Indigenous African Scripts

2020 ◽  
pp. 795-812
Author(s):  
Andrij Rovenchak ◽  
Solomija Buk
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
West African ◽  
First Century ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Writing Systems ◽  
East African ◽  
Separate Section ◽  
History Of Writing ◽  
History Of ◽  
Twenty First Century

The chapter begins with a brief introduction to the history of writing in Africa. It goes on to describe the indigenous African scripts: the Tifinagh family of scripts; West African syllabaries, which include Vai, Mende, Kpelle, Loma, and Bambara scripts; West African alphabets, which include Bassa, Nko, Wolof, and some Hausa scripts; Bamum and Bagam scripts; East African scripts, including Somali alphabets (Osmanya, Gadabuursi, and Kaddariya), Oromo script, Beria alphabet, and some Nubian scripts. A separate section is devoted to the invention of writing within religious communities (Obɛri Ɔkaimɛ, Yoruba “holy” script, and Mandombe). Then, several recent attempts at orthography development from the second half of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century are analyzed: Fula alphabets, Bété syllabary, Nwagu Aneke Igbo syllabary, Aka Umuagbara script, Mwangwego script, and some others. A description of writing systems among African diasporas conclude the chapter.

Marry Me?

Love, Inc. ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 83-112
Author(s):  
Laurie Essig
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
The Real ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Real Change ◽  
History Of ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Diamond Ring

Getting engaged now requires more emotional and financial resources than ever before. Here Essig traces the history of engagements from the birth of companionate marriages in the nineteenth century to the invention of rituals like the bended knee and fetish items like the diamond ring in the early twentieth century. But the real change happened at the beginning of the twenty-first century, as engagements became “spectacular,” requiring not just highly staged events but also highly produced videos and images that could then be disseminated to the larger world.

Disability and the History of Eugenics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Rembis
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lively Debate ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
Twenty First Century

Eugenics is central to the history of disability in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Recently, scholars in a number of disciplines have debated whether the biopolitical regime that emerged in the waning decades of the twentieth century can be called “eugenic.” Some scholars claim that although distinctions can be made between an “old” eugenics (1860s–1950s) and a “new” eugenics (1960s–present), the basic tenets of eugenics have endured. Other scholars, Nikolas Rose being the most prominent among them, assert that the biopolitics at the turn of the twenty-first century is significantly different from the “old” eugenics and must be analyzed on its own terms. The question of whether one can write a “long” history of eugenics has animated a lively debate among historians. When viewed through the lens of disability, important continuities emerge between the history of eugenics and the current biopolitical regime.

scholarly journals Coupled Model Simulations of the West African Monsoon System: Twentieth- and Twenty-First-Century Simulations

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (15) ◽  
pp. 3681-3703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry H. Cook ◽  
Edward K. Vizy
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
West African Monsoon ◽  
West African ◽  
First Century ◽  
Gulf Of Guinea ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
The West ◽  
African Monsoon ◽  
The Third ◽  
Twenty First Century

Abstract The ability of coupled GCMs to correctly simulate the climatology and a prominent mode of variability of the West African monsoon is evaluated, and the results are used to make informed decisions about which models may be producing more reliable projections of future climate in this region. The integrations were made available by the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison for the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The evaluation emphasizes the circulation characteristics that support the precipitation climatology, and the physical processes of a “rainfall dipole” variability mode that is often associated with dry conditions in the Sahel when SSTs in the Gulf of Guinea are anomalously warm. Based on the quality of their twentieth-century simulations over West Africa in summer, three GCMs are chosen for analysis of the twenty-first century integrations under various assumptions about future greenhouse gas increases. Each of these models behaves differently in the twenty-first-century simulations. One model simulates severe drying across the Sahel in the later part of the twenty-first century, while another projects quite wet conditions throughout the twenty-first century. In the third model, warming in the Gulf of Guinea leads to more modest drying in the Sahel due to a doubling of the number of anomalously dry years by the end of the century. An evaluation of the physical processes that cause these climate changes, in the context of the understanding about how the system works in the twentieth century, suggests that the third model provides the most reasonable projection of the twenty-first-century climate.

scholarly journals Avatars de Raphaël Hythlodée, ou l'influence de l'Utopie de Thomas More dans le roman portugais contemporain

Moreana ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (Number 209) (1) ◽  
pp. 61-78
Author(s):  
José Eduardo Reis
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Complex Traits ◽  
First Century ◽  
Thomas More ◽  
Western Literature ◽  
Cultural System ◽  
History Of ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Representative Work ◽  
The Ideal

The history of the literary reception of Thomas More's Utopia in Portugal has been a tale of omissions, censorships and deferred translations that highlight a flaw within the Portuguese cultural system. Indeed, it is somewhat ironic that such a representative work of both Western literature and thought, historically associated with the opening of the world's geographical horizons, and which ascribed to a Portuguese sailor, Raphael Hythloday, the discovery of an ideal place, was first translated into Portuguese only in the second half of the twentieth century. However, the first decade of the twenty-first century seems to bode a more auspicious literary fortune for More's Utopia within the Portuguese literary idiom: not only has an edition of More's work finally been translated from the original Latin, but also two novels were published in 2004, A lenda de Martim Regos, by Pedro Canais, and Rafael, by Manuel Alegre. In the context of both books' plots, they rewrite the complex traits of the character of the Portuguese sailor and discoverer of the ideal island. The same reinvention of the character of Raphael had already been attempted, in 1998, by José V. de Pina Martins in his long dialogic Morean narrative, Utopia III. In this essay, I will focus both on the documental sources related to Portuguese culture that are at the root of More's Utopia and on some relevant aspects of the reception of the character of Raphael Hythloday within the aforementioned novels.

scholarly journals Making the Most of Capital in the Twenty-First Century

2015 ◽  
Vol 70 (01) ◽  
pp. 21-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter H. Lindert
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
The Political ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
History Of ◽  
Democratic System ◽  
Political Responses ◽  
Twenty First Century

Abstracts Thomas Piketty’s monumental Capital in the Twenty-First Century has transported us to a higher understanding of the historical evolution of inequality. This essay attempts to inventory the different avenues of research, more or less promising, that scholars might usefully pursue when building on his work. The most important path to follow is the history of inequalities in income that Piketty and his team have flagged up so well, supported by the book’s history of the great shocks of the twentieth century and the political responses that they elicited. Less promising is the book’s emphasis on wealth, capital, and the rate of return. The best predictions of future inequality can be achieved by merging Piketty and his team’s history of those who hold the top 10 percent of income with works dedicated to the history of inequality within the lower 90 percent. It is also necessary to integrate other scholarship that has demonstrated that the sort of democratic system Piketty calls for would have positive effects on growth.

scholarly journals The rise and fall of dietetics and of nutrition science, 4000 BCE–2000 CE

2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (6a) ◽  
pp. 701-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Cannon
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Nutrition Science ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
History Of ◽  
Twenty First Century

AbstractObjectiveTo outline the history of dietetics since its beginnings in recorded history, and of nutrition science in its first phase beginning in the mid-nineteenth century and then its second phase in the second half of the twentieth century.MethodThree narrative overviews: of dietetics from its beginnings until after the end of the mediaeval and then Renaissance periods in Europe; of nutrition science in its first phase from its beginnings in the mid-nineteenth century until the middle of the twentieth century, with reasons for its rise; and of nutrition science in its second phase in the second half of the twentieth century, with reasons for its decline.ConclusionsIn its third phase in the twenty-first century, the new nutrition science should regain much of the vision and scope of its preceding disciplines.

Paradise Lost in Dutch, 1728–2003

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Frans van Dijkhuizen
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Paradise Lost ◽  
First Century ◽  
Religious Dimension ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
History Of ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Verse Form ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter offers a history of Dutch translations of Paradise Lost, from the early eighteenth to the early twenty-first century. The focus is on the question of how Dutch translators have grappled with two issues: the epic’s verse form, especially its lack of rhyme and syntactic idiosyncrasies; and its politico-religious dimension, its complex view of the relationship between earthly and divine authority, as well as its anti-predestinarian stance. The history of Paradise Lost in Dutch, which starts with the translation of Van Zanten in 1728, is characterized by an unresolved formal struggle with Milton’s blank verse, embraced unreservedly only in the early twentieth century, with translator Gutteling. Before 1900, the politico-religious dimension of Paradise Lost was at the fore for translators, yet this aspect of the poem has receded in prominence, with translators after 1900 presenting the poem instead as a timeless and self-contained work of literary genius.

scholarly journals “Disgusting Details Which Are Best Forgotten”: Disclosures of Child Sexual Abuse in Twentieth-Century Britain

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy Delap
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Child Sexual Abuse ◽  
Sexual Politics ◽  
First Century ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Sexual Change ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media ◽  
Twenty First Century

AbstractFor those who by the end of the twentieth century came to be termed “survivors” of child sexual abuse, different genres and forms have been available to narrate and evaluate that abuse. This article explores the reception and practical results of such disclosures: the unpredictable effects of telling, and the strategies of containment, silencing, or disbelief that greeted disclosures. I make note of the ethical challenges of writing the history of child sexual abuse and conclude that twenty-first-century observers have been too ready to perceive much of the previous century as a period of profound silence in relation to child sexual abuse. At the same time, historical and sociological accounts have also been too ready to claim the final third of the twentieth century as a period of compulsive disclosure and fluency in constructing sexual selves. The history of child sexual abuse reveals significant barriers to disclosure in the 1970s and 1980s, despite new visibility of child sexual abuse in the media and through feminist sexual politics. Attention to such obstacles suggests the need to rethink narratives of “permissive” sexual change to acknowledge more fully the ongoing inequities and hierarchies in sexual candor and voice.

Culture Chronology and Change

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-28
Author(s):  
R. Lee Lyman
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
First Century ◽  
American People ◽  
Chronological Order ◽  
Native North American ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chronological Sequence ◽  
Twenty First Century

Archaeology emerged as part of the general discipline of anthropology in North America, the overall focus of which for the first five or six decades of the twentieth century was to write the history of the culture of each group of native North American people. The goal of writing a culture’s history could only be accomplished by placing artifacts in a chronological sequence, which demanded a chronometer. It was not always possible to refer to stratigraphic superposition, so various techniques of seriation—arranging artifacts based on their formal attributes in what was believed to be a chronological order—were invented and used. The results of the seriation techniques and stratigraphic superposition studies were initially summarized in tables of artifact frequencies but eventually were graphed in several ways. Interest in culture chronology and change among North American archaeologists has extended throughout the twentieth century and into the twenty-first century.

The Return of the Spectre: Gothic Marxism in The City & The City

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-208
Author(s):  
Andrew Rowcroft
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Alain Badiou ◽  
Explanatory Framework ◽  
History Of ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
The City ◽  
Radical Left

This article argues for China Miéville's The City & The City (2009) as a gothic Marxist fiction that articulates new modalities of communist expression which productively ‘haunt’ the work of the ‘Idea of Communism’ conferences. Firstly, the essay establishes a relationship between Marx and the gothic tradition, showing how Marx has long been concerned with the gothic mode as a vital explanatory framework for representing capital. Secondly, the essay enacts a comparative presentation between Miéville's novel and the recent contributions of communist intellectual Alain Badiou. Through this process, Miéville's novel becomes a powerful symbolic engagement with selected aspects of twenty-first century communism, unearthing new and productive relations with radical left thought while refusing to fully banish, conquer, or forget the history of the twentieth-century effort.

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