L. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Promoter Region ◽  
Core Promoter ◽  
Random Mutagenesis ◽  
Core Promoter Region ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The Core ◽  
Upstream Promoter ◽  
Promoter Deletion Analysis ◽  
Group A

ABSTRACT To further understand Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis, the regulation of potential virulence genes needs to be investigated. The eis gene of M. tuberculosis H37Rv enhances the intracellular survival of Mycobacterium smegmatis, which does not contain eis, within macrophages (J. Wei, J. L. Dahl, J. W. Moulder, E. A. Roberts, P. O'Gaora, D. B. Young, and R. L. Friedman, J. Bacteriol. 182:377-384, 2000). Experiments were done to characterize the eis promoter in M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis H37Ra. The putative −10 and −35 regions matched the Escherichia coli σ70 consensus 67 and 83%, respectively, making it a group A/SigA-like mycobacterial promoter. Expression of site-directed variants of the core promoter region, determined by flow cytometry using gfp as a reporter, showed that the putative −10 region is essential for eis expression. In addition, site-directed alteration of the eis promoter to the consensus E. coli σ70 promoter elements increased gfp transcription to levels similar to that driven by the heat shock promoter, phsp60, of Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Upstream promoter deletion analysis showed that a 200- and 412-bp region of the promoter was necessary for maximum expression of gfp in M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis H37Ra, respectively. Random mutagenesis of the 412-bp eis promoter, using a catechol 2,3-dioxygenase screen and activity assay, defined nucleotides upstream of the core promoter region that are essential to eis expression in both M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis H37Ra, including a region homologous to a DinR cis element.

A double arm clinical study to access the role of Basti and Virechana Karma along with Vanari Yoga in Premature Ejaculation

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shrinivasraddi G. Venkaraddiyavar ◽  
Prashanth A. S. ◽  
S. G. Chavan
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Study ◽  
Treatment Modality ◽  
Positive Emotion ◽  
Premature Ejaculation ◽  
Ayurvedic Medicine ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
The Core ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Satisfaction is a pleasant or positive emotion. It can also be a feeling. If a Satisfaction during intercourse and fertility agents are intact then the whole intension will be lost. Ayurvedic medicine plays important role in the patients who are in deep depression due to dissatisfaction and infertility in the field of Andrology. Gati is the core characteristic concerned with any disorder of Vata. If Shukra Dhatu gets vitiated by Vata Dosha causes Shukragata Vata. Here 40 subjects diagnosed with Shukragata Vata w.s.r to Premature Ejaculation fulfilling the Inclusion criteria were selected for study and randomly categorized into two groups as Group A and Group B each consisting of 20 subjects. Group A received Amapachana with Hareetakyadi Churna, Tritiya Baladi Yapana Basti was administered in Yoga Basti schedule, later Vanari Yoga granules given as a Shamanoushadi. Group B received Amapachana with Hareetakyadi Churna, Sadhyosnehapana with Shalmali Ghrita. Sarvanga Abhyanga with Murchitatila Taila followed by Sarvanga Swedana and Sneha Virechana was administered with Eranda Taila. After Samsarjana Krama, Vanari Yoga granules was given as a Shamanoushadi. So the objective of the study is to establish such a treatment modality which can be helpful in treating the Shukragata Vata.

scholarly journals Persistent modification of cognitive control through attention training

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart Aben ◽  
Blerina Iseni ◽  
Eva Van den Bussche ◽  
Tom Verguts
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Transfer Task ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Attention Training ◽  
Direct Transfer ◽  
Attentional Modulation ◽  
The Core ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Group A

An important aspect of cognitive control is to direct attention towards relevant information and away from distracting information. This attentional modulation is at the core of several influential frameworks, but its trainability and generalisability remain unclear. To address this issue, two groups of subjects were invited to the lab on three consecutive days. On Day 2, they performed an arrow priming task which trained them to adopt an attentional bias towards (prime-attended group) or away from (prime-diverted group) a potentially conflicting prime. Direct generalisation of the attention training was measured by assessing task performance on the same task without the attentional manipulation directly after training (Day 2) and the next day (Day 3), and comparing it to baseline (Day 1). Performance on this direct transfer task showed a difference in attentional modulation between groups directly after training that persisted the next day. No cross-task generalisation was found to two other tasks that were closely or more remotely related to the trained task. Together, these results are in accordance with cognitive control frameworks that limit attentional modulation to the specific features of the trained task.

scholarly journals Synthesis of fused tricyclic amines unsubstituted at the ring-junction positions by a cascade condensation, cyclization, cycloaddition then decarbonylation strategy

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 107-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iain Coldham ◽  
Adam J M Burrell ◽  
Hélène D S Guerrand ◽  
Luke Watson ◽  
Nathaniel G Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ring System ◽  
Azomethine Ylide ◽  
Dipolar Cycloaddition ◽  
Reaction Sequence ◽  
Hydroxymethyl Group ◽  
The Core ◽  
Stereochemical Control ◽  
Ring Junction ◽  
Group A ◽  
Very High

Heating aldehydes that contain a protected hydroxymethyl group, a tethered alkyl chloride and a tethered alkenyl group at the α-position of the aldehyde with an amine sets up a cascade (tandem) reaction sequence involving condensation to an intermediate imine, then cyclization and formation of an intermediate azomethine ylide and then intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition. The fused tricyclic products are formed with complete or very high stereochemical control. The hydroxymethyl group was converted into an aldehyde – which could be removed to give the tricyclic amine products that are unsubstituted at the ring junction positions – or was converted into an alkene, which allowed the formation of the core ring system of the alkaloids scandine and meloscine.

scholarly journals Routing Algorithm for Delay Tolerance in Wireless Sensor Networks

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Cong Li ◽  
Shujuan Dong
Keyword(s):  
Network Lifetime ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Routing Algorithm ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Correlated Data ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
The Core ◽  
Group A ◽  
Better Than

<p class="Abstract"><span lang="EN-US">In a regular sensor node, there are three activities that are the core sources of energy consumption i.e. sensing, computation, and radio operations. Multi-Group, a novel routing algorithm based on LEACH (MG-LEACH) that has been utilized in redundant deployed sensor nodes to improve the network lifetime is explored. It has been suppressing the correlated data gathered by the sensor nodes by monitoring the similar event, thus not only reducing the data transmission inside the clusters but also conserving the energy of deployed sensor nodes consequently to improve the overall network lifetime. The proposed routing algorithm has been simulated using MATLAB to verify the efficiency in enhancing network lifetime. A critical evaluation of routing algorithm is conducted to determine the relevance and applicability in increasing network lifetime. Simulation results demonstrated that it has performed better than LEACH and enhanced network lifetime by up to approximately 90%.</span></p>

Core Group: A Psychotherapeutic Model in an Outpatient Clinic

1982 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farideh De Bosset
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Working Alliance ◽  
Preventive Care ◽  
Outpatient Clinic ◽  
Core Group ◽  
The Core ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Group A

This paper describes the working structure of an outpatient clinic for patients suffering from a variety of chronic mental disorders. The strength and success of our work in terms of tertiary preventive care has been due to developing a working alliance with a number of patients, thus forming the core group within each group, around which the larger group can function.

FINITE-FINITARY GROUPS OF AUTOMORPHISMS

2002 ◽  
Vol 01 (04) ◽  
pp. 375-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. F. WEHRFRITZ
Keyword(s):  
Abelian Group ◽  
Finite Subgroup ◽  
Linear Groups ◽  
Cyclic Groups ◽  
The Core ◽  
Direct Sum ◽  
Abelian Case ◽  
Finitary Linear ◽  
Group A ◽  
Groups Of Automorphisms

In this paper we attempt to describe the structure of groups G of automorphisms of an abelian group M with the property that M(g - 1) is finite for every element g of G. These groups are closely related to the finitary linear groups over finite fields. The abelian case is critical for our work and the core result of this paper is the following. An abelian group A is isomorphic to a group G as above with M torsion if and only if A is torsion and has a residually-finite subgroup B with A/B a direct sum of cyclic groups.

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