The Imperial Arts

2021 ◽  
pp. 132-146
Author(s):  
Benjamin Anderson

Images of Byzantine emperors served not only to glorify those depicted, but also as media through which subjects articulated their relationships both to individual sovereigns and to the state. The predominant materials, compositional strategies, and social dynamics that constrained such expressions changed substantially over the course of Byzantine history. After the Late Antique system of dedicating monumental bronze statues collapsed in the seventh century, a more flexible set of practices emerged, whose primary expressions were two-dimensional schemata. In the last empire’s last centuries, diplomatic considerations encouraged the production of scenic tableaux, while the closed series of portraits predominated after 1453. The transactional nature of imperial portraiture, the distinction between individual and office, and the representation of emperors as subjects of historical knowledge will repay further research.

Author(s):  
Ildar Garipzanov

This chapter examines the use of monograms as graphic signs of imperial authority in the late Roman and early Byzantine empire, from its appropriation on imperial coinage in the mid-fifth century to its employment in other material media in the following centuries. It also overviews the use of monograms by imperial officials and aristocrats as visible signs of social power and noble identity on mass-produced objects, dress accessories, and luxury items. The concluding section discusses a new social function for late antique monograms as visible tokens of a new Christian paideia and of elevated social status, related to ennobling calligraphic skills. This transformation of monograms into an attribute of visual Christian culture became especially apparent in sixth-century Byzantium, with the cruciform monograms appearing in the second quarter of the sixth century and becoming a default monogrammatic form from the seventh century onwards.


Author(s):  
Michael Lapidge

The Roman Martyrs contains translations of forty Latin passiones of saints who were martyred in Rome or its near environs, during the period before the ‘peace of the Church’ (c. 312). Some of these Roman martyrs are universally known — SS. Agnes, Sebastian or Laurence, for example — but others are scarcely known outside the ecclesiastical landscape of Rome itself. Each of the translated passiones, which vary in length from a few paragraphs to over ninety, is accompanied by an individual introduction and commentary; the translations are preceded by an Introduction which describes the principal features of this little-known genre of Christian literature. The Roman passiones martyrum have never previously been collected together, and have never been translated into a modern language. They were mostly composed during the period 425 x 675, by anonymous authors who who were presumably clerics of the Roman churches or cemeteries which housed the martyrs’ remains. It is clear that they were composed in response to the huge explosion of pilgrim traffic to martyrial shrines from the late fourth century onwards, at a time when authentic records (protocols) of their trials and executions had long since vanished, and the authors of the passiones were obliged to imagine the circumstances in which martyrs were tried and executed. The passiones are works of pure fiction; and because they abound in ludicrous errors of chronology, they have been largely ignored by historians of the early Church. But although they cannot be used as evidence for the original martyrdoms, they nevertheless allow a fascinating glimpse of the concerns which animated Christians during the period in question: for example, the preservation of virginity, or the ever-present threat posed by pagan practices. And because certain aspects of Roman life will have changed little between (say) the second century and the fifth, the passiones throw valuable light on many aspects of Roman society, not least the nature of a trial before an urban prefect, and the horrendous tortures which were a central feature of such trials. Above all, perhaps, the passiones are an indispensable resource for understanding the topography of late antique Rome and its environs, since they characteristically contain detailed reference to the places where the martyrs were tried, executed, and buried. The book contains five Appendices containing translations of texts relevant to the study of Roman martyrs: the Depositio martyrum of A.D. 354 (Appendix I); the epigrammata of Pope Damasus d. 384) which pertain to Roman martyrs treated in the passiones (II); entries pertaining to Roman martyrs in the Martyrologium Hieronymianum (III); entries in seventh-century pilgrim itineraries pertaining to shrines of Roman martyrs in suburban cemeteries (IV); and entries commemorating these martyrs in early Roman liturgical books (V).


2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Germán Rey

Del dicho al hecho. El trecho recorrido por algunas políticas culturales colombianasResumen El Compendio de Políticas culturales de Colombia (2010) es el panorama escrito más completo de las políticas culturales nacionales. Pero, aun así, se trata de una fotografía de un momento, no solo porque ellas se transforman por las decisiones del Estado, sino porque las dinámicas sociales –por ejemplo, las locales y las regionales– las hacen evolucionar. Si se observara a través de una suerte de microscopio de lo simbólico lo que Michel de Certeau denominó el “hormiguero” de la cultura, las políticas públicas aparecerían como un campo en constante movimiento, con continuidades, desencuentros, fracasos, resistencias y caminos heterodoxos.From Saying to Doing. The Path Covered by Some Colombian Cultural PoliciesAbstractThe Compendium of Cultural Policies of Colombia (2010) is the most comprehensive written panorama of national cultural policies. But, even as such, it is a photograph of a moment, not only because these policies are transformed by the decisions of the state, but also because the social dynamics –for example, at the local and regional level– make them evolve. If one observes through a kind of microscope of the symbolic what Michel de Certeau called the "anthill" of culture, public policies would appear as a field in constant movement, with continuities, disagreements, failures, resistances and heterodox paths.KeywordsPolicies of reading and libraries; policies of cinematography; policies of entrepreneurship and cultural industries; plans of culture, ColombiaRemaska  y ruraska. Ñambe poreska sug política culturalkuna colombiape.Maillallachiska:Chi comprendio política culturalkuna Colombiape (2010) kam panorama kilkaska más completo política cultural nacional. Pero chasapas, tratarenme sug retrato sug retratomanda manak trukaren kuname decisión estadomanda, arre mana chi dinamika socialkuna. Sug ejemplo  localkuna y regionalkuna- rurankuna kaugsachii. Kauarenra sug microscopio simbolikope ima Miguel de  Certeau nirka, sug “Achka añanguina” culturape, chi políticas públicas. Kauarerka sug campo iapa kuiurikugsina, suiuchispa, desencuentros, fracasos, resistencias y ñambekuna heterodoxos.Rimangapa Ministidukuna:Política de  lectura y bibliotecas, política de cinematografía, política de empoderamiento e industrias  culturales, planes de cultura, Colombia. Dès le dicton au fait. Le chemin couvert par certaines politiques culturelles colombiennesRésuméLe Compendium des politiques culturelles de la Colombie (2010) est le panorama écrit le plus complet des politiques culturelles nationales. Pourtant, c'est une photographie de l’instant, non seulement parce qu'elles sont transformées par les décisions de l'État, mais parce que les dynamiques sociales –par exemple, locales et régionales– les font évoluer. Si l'on observe à travers une sorte de microscope du symbolique ce que Michel de Certeau appelait le « fourmilier » de la culture, les politiques publiques apparaîtraient comme un champ en mouvement constant, avec des continuités, des désaccords, des échecs, des résistances et des chemins hétérodoxes.Mots clésPolitique de la lecture et des bibliothèques; politique de la cinématographie; politique de l'entrepreneuriat et des industries culturelles; plans de culture; ColombieDO DITADO AO FATO. O TRECHO PERCORRIDO POR ALGUMAS POLÍTICAS CULTURAIS COLOMBIANAS.Germán RResumoO Compêndio de Políticas Culturais da Colômbia (2010) 1 é o panorama escrito mais completo das políticas Culturais nacionais. Mas mesmo assim, se trata de uma fotografia de um momento, não só porque elas se transformam pelas decisões do Estado, senão porque também as dinâmicas sociais – por exemplo as locais e as regionais – as fazem evolucionar.  Se observa-se através de uma sorte de microscópio do simbólico o que Michel de Certeau denominou o “hormiguero” da cultura, as políticas públicas apareceriam como um campo em constante movimento, com continuidades, desencontros, fracasos, resistências e caminhos heterodoxos.Palavras-chavePolítica de leitura e bibliotecas; política de cinematografia; política de empreendimento e indústrias culturais, planos de cultura; Colômbia


Xihmai ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Jesús González Manrique [1]

ResumenSi se parte de los recientes estudios que relacionan la disciplina geográfica y el cine, este trabajo hace una revisión de los espacios del estado de Hidalgo utilizados como escenario en el Séptimo Arte durante el perí­odo del cine en blanco y negro. De esta forma, al relacionar el territorio con la dinámica social, y si se ubica en las relaciones entre realidad y representación, haremos un repaso cronológico a las pelí­culas que han preservado la geografí­a hidalguense.Palabras clave: geografí­a y cine, estado de Hidalgo, Eisenstein, Cine Mexicano Abstract On the basis of recent studies that relate the geographical and the cinema, This work makes a review of the State of Hidalgo spaces used as a backdrop in the seventh art in the period of the film in black and White. In this way, and relating territory with social dynamics and positioning ourselves in the relationship between reality and representation will do a chronological review films that have preserved the Hidalgo geography.Keywords: Geography and cinema, State of Hidalgo, Eisenstein, Mexican cinema [1] Doctor en Historia del Arte, Universidad de Granada. Profesor/Investigador del Área de Historia y Antropologí­a del Instituto de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. SNI 1


Author(s):  
Lieven Boes

The ideas of the late humanists of the early 17th century, unlike those of their 15th and16th century predecessors, have received relatively little attention among modern dayscholars. Through Institutionum Politicarum Libri Quatuor (1623), a work by the handof Nicolaus Vernulaeus (1583-1649), humanist and professor of Latin and rhetoric at theuniversity of Leuven, I will demonstrate that this lack of historical knowledge does notreflect a lack of interesting sources for this period. Vernulaeus holds highly originalideas about the state and political power. Using concepts such as people, religion andempire in often rather unconventional ways, his work develops an original conceptionof the respublica.


2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Fajri Sodik

The State of Indonesia is known for its pluralistic ethnic society that is constantly undergoing changes in every aspect of life. Tolerance education embedded in society aims to make citizens aware of equality in the life of the nation and state so they are be able to form harmonious Indonesian society side by side. This paper aims to describe the importance of tolerance education in the social dynamics of Indonesian people living in diversity. The method used in this research is literature study (literature review). The results of this study indicate that tolerance education is very relevant in the social dynamics of Indonesian society. The tolerance values ​​that must be instilled by the Indonesian people in daily life include: mutual respect, brothers and sisters, freedom, cooperation, mutual help, non-discrimination and a culture of sharing. With the existence of tolerance education, the Indonesian people can live in harmony and spared from conflict and animosity between fellow citizens.


Author(s):  
Eduard E. Meyer ◽  

The paper analyzes the poetic work of a late antique court poet from Western Roman Empire Claudius Claudianus. The key verbal construc - tions describing the situation on the Lower-Danube region after the Goths have settled are identified. The analysis of the Claudianus’ discourse shows the state of alarm of the Honorius court looked at the Balkan region. The high officials of Western Empire sought to establish Roman authority over the Danube region, regardless of whether the Eastern or Western court would rule there. Claudianus conveys to the readers that desire to see those lands under Roman rule. The study of contexts in which the Danube is men- tioned by Claudianus allows to assume that in the official discourse at court of the Western Emperor Honorius the Lower-Danube lands were pronounced pacified. They were beginning to recover from the destruction of the past wars, although still being perceived as a hotbed of instability. It was supposed that after Theodosius I first concluded the Treaty with the Goths in 382, and then Alaric and his people left Thrace in 395, the Danubian lands returned to Roman rule regardless whether the Roman institutes of power there functioned or not.


Author(s):  
Shigeru Ikuta ◽  
Masamichi Watanuki ◽  
Shinya Abe

Grid Onput is a set of novel two-dimensional codes comprising extremely small dots. The present authors recently developed software to overlap the dot codes on the user's designed sheet, to create a content to replay audios, to create a standalone application to replay multimedia, and to create an application to replay multimedia on iPad. Simply touching the dot codes with a speaking-pen and/or a dot-code reader enables users to directly access the corresponding digital information; a maximum of four mediums can be easily linked to each dot code icon. In collaboration with schoolteachers all over the world, one of the authors, Shigeru Ikuta, has been creating a variety of original self-made content and conducting various activities at both general and special needs schools. This chapter outlines the recent development of the state-of-the-art Grid Onput dot code technology and presents basic information regarding the creation of original teaching materials using newly developed software and the use at both general and special needs schools.


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