The Spread of Erlitou Yazhang to South China and the Origin and Dispersal of Early Political States

2020 ◽  
pp. 201-223
Author(s):  
Chung Tang ◽  
Fang Wang
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
South China ◽  
Southwest China ◽  
Political Order ◽  
Chinese History ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Archaeological Remains ◽  
History Analysis ◽  
Political Symbolism ◽  
Material Evidence

One of the major offshoots of the Jade Age and urban evolution of Erlitou is the role played by jade and stone as symbols of political order. The chapter considers how specific attributes of yazhang may be used to differentiate capital and secondary sites of influence in terms of state formation and Erlitou’s role in early Chinese history. Analysis of yazhang unearthed in East Asia suggests that one major and representative type and style of yazhang, Erlitou VM3:4, had a significant influence in south China during the Erlitou period. Erlitou appears to have had direct contact with the Jinsha culture in today’s Sichuan in southwest China and had relatively indirect interactions with southeast China’s Tai Wan culture in Hong Kong and the Hulinshan culture in Fujian. The replication of Erlitou yazhang in south China can be seen as representative of a political order spreading from a primary state to secondary states. Through analyses of Erlitou yazhang and other material evidence, it is possible to understand the political symbolism used in the early state. This is also significant in illustrating how states and political systems originated in wider East Asia. While the search for written evidence from the Xia period continues, archaeological remains and artifacts can provide scientific and crucial evidence to substantiate the early political state in China.

The Earliest Christian Communities in Southeast and Northeast Asia: An Outline of the Evidence Available in Seven Countries before A.D. 1500

1991 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. England
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Northeast Asia ◽  
Christian Communities ◽  
Christian Churches ◽  
Eastern Christianity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Material Evidence ◽  
Central South

The history of Eastern Christianity in central, south, and east Asia prior to A.D. 1500 is rich and extensive, yet has been largely ignored. Material evidence now available from southeast and northeast Asia shows that Christian communities were present in seven countries for different periods between the sixth and fifteenth centuries. Often termed “Nestorian,” or “Jacobite,” these communities have left a diversity of remains—epigraphical, architectural, sculptural, documentary—which testify to their presence, as far northeast as Japan and southeast as far as Indonesia. The glimpses of Christian churches in medieval Asia afforded by the evidence from these and other regions of Asia offer alternatives to Westernized patterns of mission, and question many assumptions concerning the history and character of Christian presence in the region.

scholarly journals Security expertise and international hierarchy: the case of ‘The Asia-Pacific Epistemic Community’

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 494-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Jerdén
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Social Order ◽  
International Security ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Epistemic Community ◽  
Political Order ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
The Political ◽  
Regional Stability ◽  
General Explanation

AbstractMany states partially relinquish sovereignty in return for physical protection from a more powerful state. Mainstream theory on international hierarchies holds that such decisions are based on rational assessments of the relative qualities of the political order being offered. Such assessments, however, are bound to be contingent, and as such a reflection of the power to shape understandings of reality. Through a study of the remarkably persistent US-led security hierarchy in East Asia, this article puts forward the concept of the ‘epistemic community’ as a general explanation of how such understandings are shaped and, hence, why states accept subordinate positions in international hierarchies. The article conceptualises a transnational and multidisciplinary network of experts on international security – ‘The Asia-Pacific Epistemic Community’ – and demonstrates how it operates to convince East Asian policymakers that the current US-led social order is the best choice for maintaining regional ‘stability’.

scholarly journals Cause Analysis on Eastward Movement of Southwest China Vortex and Its Induced Heavy Rainfall in South China

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongren Chen ◽  
Yueqing Li ◽  
Tianliang Zhao
Keyword(s):  
South China ◽  
Heavy Rainfall ◽  
Southwest China ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Vertical Wind Shear ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Convective Systems ◽  
Rainfall Occurrence ◽  
Positive Vorticity ◽  
Upper Level Jet

The movement of southwest China vortex (SWV) and its heavy rainfall process in South China had been investigated during June 11–14, 2008. The results show that under the steering of upper-level jet (ULJ) and mid-level westerly trough, SWV moved eastward from southern Sichuan Plateau, across eastern Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau to South China, forming an obvious heavy rain belt. SWV developed in the large storm-relative helicity (SRH) environment, as environmental wind field continuously transferred positive vorticity to it to support its development. The thermodynamic structures of distinctive warm (cold) advections in front (rear) of the SWV movement are also important factors for the SWV evolutions with a southwest low-level jet (LLJ) and vertical wind shear. SWV development was associated with the distributions of negative MPV1 (the barotropic item of moist potential vorticity) and positive MPV2 (the baroclinic item of it). The MPV1 and MPV2 played the dominant role in the formation and the evolution of SWV, respectively. The mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) frequently occurred and persisted in water vapor convergence areas causing the severe heavy rainfall. The areas of high moist helicity divergence and heavy rainfall are consistent, and the moist helicity divergence could be a good indicator for heavy rainfall occurrence.

scholarly journals Investigating the role of dust in ice nucleation within clouds and further effects on the regional weather system over East Asia – Part II: modification of the weather system

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Su ◽  
Jimmy C.H. Fung
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
East Asia ◽  
South China ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Convective Precipitation ◽  
Wave Radiation ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Weather System ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Atmospheric Instability

Abstract. An updated version of the Weather Research and Forecast model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) was applied to quantify and discuss the full effects of dust on the meteorological field over East Asia during March and April 2012. The performances of the model in simulating the short-wave and long-wave radiation, surface temperature, and precipitation over East Asia are improved by incorporating the effects of dust in the simulations. The radiative forcing induced by the dust-enhanced cloud radiative effect is over one order of magnitude larger than that induced by the direct effect of dust. The semi-direct and indirect effects of dust result in a substantial increase in mid- to high clouds, and a significant reduction in low clouds, leading to a decrease of near-surface temperature and an increase of temperature at the mid- to upper troposphere over East Asia. The spatial redistribution of atmospheric water vapor and modification of the vertical temperature profile over East Asia lead to an inhibition of atmospheric instability over most land areas, but an enhancement of atmospheric instability over South China and the ocean, resulting in a significant inhibition of convective precipitation in areas from central to East China, and a substantial enhancement of convective precipitation over South China. Meanwhile, non-convective precipitation is also reduced significantly over East Asia, as cloud droplets are hindered from growing large enough to form rain droplets, due to the semi-direct and indirect effects of dust. The total precipitation can be reduced or increased by up to 20 % or more.

scholarly journals Vietnamese sedimentary basins: geological evolution and petroleum potential

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 91-94
Author(s):  
Michael B.W. Fyhn ◽  
Henrik I. Petersen ◽  
Anders Mathiesen ◽  
Lars H. Nielsen ◽  
Stig A.S. Pedersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
East Asia ◽  
South China ◽  
Sedimentary Basins ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Petroleum Potential ◽  
Structural Style ◽  
Geological Evolution ◽  
Petroleum Resources

A number of sedimentary basins of various ages are located onand offshore Vietnam (Fig. 1). Some of them have significant petroleum resources and have thus attracted interest from industry and academia (Rangin et al. 1995; Matthews et al. 1997; Lee & Watkins 1998; Lee et al. 2001). Moreover, Vietnam is located in a position central to the understanding of the geological development of South-East Asia (Hall & Morley 2004). The structural style and the stratigraphy of the Vietnamese basins thus provide a valuable record about the development of South-East Asia throughout the Phanerozoic and the subsequent Eocene as well as younger deformation associated with the collision and indentation of India into Eurasia and the opening of the South China Sea (Fyhn et al. 2009a, 2010a).

scholarly journals The origins of pottery in East Asia: updated analysis (the 2015 state-of-the-art)

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaroslav Kuzmin
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
South China ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Russian Far East ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Far East ◽  
Transbaikal Region ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Japanese Islands ◽  
The Russian Far East

Recent developments related to the emergence of pottery in East Asia and neighbouring regions are presented. According to a critical evaluation of the existing evidence, the oldest centres with pottery in East Asia are situated in South China (dated to c. 18 000 calBP), the Japanese Islands (c. 16 700 calBP), and the Russian Far East (c. 15 900 calBP). It is most likely that pottery-making appeared in these regions independently of each other. In Siberia, the earliest pottery now known isfrom the Transbaikal region (dated to c. 14 000 calBP). However, it did not influence the more westerly parts of Siberia in terms of the origin and spread of pottery-making.

Circulation Features Associated with the Record-Breaking Rainfall over South China in June 2017

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (18) ◽  
pp. 7209-7224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianqi Sun ◽  
Jing Ming ◽  
Mengqi Zhang ◽  
Shui Yu
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
South China ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Wave Train ◽  
Western Pacific Subtropical High ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Intense Rainfall ◽  
Maritime Continent ◽  
Anomalous Anticyclone

In June 2017, south China suffered from intense rainfall that broke the record spanning the previous 70 years. In this study, the large-scale circulations associated with the south China June rainfall are analyzed. The results show that the anomalous Pacific–Japan (PJ) pattern is a direct influence on south China June rainfall or East Asian early summer rainfall. In addition, the Australian high was the strongest in June 2017 during the past 70 years, which can increase the equatorward flow to northern Australia and activate convection over the Maritime Continent. Enhanced convection over the Maritime Continent can further enhance local meridional circulation along East Asia, engendering downward motion over the tropical western North Pacific and enhancing the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) and upward motion over south China, which increases the rainfall therein. In addition, a strong wave train pattern associated with North Atlantic air–sea interaction was observed in June 2017 at Northern Hemispheric mid- to high latitudes; it originated from the North Atlantic and propagated eastward to East Asia, resulting in an anomalous anticyclone over the Mongolian–Baikal Lake region. This anomalous anticyclone produced strong northerly winds over East Asia that encountered the southerly associated with the WPSH over south China, thereby favoring intense rainfall over the region. Case studies of June 2017 and climate research based on data during 1979–2017 and 1948–2017 indicate that the extremities of the atmospheric circulation over south Europe and Australian high and their coupling with the PJ pattern could be responsible for the record-breaking south China rainfall in June 2017.

The Discovery of Spanish Colonial Coins from the Sixteenth through the Eighteenth Centuries in the Southeast Coast of China

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miao Liu ◽  
Chunming Wu
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
East Asia ◽  
South China ◽  
Maritime History ◽  
Spanish Colonial ◽  
Spanish Conquest ◽  
New Era ◽  
Southeast Coast ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

The southeast coast of China played a key role in the ancient maritime history of East Asia. During the tenth to sixteenth centuries there was a common local maritime cultural community inside the South China Sea. Since the beginning of the sixteenth century, the maritime trading contact with Europeans had emerged, with Portuguese and Spanish navigation to eastern Asia, showing the new era of maritime history of early globalization. Since the Spanish conquest of America, European settlers mined and transported silver abundantly into Asia for trade. In the last 50 years, Chinese archaeologists have discovered hundreds of historical silver coins—which were originally from Spain and Spanish colonial settlements in the Americas and thus related to this globalizing trade—in the southeast coast of China. This chapter puts together a description of these materials, and so, for the first time, sheds a light to the early maritime trade between East and West.

scholarly journals Monopole Mode of Precipitation in East Asia Modulated by the South China Sea Over the Last Four Centuries

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (24) ◽  
pp. 14713-14722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Shi ◽  
Hugues Goosse ◽  
François Klein ◽  
Sen Zhao ◽  
Ting Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
East Asia ◽  
South China ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
The South ◽  
China Sea

Rifting and subduction records of the Paleo–Tethys in North Laos: Constraints from Late Paleozoic mafic and plagiogranitic magmatism along the Song Ma tectonic zone

2020 ◽  
Vol 133 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 212-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuzhi Zhang ◽  
Xue Yang ◽  
Yuejun Wang ◽  
Xin Qian ◽  
Yukun Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South China ◽  
Southwest China ◽  
Hainan Island ◽  
Suture Zone ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Tectonic Zone ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Subduction Setting ◽  
Group 1

Abstract In Southeast Asia, the Jinshajiang–Ailaoshan suture in Southwest China and the Song Ma zone in Vietnam were generally accepted as the amalgamation boundary of the South China and Simao/Indochina blocks. However, the tectonic location of the Paleotethyan suture in North Laos and its tectonic affinity remain ambiguous. To address this issue, we present the geochemical and geochronological data of a set of mafic and plagiogranitic rocks along the Song Ma suture zone in North Laos. Three groups of rocks with distinctive petrological, geochronological, and geochemical signatures were identified. The ca. 370 Ma Group 1 plagioclase amphibolite was preserved as xenoliths in the ca. 260 Ma granitoids. It exhibits a normal mid–oceanic–ridge basalt (N–MORB)-like, multi-elemental pattern with highly positive εNd(t) (+3.3 to +10.7) and εHf(t) (+6.68 to +7.41) values and low δ18O values (5.3‰−5.5‰), that are interpreted as products of the Late Devonian − earliest Carboniferous continental rift setting. The ca. 270 Ma Group 2 gabbro/diabase–diorite exhibits arc-like geochemical affinity with the εNd(t), εHf(t), and δ18O values of –5.85 to –3.76, –3.8 to +3.2, and 6.6‰–7.6‰, respectively. It is derived from the metasomatized wedge. The ca. 260 Ma Group 3 plagiogranite shows Nb-Ta and Ti negative anomalies and positive εNd(t) (+3.21 to +4.21), εHf(t) (+8.4 to +13.6), and δ18O (5.9‰−6.8‰) values, which are indicative of its derivation from mafic oceanic crust in a subduction setting. In combination with the published data, these results support the development of the Carboniferous–Permian Paleotethyan branch in North Laos, which represents the tectonic location of the Song Ma suture zone that spatially connects the Jinshajiang–Ailaoshan suture zone in Southwest China and the Chenxing–Bangxi suture zone in Hainan Island, South China.

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